Jön Türk Devrimi Sonrasında Filistin’de Ortodoks Cemaat Siyaseti (1908-1910)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 443 - 469, 18.06.2023

Çevirmen: Hakan Akköz , Çevirmen: Celal Öney

https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.1309878

Öz

Bu çalışmada 1908 Jön Türk devriminden sonra Kudüs’teki Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesinin patrik seçimine odaklanılmaktadır. Patrik adayları arasındaki iktidar mücadelesinin neden ve sonuçları üzerinde duran bu çalışma aynı zamanda bu mücadeleyi kendi çıkarları için kullanan başta Yunan olmak üzere Osmanlı ve Rusya’nın sergilediği tavırları inceliyor. Çalışmanın üzerinde durduğu diğer alan ise Filistin’deki Rum Ortodoks Arapların Rum kilise hiyerarşisine yani ruhban sınıfına dahil edilmemesi sadece cemaat olarak tutulmasının meydana getirdiği olumsuz sonuçlardır. Ruhban olmayan Rum Ortodoks Arap din adamlarının başta patriklik seçimleri olmak üzere bölgedeki Rum kiliselerinin sahip olduğu maddi ve manevi güçlerden mahrum bırakılmasını inceleyen bu çalışma, bu duruma karşı verilen mücadeleyi de vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca bu alanda yapılan literatürü de inceleyerek zengin bir kaynakça ile Rum Ortodoks Arap Hristiyanların 1908 sonrası Filistin’de Yunan, Rus ve Osmanlı devletleri üçgeninde nasıl bir nüfuz aracı olarak kullanıldıklarını ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rum Ortodoks Patrikliği, 1908 Jöntürk Devrimi, Filistin Hristiyan Araplar, Osmanlı, Rusya

Orthodox Communal Politics in Palestine after the Young Turk Revolution (1908-1910)

Öz

This study focuses on the election of the patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate in Jerusalem after the Young Turk revolution of 1908. Focusing on the causes and consequences of the power struggle between the patriarchal candidates, this study also examines the attitudes of the Ottoman Empire and Russia, especially Greece, which used this struggle for their own interests. The other area that the study focuses on is the negative consequences of the fact that the Greek Orthodox Arabs in Palestine were not included in the Greek church hierarchy, i.e. the clergy, but were kept only as a community. This study, which examines the deprivation of the lay Greek Orthodox Arab clergy from the financial and spiritual powers of the Greek churches in the region, especially the patriarchal elections, also highlights the struggle against this situation. The study also analyses the literature in this field and reveals with a rich bibliography how Greek Orthodox Arab Christians were used as a tool of influence in the triangle of Greek, Russian as well as Ottoman states in Palestine after 1908.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, Young Turk Revolution of 1908, Palestinian Christian Arabs, Ottoman Empire, Russia

Kaynakça

• Abdul Latif Tibawi, Russian Cultural Penetration of Syria-Palestine in the Nineteenth Century (London: Luzav and Co., 1966).
• Anton Bertram and Harry C. Luke, Report of the Commission Appointed by the Government of Palestine to Inquire into the Affairs of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (London: Oxford University Press, 1921).
• Anton Bertram and John W. A. Young, The Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem: Report of the Commission Appointed by the Government of Palestine to Inquire and Report upon Certain Controversies between the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Arab Orthodox Community (London: Oxford University Press, 1926).
• Archim. Meletios Metaxakis, To Agion Oros kai i Rosiki politiki en Anatoli [Kutsal Dağ ve Doğu’daki Rus Politikası] (Athens : Sakellariou, 1913), 56-74.
• Archim. Meliton (Agiotafitis), Skiera selis tis istorias tis Ekklisias Ierosolymon. Tis o enochos? [A Shady Page of the History of the Church of Jerusalem. Who is Guilty?] (Athens: 1920).
• Athanasios G. Helias, Ta Metochia tou Panagiou Tafou kai tis Monis Sina stin Ellada (1830-1888) [The Metochia of the Holy Sepulcher and Sina Monastery in Greece (1830-1888)] (Athens: Akritas, 2003).
• Attila E. Aytekin, “Agrarian Relations, Property and Law: An Analysis of the Land Code of 1858 in the Ottoman Empire,” Middle Eastern Studies 45 (2009): 935-951.
• Bedros Der Matossian, “Administrating the non-Muslims and the ‘Question of Jerusalem’ after the Young Turk Revolution,” in Late Ottoman Palestine: The Period of Young Turk Rule, ed. Yuval Ben-Bassat and Eyal Ginio (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2011), 211-239.
• Bedros Der Matossian, “The Young Turks Revolution: its Impact on Religious Politics of Jerusalem (1908-1912),” Jerusalem Quarterly, 40 (2009-2010): 18-33.
• Benjamin Braude, “Foundation Myths of the Millet System,” in Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society, ed. Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis (New York: Homes and Meier Publishers, 1982), 69-89.
• Bryn Geffert, “Anglican Orders and Orthodox Politics,” The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 52 (2006).
• Charalampos Papastathis, Oi [ 136 ] Orthodox Communal Politics in Palestine after the Young Turk Revolution (1908-1910) Kanonismoi ton Orthodoxon Ellinikon koinotiton tou Othomanikou kratous kai tis Diasporas [Regulations of the Greek Orthodox communities of the Ottoman state and the Diaspora] (Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis Bro., 1984).
• Daphne Tsimhoni, “The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem during the Formative Years of the British Mandate in Palestine,” Asian and African Studies 12 (1978): 77-121.
• Demetrios Stamatopoulos, Metarrithmysi kai ekkosmikeusi: pros mia anasynthesi tis istorias tou Oikoumenikou Patriarxeiou ton 19o aiona [Reformation and Secularization: towards a Reformulation of the History of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the 19th Century] (Athens: Alexandria, 2003).
• Demetrios Stamatopoulos, To Agiotafiko Metochi Konstantinoupoleos, archeiakes piges (18os-20os ai.) [The Metochion of the Holy Sepulcher in Constantinople, archival sources (18th- 20th cent.)] (Athens: INE/EIE, 2010).
• Derek Hopwood, The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine, 1843-1914: Church and Politics in the Near East (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969).
• Dimitri Stremooukhoff, “Moscow the Third Rome: Sources of the Doctrine,” Speculum 28 (1955): 84-101. Elena Astafieva, “La Russie en Terre Sainte: le cas de la Société Impériale Orthodoxe de Palestine (1882- 1917),” Cristianesimo nella Storia 24 (2003): 41- 68.
• Eleni Stoikou, “Ellinikes apopseis gia tin ekklisiastiki cheiraphetisi ton Orthodoxon Aravon sta patriarcheia Antiocheias kai Ierosolymon apo ta mesa tou 19ou os tis arches toy 20ou aiona,” [“Greek views about the ecclesiastical emancipation of the Orthodox Arabs in the Patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem from the mid-19th to the beginning of the 20th century”] Kleio 5 (2009).
• Elie Kedourie, “Religion and Politics,” in The Chatham House Version and Other Middle Eastern Studies, ed. Elie Kedourie (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2004).
• Elli Skopetea, “Oi ellines kai oi exthroi tous: I katastasi tou ethnous stis arches tou 20ou aiona,” [“Greeks and their enemies: the condition of the nation in the beginning of the 20th century”], in I istoria tis Ellados tou 20ou aiona: oi aparches 1900-1922 [ History of Greece in the 20th Century: The Beginings 1900-1922] ed. Christos chatziosif (Athens: Vivliorama, 1999) Vol. I, 9-35.
• Ernest Dawn, “The Origins of Arab Nationalism,” in The Origins of Arab Nationalism, ed. Rashid Khalidi et. al. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 3-30.
• Feroz Ahmad, The Making of Modern Turkey (London: Routledge, 1993).
• Gregorios Papamichael, “Apokalypseis peri tis rosikis politikis en ti Orthodoxo Elliniki Anatoli,” [“Ortodoks Rum Doğusunda Rus Politikasına İlişkin Gerçekler”] Ecclesiastikos Pharos IV (1909): 358-365.
• Gudrun Kraemer, A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008).
• Hasan Kayali, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918 (Berkley: University of California Press, 1997).
• Hildegard Schaeder, Moskau das Dritte Rom: Studien zur Geschichte der Politischen Theorien in der Slawischen Welt (Hamburg: Friederichsen, de Gruyter, 1929).
• Itamar Katz and Ruth Kark, “The Church and Landed Property: the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem,” Middle Eastern Studies 43 (2007): 383-408.
• Itamar Katz and Ruth Kark, “The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and its Congregation: Dissent over Real Estate,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 37 (2005): 509-534.
• Kallistos Miliaras, “O Aytokratorikos Kanonismos tou Patriarcheiou Ierosolymon kai i efarmogi aytou” [“The Imperial Law of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem and its Application”] Nea Sion 27 (1932): 369-383.
• Kallistos Miliaras, “Ta epi patriarchou Prokopiou (1872-1875) anafyenta sovara zitimata en ti Ekklisia Ierosolymon,” [“The Important Questions Created in the Church of Jerusalem during the Reign of Patriarch Prokopios (1872- 1875)”] Nea Sion 27 (1932).
• Kallistos Miliaras, Oi Agioi Topoi en Palaistini kai ta ep’auton dikaia tou ellinikou ethnous [The Holy Places in Palestine and the Rights of the Greek Nation over them] (Thessaloniki: University Studio Press, 2002, reprint).
• Kenneth Cragg, “The Anglican Church,” in Religion in the Middle East: Three Religions in Concord and Conflict, ed. Arthur J. Arberry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 570-595.
• Khalil Sakakini, The Diaries of Khalil Sakakini. Volume II: Orthodox Renaissance, World War I, Exile to Damascus, ed. Akram Mousallam (Ramallah: Khalil Sakakini Cultural Centre, and the Institute for Jerusalem Studies, 2004).
• Konstantinos Papastathis, “Church Finances in the Colonial Age: the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem under British Control, 1921- 1925,” Middle Eastern Studies, 49 (2013): 712-731.Konstantinos Papastathis, “Religious Politics and Sacred Space: the Orthodox Strategy on the Holy Places Question in Palestine, 1917- 1922,” Journal of Eastern Christian Studies (Forthcoming).
• Konstantinos Papastathis, “The Power Vacuum within the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and British Political Line of Action, 1917-1918” [“To keno exousias sto Patriarcheio Ierosolymon kai I Vrettaniki politiki, 1917-1918”] Historica 26 (2009): 333-367.
• Laura Robson, “Communalism and Nationalism in the Mandate: The Greek Orthodox Controversy and the National Movement,” Journal of Palestine Studies 41 (2011).
• Laura Robson, Colonialism and Christianity in Mandate Palestine (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011).
• M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008).
• Meir Verete, “Why Was a British Consulate Established in Jerusalem?” English Historical Review, 85 (1970), 316-345.
• Muhammad Muslih, “Arab Politics and the Rise of Palestinian Nationalism,” Journal of Palestine Studies 16 (1987): 77-94.
• N. P. Eleytheriades, I Akinitos Idioktisia en Tourkia [The Immovable Property in Turkey] (Athens: 1903). Noha Tadros Khalaf, Les Memoires de ‘Issa al ‘Issa: Journaliste et Intellectuel Palestinien 1878-1950 (Paris: Editions Karthala, 2009).
• Oded Peri and Izhak Zisk, “The Ottoman Government’s Resolution (1912) on the Internal Organization of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem,” Cathedra 52 (1989), 131-148.
• Pantelis E. Lekkas, To paixnidi me to chrono: ethnikismos kai neoterikotita [The time game: nationalism and modernity] (Athens: Ellinika Grammata, 2001).
• Paraskevas Matalas, “To Patriarcheio Ierosolimon kai I ellino- orthodoxia,” [“The Patriarchate of Jerusalem and Helleno-orthodoxia”] in Orthodoxia, Ethnos kai Ideologia [Orthodoxy, Nation and Ideology] (Athens: Moraiti School, 2007).
• Pavlos Karolides, Peri tis ethnikis katagogis ton Orthodoxon Christianon Syrias kai Palaistinis [Regarding the national origin of the Orthodox Christians of Syria and Palestine] (Athens: P.D. Sakellariou Press, 1909).
• Peter J. S. Duncan, Russian Messianism: Third Rome, Revolution, Communism and after (London: Routledge, 2000).
• R. Michael Bracy, Printing Class: ‘Isa Al-’Isa, Filastin, and the Textual Construction of National Identity, 1911-1931 (Lanham: University Press of America, 2011).
• Robert H. Eisenman, Islamic Law in Palestine and Israel: a History of the Survival of Tanzimat and Sharia in the British Mandate and the Jewish State (Leiden: Brill, 1978).
• Sia Anagnostopoulou, Mikra Asia, 19tos aionas-1919 oi ellino- orthodoxes koinotites: apo to millet ton romion sto elliniko ethnos [Asia Minor, 19th century-1919 the Greek-Orthodox communities: from the rum- millet to the Greek nation] (Athens: Ellinika Grammata, 1997).
• Sotirios Roussos, “Eastern Orthodox Perspectives on Church-State Relations and Religion and Politics in Modern Jerusalem,” International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church, 5 (2005): 107-122.
• Sotirios Roussos, “The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate and Community of Jerusalem: Church, State and Identity,” in The Christian Communities of Jerusalem and the Holy Land: Studies in History, Religion and Politics, ed.Antony O’Mahony (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003), 38-56.
• Sotirios Roussos, “The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate and Community of Jerusalem,” in The Christian Heritage in the Holy Land, ed. Antony O’Mahony, Göran Gunner and Kevork Hintlian (London: Scorpion Cavendish, 1995), 211-224.
• Theodore E. Dowling, The Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1913).
• Theophanes G. Stavrou, Russian Interest in Palestine: a Study of Religious and Educational Enterprise (Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1963).
• Thomas Hummel, “Between Eastern and Western Christendom: The Anglican Presence in Jerusalem,” in The Christian Communities in Jerusalem and the Holy Land: Studies on History, Religion and Politics, ed. Antony O’Mahony (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003).
• Timotheos Themelis, Episima eggrafa peri ton dikaion tou Patriarcheiou Ierosolymon (1908- 1913) [Official Documents concerning the Rights of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem (1908-1913)] (Jerusalem: Press of the Convent of the Holy Sepulchre, 1914).
• Vangelis Kechriotis, “GreekOrthodox, Ottoman Greeks or just Greeks? Theories of Coexistence in the Aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution,” Études Balkaniques 41 (2005): 51-71.
• Yuval Ben-Bassat and Eyal Ginio, “Introduction: the Case Study of Palestine during the Young Turk Era,” in Late Ottoman Palestine: The Period of Young Turk Rule, ed. Yuval Ben-Bassat and Eyal Ginio (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2011).