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The Cult of Artemis Ephesia In Education: The Girls’ Rites of Passage

Yıl 2023, , 746 - 770, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.1370000

Öz

The cult of Artemis, which is considered important in Ancient Greek and Anatolian polytheism, is quite widespread due to the versatile nature of the goddess. The goddess, known in two forms as Hellenic Artemis and Anatolian Artemis, is well-known for her similar features. Artemis, the ruler of nature, the protector of animals, young girls and cities, the goddess of light and the moon, is also identified with other goddesses. Ephesia, the favorite of Anatolian Artemis with different names, stands out with its unique features as well as containing these features. Artemis Ephesia, “Ἀρτεμίς Ἐφεσία”, who has epithets similar to the names of Kybele, took girls, young girls and pregnant women under her protection with the title of protector. The goddess has great importance in the girls' rites of passage and directly contributes to their education.
This study aims to explain the educational aspect of the Artemis cult through girls' rites of passage. In this regard, the cult activities of Ephesia, an Anatolian Artemis, are supported by ancient sources and modern works. As a result, the rites of passage of Ephesian girls and maidens were tried to be explained in relation to the data obtained and the contribution of the Artemis Ephesia cult into education was revealed. In the Artemis Ephesia cult, three stages stood out in the rites of girls' passage: education, marriage and motherhood. The purpose of the parades, which are defined as mandatory for girls in the city of Ephesus, is to enable them to find their spouses. Thus, the girls receive education in accordance with certain conditions on the way to marriage. Ancient sources and inscriptions indicate that girls were trained through sports and dance while wearing uniforms. Ephesia festivals, where music and dance were intertwined, had a strong social function in the society by arranging the marriages of girls. Young girls, with the support of their families, tried to find suitable spouses by offering sacrifices and valuable belongings to Artemis Ephesia. Among these items, clothing was at the forefront. Since women who got married and gave birth were under the protection of the goddess, they wanted to show their gratitude to the goddess by presenting her with special gifts after a happy and lucky birth. This practice is an indication that Artemis Ephesia is the goddess of fertility. However, detailed information describing the cult activities of Ephesian mothers is not available.

Kaynakça

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Eğitimde Artemis Ephesia Kültü: Kız Çocuklarının Geçiş Ayinleri

Yıl 2023, , 746 - 770, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.1370000

Öz

Antik Yunan ve Anadolu politeizminde önemli kabul edilen Artemis kültü, tanrıçanın çok yönlü oluşundan dolayı oldukça yaygındır. Helen Artemis’i ve Anadolu Artemis’i olarak iki biçimde tanınan Tanrıça Artemis benzer özellikleri ile ünlüdür. Doğanın hâkimi, hayvanların, genç kızların ve kentlerin koruyucusu, ışık ve ay tanrıçası olan Artemis başka tanrıçalarla da özdeşleşmiştir. Farklı isimlerle tanınan Anadolu Artemis’inin gözdesi Ephesia, bu özellikleri içinde barındırmasının yanı sıra kendine has özellikleri ile de öne çıkmıştır. Tanrıça Kybele’nin isimlerine benzer epithetlere sahip ola Artemis Ephesia, “Ἀρτεμίς Ἐφεσία”, koruyucu sıfatı ile kız çocuklarını, genç kızları ve hamile kadınları himayesine almıştır. Tanrıçanın, kız çocuklarının geçiş ayinlerindeki önemi büyüktür ve onların eğitimlerine doğrudan katkı sağlamaktadır.
Bu çalışma, Artemis kültünün eğitimsel yönünü kız çocukların geçiş ayinleri üzerinden anlatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, bir Anadolu Artemis’i olan Ephesia’nın kült faaliyetleri, antik kaynaklar ışığında ve modern eserler ile desteklenerek incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Ephesoslu kız çocuklarının ve genç kızların geçiş ayinleri elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda anlatılmaya çalışılmış ve Artemis Ephesia kültünün eğitime olan katkısı anlamaya çalışılmıştır. Artemis Ephesia kültünde, kız çocuklarının reşit olma sürecindeki ayinlerde üç aşama öne çıkmıştır. Bu aşamalar, onların aldığı eğitim, evliliği ve anne olmaları olarak özetlenebilir. Ephesos kentinde kızlar için zorunlu olarak tanımlanan geçit törenlerinin amacı onların eşlerini bulmalarını sağlamaktır. Bu doğrultuda, kızlar evliliğe giden yolda belirli şartlar doğrultusunda eğitim almaktadırlar. Antik kaynaklar ve yazıtlar kızların üniforma giyerek spor ve dans yolu ile eğitildiklerini işaret etmektedir. Müzik ve dansın iç içe olduğu Ephesia festivalleri, kızların evliliklerinin planlanması nedeniyle toplumda güçlü bir sosyal işleve sahip olmuştur. Genç kızlar, ailelerinin desteğiyle Artemis Ephesia’ya kurban ve değerli eşyalarını sunarak uygun eş adayı bulmaya çalışmışlardır. Bu eşyalar içinde kıyafet baş sırada olmuştur. Evlenip doğum yapmış kadınlar da tanrıçanın korumasında olduklarından başarılı geçen doğumun ardından tanrıçaya özel hediyeler sunarak ona şükranlarını göstermek istemişlerdir. Bu uygulama, Artemis Ephesia'nın bereket tanrıçası olduğunun göstergesidir. Ancak, Ephesoslu annelerin kült faaliyetlerini anlatan detaylı bilgiler mevcut değildir.

Kaynakça

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  • Aeschylus. Aeschylus, (Trans. Herbert Weir Smyth), Ph. D. in two volumes. 2. Suppliant Women. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press, 1926.
  • Aelian, De Natura Animalium- On Animals, Varia Historia, Loeb Classical Library.
  • Alkman, Partheneion, (Trans. G. Nagy (https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5294). Alcman: The Parthenion. Edited by D. L. Page, Oxford: 1951.
  • Aristaenetus, Erotic Letters. (Ed. David Konstan and Johan C. Thom), Atlanta, 2014.
  • Aristophanes. Lysistrata. The Acharnians. The Clouds, (Trans. A. H. Sommerstein), Penguin Classics, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973.
  • Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists. or Banquet Of The Learned Of Athenaeus, London. (Trans. Henry G. Bohn), York Street, Covent Garden, 1854.
  • Callimachus, Hymns and Epigrams. Lycophron. Aratus, (Trans. Mair, A. W. & G. R.), Loeb Classical Library Volume 129. London: William Heinemann, 1921.
  • Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers. (Trans. R. D. Hicks). Cambridge. Harvard University Press. 1972.
  • Euripides, Hippolytus, Iphigeneia in Aulis, (Trans. David Kovacs), Loeb Classical Library, 1945.
  • Herodotus, Histories, (Trans. A. D. Godley), Cambridge, Mass.- London, Loeb Classical Library, 1920.
  • Hippocrates, Peri Partheniôn, (Trans. R. Fleming , A. E. Hanson), 1998.
  • Homeric Hymns, (Trans. Hugh G. Evelyn-White), Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.
  • Homeros, İlyada, Odysseia, (Çev. Azra Erhat ve A. Kadir), İş Bankası Yayınları, 2014.
  • Menander, Epitrepontes, (Trans. Marie Plunkett), Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College Commentaries, 2022.
  • Pausanias, Description of Greece. (Trans. W. H. S. Jones - H. A. Ormerod), vols. I-IV. Cambridge, Mass.- London, Loeb Classical Library, 1918.
  • Platon, Nomoi, Plato in Twelve Volumes, (Trans. R. G. Bury), vols. X-XI. Cambridge, Mass.- London: 1967-1968, Loeb Classical Library.
  • Plautus, Bacchides. (Trans. Henry Thomas Riley), London. G. Bell and Sons, 1912.
  • Pliny, Natural History, (Trans. Bostock), London: Taylor and Francis, 1855.
  • Strabon, Geographica. (Ed. H. L. Jones),. Cambridge, Mass.-London, Loeb Classical Library, 1924.
  • Xenophon, Anabasis. (Trans. Carleton L. Brownson), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA; William Heinemann, Ltd., London, 1922.
  • Xenophon of Ephesus, Ephesiaka, Loeb Classical Library, Harward Univesrity Press, 2009.
  • Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings. (Trans. D.R. Shackleton Bailey), Loeb Classical Library, 2000.
  • Albayrak, Yusuf, Anadolu’da Artemis Kültü (Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi: Danışman Doç. Dr. Seyhan Doruk), Ankara 2008.
  • Alanyalı, Feriştah Soykal, “Efes’te Kourotrophos Tanrıçaların İzinde”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Kasım Özel Sayısı 2016, s. 4-5.
  • BMC. The British Museum A Catalogue Of The Greek Coins Of Ionia, London: Edited by Reginald Stuart Poole, L. L. D. 1892, 47-115.
  • Bennett, M. Religious Cults Associated With the Amazons, Cambridge University Press, New York 1912.
  • Bible, Acts of the Apostles. (Ed. Mark A. Copeland & Kevin Scott), Executable Outlines, 2008.
  • Brelich, A. Paides e Parthenoi, Edizioni Dell’Ateneo, s.p.a, 1969.
  • Bremmer, J. N. Greek Religion, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1994.
  • Bremmer, J. N. Priestly personnel of the Ephesian Artemision: Anatolian, Persian, Greek and Roman aspects, (Unpublished PhD thesis), University of Groningen 2008.
  • Brenk, F. E. “Artemis of Ephesos: An Avant Garde Goddess”, Kernos, 11, 1998, s. 157-71.
  • Buck, B. D. “On the Forms Artemis, Artamis”, The AJA, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1889, s. 463-466.
  • Burkert, W. Greek Religion, Archaic and Classical, (çev. J. Raffan), Blackwell, Oxford, Cambridge 1985.
  • Bühler, B.-Pülz, A.M. , “Die Goldfunde aus dem Artemision von Ephesos und ihre Herstellung”, in U. Muss (ed.), Die Archäologie der ephesischen Artemis. Gestalt und Ritual eines Heiligtums, Phoibos Verlag, Vienna 2008, s. 167-72.
  • Calame, C. Choruses of Young Women in Ancient Greece. Their Morphology, Religious Role, and Social Function, (çev. D. Collins-J. Orion), Lanham, Boulder, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. New York - London 1997.
  • Cole, S. G. “Domesticating Artemis”, in S. Blundell and M. Willamson (eds.), The Sacred and the Feminine in Ancient Greece, Routledge, London-New York 1998, s. 27-44.
  • Çelgin, G. Eski Yunan Dininde ve Mitolojisinde Artemis, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 1986.
  • Fabiano, D. “Sınır Bölgeleri: Yetişkinliğe Geçiş Ritüelleri”, Antik Yunan, Editör: Umberto Eco, Çev.: Leyla Tonguç Basmacı, İstanbul, Alfa Basım Yayın Dağıtım, 2019, s. 665-676.
  • Fleischer, R. Artemis von Ephesos und Verwandte Kultstatuen aus Anatolien und Syrien, E. J. Brill, Leiden 1973.
  • Flemming R. - Ann Ellis Hanson, “Hippocrates, “Peri Partheniôn’, Diseases of Young Girls”, (çev. Rebecca Flemming - Ann Ellis Hanson), Early Science and Medicine, Vol. 3, No. 3, Brill 1998, s. 241-252.
  • Frayer-Griggs, D. “The Beasts at Ephesus and the Cult of Artemis”, Harvard Theological Review 106, 2013 s, 459-477.
  • Frei, P. “Die Götterkulte Lykiens in der Kaiserzeit”, ANRW II, 18, 3, Berlin-New York 1990, s. 1728-1730.
  • Gennep, A. Van, The Rites of Passage, (çev. S.T. Kimball), Routledge - Kegan Paul, London- Henley 1960.
  • Gill, D. W. J. “Acts and Roman Religion. Religion in a local setting”, in D.W.J. Gill and C. Gempf (eds.), The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting, Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Michigan 1994.
  • Gülbay, O.- Kireç, H. Efes Kurşun Tesseraeları, Esen Ofset Matbaacılık, İstanbul 2008.
  • Haarhoff, T. J. “The Bees of Virgil”, Greece&Rome, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1960, s. 155-170.
  • Hanfmann, G. M. A. Lydiaka. Harv St Cl Phil, Vol. 63, 1958.
  • Head, B. V. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Ionia London, 1892.
  • Henderson, J. (ed.), Longus: Daphnis and Chloe. Xenophon of Ephesus: Anthia and Habrocomes Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press 2009.
  • Hogarth, D. G. Excavations at Ephesus. The Archaic Artemisia, British Museum, London 1908, s. 94-95.
  • Hogue, C. L. “Cultural Entomology”, Annual Review of Entomology 32, 1987, s. 181-199.
  • Hueber, F. Ephesos: Gebaute Geschichte, Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1997.
  • Işık, F. “Elfenbeinfiguren aus dem Artemision von Ephesos”, in U. Muss (ed.), Der Kosmos der Artemis von Ephesos, Sonderschriften Band 37; Österreichisches Archäologischen Instituts, Vienna 2001, s. 85-100.
  • Işık, F. “Anadolulu Ephesos Üzerine”, Mustafa Büyükkolancı’ya Armağan içinde, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul 2015, s. 315-338.
  • Jones, C. P. “The Plancii of Perge and Diana Planciana”, Harv St Cl Phil, Vol. 80, Harvard University 1976, s. 231-237.
  • Jones, D. M. “ Lydian Studies. Lydiaka by Alfred Heubeck, The Classical Review, New Ser, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1960, s. 245-246.
  • Klebinder, G. “Bronzegürtel aus dem Artemision von Ephesos”, in U. Muss (ed.), Der Kosmos der Artemis von Ephesos, Sonderschriften Band 37; Österreichisches Archäologischen Instituts, Vienna 2001, s. 111-22.
  • Knibbe, D. ‘Ein religiöser Frevel und seine Sühne. Ein Todesurteil hellenistischer Zeit aus Ephesos’, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien, 46, 1961-1963, s.175-82.
  • Knibbe, D. “Via Sacra Ephesica, New Aspects of the cult of Artemis Ephesia”, Ephesos Metropolis of Asia, An Interdisciplinary Approach to its Archaeology Religion and Culture (ed. H. Koester), Harvard University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts 2004, s. 141-156.
  • Knibbe, D. - Langmann, G. Via Sacra Ephesiaca I, Schindler, Vienna 1993.
  • Knibbe D.- Meriç, R. - R. Merkelbach, “Der Grundbesitz der ephesischen Artemis im Kaystrostal”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 33, 1979, s. 139-47.
  • LIMC. II- Lexion Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. II. (Aphrodisias Athena) Artemis Verlag Zürich und München.
  • Leger, M. Ruth, Artemis and Her Cult, (University of Birmingham The Thesis of Doctor of Philosophy), Birmingham 2015.
  • Lincoln, B. Priests, Warriors, and Cattle: A study in the Ecology of Religions. University of California Press, Berkeley 1981.
  • Lonsdale, S. Dance and Ritual Play in Greek Religion, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore - London 1993.
  • Marinatos, N. The Goddes and The Warrior, The Naked Goddess and Mistress of Animals in Early Greek Religion, London - New York 2000.
  • Melcher, M., et al. (2009), “Investigation of ancient gold objects from Artemision at Ephesus using portable μ-XRF”, ArchéoSciences, 33, 2009, s. 169-75.
  • Meriç, R. Merkelbach - Nollé, J.- Sahin, S. Die Inschriften von Ephesos. Teil 7.2: Nr. 3501-5115 (Repertorium) (Habelt, Bonn: Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien Bd. 17. 2, 1981.
  • Merkelbach, R. “The Girl in the Rosebush: A Turkish Tale and ItsRoots in Ancient Ritual”, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 82, 1978, s. 1-15.
  • Morris, S. P. “The Prehistoric Background of Artemis Ephesia: A Solution to the Enigma of the ‘Breasts’?”, in U. Muss (ed.), Der Kosmos der Artemis von Ephesos, Sonderschriften Band 37; Österreichisches Archäologischen Instituts, Vienna 2001, s. 135-52.
  • Muss, U. “Elfenbein und Bein aus dem Artemision von Ephesos”, in U. Muss (ed.), Die Archäologie der ephesischen Artemis. Gestalt und Ritual eines Heiligtum, Phoibos Verlag, Vienna 2008, s. 103-16.
  • Nilsson, N. P. Griechische Feste von Religioser Bedeutung; mit ausschluss der Attischen Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 1957.
  • Oster, R. E. “Ephesus as a Religious Center under the Principate, I. Paganism before Constantine”, in W. Haase and H. Temporini (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der Neueren Forschung. Teil II: Principat 18; Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter 1990, s. 1661-728.
  • Parvis, M. M. “Archaeology and St. Paul’s Journeys in Greek Lands: Ephesus”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 8 (3), 1945, s. 62-73.
  • Pearson, L. Popular Ethics in Ancient Greece, California 1966.
  • Pülz, A.M. “‘Zur Interpretation von Motiven: Die Goldappliken aus dem Artemision von Ephesos”, in U. Muss (ed.), Der Kosmos der Artemis von Ephesos, Sonderschriften Band 37; Österreichisches Archäologischen Instituts, Vienna 2001, s. 221-32.
  • Pülz, A. M.- Buhler, B. “Die Goldappliken aus dem Artemision von Ephesos Studien zur Typologie und Technik”, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts in Wien, 75, 2006, s. 219-36.
  • Rogers, G. M. The mysteries of Artemis of Ephesos: cult, polis, and change in the Graeco- Roman world, Yale University Press, New Haven (Connecticut) - London 2012.
  • Schauenburg, B. F. “ Die Lykischen Zwölfgötter-Reliefs”, AMS, Band 13, Bonn 1994, s. 82-93.
  • Serwint, N. ‘The Female Athletic Costume at the Heraia and Prenuptial Initiation Rites’, American Journal of Archaeology, 97 (3), 1993, s. 403-22.
  • Skarmintzos, S.“The cult of Artemis in Ephesus and the possible explanation of the bee symbol”, Acta Archaeologica Pultuskiensia vol. Vı, Thinking Symbols Interdisciplinary Studies, (ed. Joanna Popielska-Grzybowska & Jadwiga Iwaszczuk), Pultusk Academy of Humanities, 2017, s. 269-371.
  • Smith, J. O. “The high priests of the temple of Artemis at Ephesus”, in E. Lane and M.J. Vermaseren (eds.), Cybele, Attis and related cults, 1996, s. 323-36.
  • Sokolowski, F. “A New Testimony on the Cult of Artemis of Ephesus”, The Harvard Theological Review, 58 (4), Berlin-New York 1965, s. 427-31.
  • Strelan, R. Paul, Artemis and the Jews in Ephesus, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin-New York 1996.
  • Şahin, N. E. Akyürek. “Dodekatheoi. Oniki Tanrıya Adanmış Adak Stelleri. Likya’da Bir Geç Devir Kültü,” In Likya İncelemeleri 1, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 2002, s. 103-114.
  • Thomas, C. R. “At Home in the City of Artemis: Religion in Ephesos in the Literary Imagination of the Roman Period”, in H. Koester (ed.), Ephesos, Metropolis of Asia. An interdiciplinary approach to its archaeology, religion, and culture Valley Forge, Trinity Press International, Pennsylvania 1995, s. 81-118.
  • Trebilco, P. ‘Asia’, in D.W.J. Gill and C. Gempf (eds.), The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan 1994, s. 291-362.
  • Üreten, H. “Parthenostan Gynaikosa Geçiş Ritüeli ve Mitolojik Bir Figür Olarak Daphne”, Doğudan Batıya 70. Yaşında Serap Yaylalı’ya Sunulan Yazılar, Edöterler: Aydın Erön, Emre Erdan, Ankara, Bilgin Kültür Yayınları, 2019, s. 295-317.
  • Vernant, J. P. Mortals and Immortals, Froma I. Zeitlin, Editor, New Jersey 1991.
  • Wood, J.T. (1877), Discoveries at Ephesus, including the site and remains of the great temple of Diana, Longmans, Green, and Co. London 1887.
  • Yazıcı, G. A. - Üreten, H. “Ephesos Kenti Tanrı(ça) ve Kültleri”, Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 7(1), 2020, s. 452-495.
  • Zaidman, L. B. – P. S. Pantel, Religion in the Ancient Grek City, Cambridge University Press 1992.
Toplam 93 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyal Bilimlerin Tarihi , Spesifik Alanların Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nuriye Külahlı 0000-0003-2287-8650

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Külahlı, Nuriye. “Eğitimde Artemis Ephesia Kültü: Kız Çocuklarının Geçiş Ayinleri”. Tarih Ve Gelecek Dergisi 9, sy. 4 (Aralık 2023): 746-70. https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.1370000.

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