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Azospermik ve oligospermik hastaların spermiyogram parametrelerine göre sınıflandırılması

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 4, 85 - 93, 30.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.471058

Abstract

Amaç: İnfertilite evli
çiftlerin bir yıllık korunmasız ilişkiye rağmen gebeliğin oluşmaması olarak
tanımlanabilir. Çiftlerde infertilite %10’u kadınlardaki, %15’i erkeklerdeki
genetik problemlerden kaynaklanır. Erkek infertilitesine ayrıca enfeksiyonlar,
toksik maddeler, tıkanıklar ve varikosel sebep olmaktadır. Erkek
infertilitesinin tespitinde ilk uygulanacak en önemli test spermiyogram
analizidir. Spermiyogram sonucuna göre semen sıvısı içinde hiç sperm
bulunmamasına azospermi, az sayıda bulunmasına oligospermi denir. Çalışmamızda spermiyogram
ve gonadotropin test parametrelerinin azospermi, oligospermi ve normal hasta
gruplarında nasıl değiştiğini tespit etmeyi amaçladık. Diğer bir amacımız ise
bu hastaların azospermi nedenlerine göre dağılım yüzdelerinin hesaplanmasıydı.   

Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada rutin
spermiyogram ve gonadotropin hormon testlerinin sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir.
Test parametrelerinden viskozite, likefaksiyon, pH, hacim, hareketlilik
değerleri, Kruger sonuçları ve gonadotropin seviyeleri kullanılmıştır. Hasta
gruplarının ayrımında hangi test parametrelerinin etkin olduğunu belirlemek
için Anova, Mann Whitney U ve diskriminant analizleri yapılmıştır.

Bulgular: Azospermi hastalarının %7’sinin enfeksiyon,
% 9’unun genetik problemler, %5’inin inmemiş testis, %22’sinin testis fonksiyon
bozukluğu ve %22’sinin varikosel teşhisi ile değerlendirildiği,  Hastaların %35’inin ise sadece infertilite şikayeti
ile kliniğimize başvurduğu belirlendi.  Normal
popülasyon ile azospermi ve oligospermi hastaları Anova, Mann
Whitney U testleri ile
karşılaştırıldığında,  gonadotropin seviyelerinin azospermi ve
oligospermi hastalarında kontrol grubundan farklı olduğu,  spermiyogram parametrelerinden pH, viskozite
ve likefaksiyonun değişiklik göstermediği, morfoloji, hareket, hacim ve sperm
sayısının farklılık gösterdiği bulundu.







Sonuç:  İncelediğimiz Azospermi ve oligospermi hastalarında,
literatür ile uyumlu olarak FSH, LH seviyeleri artmıştır, testosteron seviyesi
ise bu hastalarda kısmi olarak azalmıştır. İstisna olarak, azospermi görülen
ilerlememiş varikosel vakalarında, hormon seviyeleri normal seviyededir.   Prolaktin ve östradiol azospermi ve oligospermi
hastalarında normal seviyededir. Spermiyogram parametrelerinden sadece sperm
hacim, morfoloji, hareket ve sayısının hastaların ayrımında önemli olduğu
belirlenmiştir.   Sonuç olarak; bu
hastaların ayrımında, FSH, LH ve testosteron seviyesinin, sperm hacim,
morfoloji, hareket ve sayısının belirlenmesi yeterlidir. 

References

  • 1. Aydos K. Azospermi. Available at: http://www.kaanaydos.com.tr/tag/azospermi. Erişim tarihi 14 Mayıs 2018. (Accessed May 14, 2018.)
  • 2. Semerci B. Azospermik olgunun değerlendirilmesi. Androloji Bülteni, Erkek Üreme Sağlığı. Aralık 2012; Sayı 51: p:247-250
  • 3. Winter JS, Faiman C. Pituitary-gonadal relations in male childrenand adolescents. Pediatr Res 1972; 6: 126–35.
  • 4. Agger P. Scrotal and testicular temperature: its relation to spermcount before and after operation for varicocele. Fertil Steril 1971; 22: 286–97.
  • 5. Costabile R. Surgical and Medical Management of Male Infertility, Marc Goldstein and Peter N. Schlegel. Published by Cambridge University Press. © CambridgeUniversity Press 2013.
  • 6. Kaler LW, Neaves WB. Attrition of the human Leydig cellpopulation with advancing age. Anat Rec 1978; 192: 513–8.
  • 7. Von Eckardstein S, Simoni M, Bergmann M, et al. Serum inhibinB in combination with serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)is a more sensitive marker than serum FSH alone for impairedspermatogenesis in men, but cannot predict the presence ofsperm in testicular tissue samples. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1999; 84: 2496–501.
  • 8. Fawcett DW. Observations on the organization of the interstitialtissue of the testis and on the occluding cell junctions in theseminiferous epithelium. Adv Biosci 1973; 10: 83–99.
  • 9. Dym M, Fawcett DW. The blood–testis barrier in the rat and thephysiological compartmentation of the seminiferous epithelium.Biol Reprod 1970 3: 308–26.
  • 10. Amann RP, Howards SS. Daily spermatozoal production andepididymal spermatozoal reserves of the human male. J Urol 1980; 124: 211–5.
  • 11. Johnson L, Varner DD. Effect of daily spermatozoan productionbut not age on transit time of spermatozoa through the human epididymis. Biol Reprod 1988; 39: 812–7.
  • 12. Bedford JM. The status and the state of the human epididymis.Hum Reprod 1994;9:2187–99.
  • 13. Hotaling, J. Carrel D.T. Clinical genetic testing for male factor infertility: current applications andfuture directions. Androl 2014 May; 2: 339-50. doi: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014. 00200. x. Epub 2014 Apr 7.
  • 14. Oates RD. Clinical and diagnostic features of patients with suspected Klinefelter syndrome. J Androl 2003; 24: 49–50.
  • 15. Lange J, Skaletsky H, van Daalen SK,et al. Isodicentric Y chromosomes and sex disorders as byproducts of homologous recombination that maintains palindromes. Cell 2009; 138: 855-69.
  • 16. Patrat C, Bienvenu T, Janny L, et al. Clinical data and parenthood of 63 infertile and Y microdeleted men. Fertil Steril 2010; 93: 822–32.
  • 17. Vogt PH. AZF deletions and Y chromosomal haplogroups: history and update based on sequence. Hum Reprod Update. 2005; 11: 319–36.
  • 18. Vogt PH. Azospermia factor (AZF) in Yq11: towards a molecular understanding of its function for human male fertility and spermatogenesis. Reprod Biomed Online 2005; 10: 81-93.
  • 19. Desai SS, Roy BS & Mahale SD. Mutations and polymorphisms in FSH receptor: functional implications in human reproduction. Reproduction 2013; 146: R235–R248.
  • 20. Shupnik MA, Schreihofer DA. Molecular aspects of steroidhormone action in the male reproductive axis. J Androl 1997; 18: 341–4.
  • 21. Hayes FJ, Pitteloud N, DeCruz S, Crowley WF Jr, Boepple PA. Importance of inhibin B in the regulation of FSH secretion in thehuman male. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2001; 86: 5541–6.
  • 22. C. Huang HL, Zhu KR, Xu SY, Wang LQ, Fan WBZ. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology 2015; 3: 809-16.
  • 23. Viswambharan N, Suganthi R, Simon AM, Manonayaki S. Male infertility: polymerase chain reaction based deletion mapping of genes on the human chromosome. Singapore Med J 2007; 48: 1140-2.
  • 24. Virtanen HE, Bjerknes R, Cortes D, et al. Cryptorchidism: classification, prevalence and long-term consequences.Acta Paediatr 2007 May; 96: 611-6.
  • 25. Vahidi S, Moein M, Nabi A, Narimani N. Effects of microsurgical varicocelectomy on semen analysis and sperm function tests in patients with different grades of varicocele: Role of sperm functional tests in evaluation of treatments outcome. Andrologia 2018 Jun 25:e13069. doi: 10.1111/and.13069
  • 26. Buck Louis GM, Smarr MM, Sun L, et al. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in seminal plasma and couple fecundity. Environ Res 2018 May; 163: 64-70. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.028.
  • 27. Ratnayake GM, Weerathunga PN, Ruwanpura LP, Wickramasinghe A, Katulanda P. Isolated follicle stimulated hormone deficiency in male: case report.BMC Res Notes 2018 Jan 15; 11: 24. doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-3109-4.
  • 28. Algina J., & Olejnik S. Conducting power analyses for ANOVA and ANCOVA in between-subjects designs. Evaluation Health Professions 2003; 26: 288-314.
  • 29. Cardinal RN, Aitken M R F. ANOVA for the behavioural sciences researcher. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2006.
  • 30. Cortina JM, Nouri H. Effect size for ANOVA designs. Effect Size for ANOVA designs (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.2000.
  • 31. Bruno B, Villa SF, Properzi G, Martini M, Fabbrini A. hormonal and seminal parameters in infertile men. Andrologia 1986; 18: 595-600. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272. 1986.tb01837.x
  • 32. Merino G, Martinez-Chequer JC, Chan RG, Cuevas L, Carranza-Lira S. Relationship between hormone levels and testicular biopsies of azospermic men pages. Archieves of Andrology 1999; 42: 145-9. Published Online: 09 Jul 2009 https://doi.org/10. 1080/ 014850199262805
  • 33. Lenau H, Gorewoda I, Niermann H. Relationship between sperm count, serum gonadotropins and testosterone levels in normo-, oligo- and azospermia. Reproduccion 1980 Apr-Jun; 4147-156. PMID: 6772497.
  • 34. Babu SR, Sadhnani MD, Swarna M, et al. Evaluation of FSH, LH and testosterone levels in different subgroups of infertile males Indian J Clin Biochem 2004; 19: 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872388
  • 35. Hunter WM. Edmond P.. Watson GS, Mclean N. Plasma LH and FSH Levels in Subfertile Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1974 Oct; 39: 740–9, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-39-4-740
  • 36. AL-Murshidi SY, Mohsin K. Relationship between Semen Volume and blood Hormone in Azospermic Males Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology; Raipur Vol. 11, Iss. 3, Mar 2018: 1169-71.Doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00218.4
  • 37. AL-Murshidi SY, Rahim Aİ, Ghali el Issawi S, Al-Ibrahemi HA. Semen volume and its correlation with reproductive hormones in azospermic patientsMagazine of Al-Kufa University for Biology ISSN: 20738854 23116544 Year: 2015; Volume: 7 Issue: 1 Pages: 246-55
  • 38. Ismael, Zainab Khalil, AL-Anbari Lubna A, Mossa, Hayder AL. Relationship of FSH, LH, DHEA and testosterone levels in serum with sperm function parameters in infertile men J Pharmaceutical Sci Research; Cuddalore 2017 Nov; 9: 2056-61.
  • 39. Nayyfe HA, Calapoglu M, Ozmenı İ. Investigation the relationship between spermatogenesis and the levels of some hormones in a sample of infertile Iraqi males with azospermia and oligospermia. Iraqi J Sci 2018 Aug; [S.l.], p. 1378-86,. ISSN 2312-1637.
  • 40. Alaa Shaker Al-Nahi آلاء شاكر. Evaluation of FSH, LH , testosterone , prolactine, TSH and T4 hormones levels in different subgroups of infertile males. Magazine of Al-Kufa University for Biology مجلة جامعة الكوفة لعلوم الحياة ISSN: 20738854 23116544 Year: 2015 Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Pages: 47-54 Publisher: University of Kufa جامعة الكوفة
  • 41. Massart A, Lissens W, Tournaye H, Stouffs K. Genetic causes of spermatogenic failure. Asian J Androl 2012; 14: 40-8.doi:10.1038/aja.2011.67.
  • 42. Raman JD, Schlegel PN, Testicular Sperm Extraction with Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is successful for the treatment of nonobstructive azospermia associated with cryptorchidism, J Urol 2003 Oct; Vol 170, Issue 4, Part 1, P: 1287-90
  • 43. Hadziselimovic F. and Herzog B. Importance of early postnatal germ cell maturation for fertility of cryptorchid males. Horm Res 2001; 55: 6–10
  • 44. Ezeh UI, Moore HD, Cooke ID. Correlation of testicular sperm extraction with morphological, biophysical and endocrine profiles in men with azospermia due to primary gonadal failure., Human Reproduction, November 1998; Volume 13, Issue 11, 1, Pages 3066–74, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.11.3066
  • 45. Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Cocuzza M, Agarwal R, Short RA, Sabanegh EM. Efficacy of varicocelectomy in improving semen parameters: new meta-analytical approach. JL Urology 2007 Sep; 70: 532-8.
  • 46. Nagler H, Luntz R, FG. Varicocele. In: Lipshultz L, Howards S, editors. Infertility in the Male. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1997. pp. 336–59.
  • 47. Witt MA, Lipshultz LI. Varicocele: a progressive or static lesion? Urology 1993 Nov; 42: 541-3.
  • 48. Czaplicki M, Bablok L, Janczewski Z. Varicocelectomy in patients with azospermia. Arch Androl 1979; 3: 51-5.
  • 49. Ajayi A, Afolabi B, Ajayi V, Oyetunji I, Biobaku O and Atiba A. Men without Sperms. Open J Urol 2018; 8: 25-42. doi: 10.4236/oju.2018.81004.
  • 50. Chukwunyere CF , Awonuga DO , Ogo CN , Nwadike V , Chukwunyere KE , Patterns Of Semınal Fluıd Analysıs In Male Partners Of Infertıle Couples Attendıng Gynaecology Clınıc At Federal Medıcal Centre, ABEOKUTA.Nigerian Journal of Medicine : Journal of the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria [01 Apr 2015; 24: 131-6].
  • 51. World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.

Classification of azospermic and oligospermic patients by spermiogram parameters

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 4, 85 - 93, 30.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.471058

Abstract

Aim: Infertility can be
defined as the fact that married couples do not have a pregnancy despite one
year of unprotected intercourse. In couples, infertility is caused by genetic
problems in 10% of females and 15% in males. Male infertility is also caused by
infections, toxic substances, blockages and varicocele. The most important test
to be applied in the determination of male infertility is spermiogram analysis.
According to the results of the spermiogram, there is no sperm in the semen
fluid and azospermia, and the small number of them are called oligospermia. In
our study, we aimed to determine how spermiogram and gonadotropine test
parameters change in azospermia, oligospermia and normal patient groups.
Another aim was to calculate the distribution percentages of these patients
according to the azospermia reasons.

Material and Method: The method used in
the study is routine spermiogram analysis. Viscosity, liquefaction, pH, volume,
motility, Kruger and gonadotropine level were used as test parameters. Anova,
Mann Whitney U and discriminant analyzes were performed to determine which test
parameters were effective in the differentiation of patient groups.

Results: According to the
results obtained, 7% of azospermia patients had infection, 9% had genetic
problems, 5% had undescended testis, 22% had testicular dysfunction and 22%
varicocele. 35% of patients admitted to our clinic with complaints of
infertility. When the normal population and azospermia patients were compared,
it was determined that the rate of abnormality of liquefaction and viscose was
high in azospermia patients, pH and volume did not differ, and gonadotropine
levels were high in azospermia patients according to the literature.
In addition,
FSH, LH and testosterone levels were found to differ between patient groups.
Spermiogram parameters showed that only sperm volume was different between azospermia
and normal patient groups.

Conclusion: In patients with azospermia
and oligospermia, FSH, LH levels were increased and testosterone levels were
partially decreased in these patients. As an exception, in advanced varicocele
cases with azospermia, hormone levels are normal. Prolactin and estradiol are
normal in azospermia and oligospermia patients. It was determined that sperm
volume, morphology, motility and number of sperm were important in the
differentiation of patients. As a result; In the differentiation of these
patients, the level of FSH, LH and testosterone, sperm volume, morphology, motility
and total sperm is sufficient to determine.










References

  • 1. Aydos K. Azospermi. Available at: http://www.kaanaydos.com.tr/tag/azospermi. Erişim tarihi 14 Mayıs 2018. (Accessed May 14, 2018.)
  • 2. Semerci B. Azospermik olgunun değerlendirilmesi. Androloji Bülteni, Erkek Üreme Sağlığı. Aralık 2012; Sayı 51: p:247-250
  • 3. Winter JS, Faiman C. Pituitary-gonadal relations in male childrenand adolescents. Pediatr Res 1972; 6: 126–35.
  • 4. Agger P. Scrotal and testicular temperature: its relation to spermcount before and after operation for varicocele. Fertil Steril 1971; 22: 286–97.
  • 5. Costabile R. Surgical and Medical Management of Male Infertility, Marc Goldstein and Peter N. Schlegel. Published by Cambridge University Press. © CambridgeUniversity Press 2013.
  • 6. Kaler LW, Neaves WB. Attrition of the human Leydig cellpopulation with advancing age. Anat Rec 1978; 192: 513–8.
  • 7. Von Eckardstein S, Simoni M, Bergmann M, et al. Serum inhibinB in combination with serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)is a more sensitive marker than serum FSH alone for impairedspermatogenesis in men, but cannot predict the presence ofsperm in testicular tissue samples. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1999; 84: 2496–501.
  • 8. Fawcett DW. Observations on the organization of the interstitialtissue of the testis and on the occluding cell junctions in theseminiferous epithelium. Adv Biosci 1973; 10: 83–99.
  • 9. Dym M, Fawcett DW. The blood–testis barrier in the rat and thephysiological compartmentation of the seminiferous epithelium.Biol Reprod 1970 3: 308–26.
  • 10. Amann RP, Howards SS. Daily spermatozoal production andepididymal spermatozoal reserves of the human male. J Urol 1980; 124: 211–5.
  • 11. Johnson L, Varner DD. Effect of daily spermatozoan productionbut not age on transit time of spermatozoa through the human epididymis. Biol Reprod 1988; 39: 812–7.
  • 12. Bedford JM. The status and the state of the human epididymis.Hum Reprod 1994;9:2187–99.
  • 13. Hotaling, J. Carrel D.T. Clinical genetic testing for male factor infertility: current applications andfuture directions. Androl 2014 May; 2: 339-50. doi: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014. 00200. x. Epub 2014 Apr 7.
  • 14. Oates RD. Clinical and diagnostic features of patients with suspected Klinefelter syndrome. J Androl 2003; 24: 49–50.
  • 15. Lange J, Skaletsky H, van Daalen SK,et al. Isodicentric Y chromosomes and sex disorders as byproducts of homologous recombination that maintains palindromes. Cell 2009; 138: 855-69.
  • 16. Patrat C, Bienvenu T, Janny L, et al. Clinical data and parenthood of 63 infertile and Y microdeleted men. Fertil Steril 2010; 93: 822–32.
  • 17. Vogt PH. AZF deletions and Y chromosomal haplogroups: history and update based on sequence. Hum Reprod Update. 2005; 11: 319–36.
  • 18. Vogt PH. Azospermia factor (AZF) in Yq11: towards a molecular understanding of its function for human male fertility and spermatogenesis. Reprod Biomed Online 2005; 10: 81-93.
  • 19. Desai SS, Roy BS & Mahale SD. Mutations and polymorphisms in FSH receptor: functional implications in human reproduction. Reproduction 2013; 146: R235–R248.
  • 20. Shupnik MA, Schreihofer DA. Molecular aspects of steroidhormone action in the male reproductive axis. J Androl 1997; 18: 341–4.
  • 21. Hayes FJ, Pitteloud N, DeCruz S, Crowley WF Jr, Boepple PA. Importance of inhibin B in the regulation of FSH secretion in thehuman male. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2001; 86: 5541–6.
  • 22. C. Huang HL, Zhu KR, Xu SY, Wang LQ, Fan WBZ. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology 2015; 3: 809-16.
  • 23. Viswambharan N, Suganthi R, Simon AM, Manonayaki S. Male infertility: polymerase chain reaction based deletion mapping of genes on the human chromosome. Singapore Med J 2007; 48: 1140-2.
  • 24. Virtanen HE, Bjerknes R, Cortes D, et al. Cryptorchidism: classification, prevalence and long-term consequences.Acta Paediatr 2007 May; 96: 611-6.
  • 25. Vahidi S, Moein M, Nabi A, Narimani N. Effects of microsurgical varicocelectomy on semen analysis and sperm function tests in patients with different grades of varicocele: Role of sperm functional tests in evaluation of treatments outcome. Andrologia 2018 Jun 25:e13069. doi: 10.1111/and.13069
  • 26. Buck Louis GM, Smarr MM, Sun L, et al. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in seminal plasma and couple fecundity. Environ Res 2018 May; 163: 64-70. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.028.
  • 27. Ratnayake GM, Weerathunga PN, Ruwanpura LP, Wickramasinghe A, Katulanda P. Isolated follicle stimulated hormone deficiency in male: case report.BMC Res Notes 2018 Jan 15; 11: 24. doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-3109-4.
  • 28. Algina J., & Olejnik S. Conducting power analyses for ANOVA and ANCOVA in between-subjects designs. Evaluation Health Professions 2003; 26: 288-314.
  • 29. Cardinal RN, Aitken M R F. ANOVA for the behavioural sciences researcher. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2006.
  • 30. Cortina JM, Nouri H. Effect size for ANOVA designs. Effect Size for ANOVA designs (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.2000.
  • 31. Bruno B, Villa SF, Properzi G, Martini M, Fabbrini A. hormonal and seminal parameters in infertile men. Andrologia 1986; 18: 595-600. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272. 1986.tb01837.x
  • 32. Merino G, Martinez-Chequer JC, Chan RG, Cuevas L, Carranza-Lira S. Relationship between hormone levels and testicular biopsies of azospermic men pages. Archieves of Andrology 1999; 42: 145-9. Published Online: 09 Jul 2009 https://doi.org/10. 1080/ 014850199262805
  • 33. Lenau H, Gorewoda I, Niermann H. Relationship between sperm count, serum gonadotropins and testosterone levels in normo-, oligo- and azospermia. Reproduccion 1980 Apr-Jun; 4147-156. PMID: 6772497.
  • 34. Babu SR, Sadhnani MD, Swarna M, et al. Evaluation of FSH, LH and testosterone levels in different subgroups of infertile males Indian J Clin Biochem 2004; 19: 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872388
  • 35. Hunter WM. Edmond P.. Watson GS, Mclean N. Plasma LH and FSH Levels in Subfertile Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1974 Oct; 39: 740–9, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-39-4-740
  • 36. AL-Murshidi SY, Mohsin K. Relationship between Semen Volume and blood Hormone in Azospermic Males Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology; Raipur Vol. 11, Iss. 3, Mar 2018: 1169-71.Doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00218.4
  • 37. AL-Murshidi SY, Rahim Aİ, Ghali el Issawi S, Al-Ibrahemi HA. Semen volume and its correlation with reproductive hormones in azospermic patientsMagazine of Al-Kufa University for Biology ISSN: 20738854 23116544 Year: 2015; Volume: 7 Issue: 1 Pages: 246-55
  • 38. Ismael, Zainab Khalil, AL-Anbari Lubna A, Mossa, Hayder AL. Relationship of FSH, LH, DHEA and testosterone levels in serum with sperm function parameters in infertile men J Pharmaceutical Sci Research; Cuddalore 2017 Nov; 9: 2056-61.
  • 39. Nayyfe HA, Calapoglu M, Ozmenı İ. Investigation the relationship between spermatogenesis and the levels of some hormones in a sample of infertile Iraqi males with azospermia and oligospermia. Iraqi J Sci 2018 Aug; [S.l.], p. 1378-86,. ISSN 2312-1637.
  • 40. Alaa Shaker Al-Nahi آلاء شاكر. Evaluation of FSH, LH , testosterone , prolactine, TSH and T4 hormones levels in different subgroups of infertile males. Magazine of Al-Kufa University for Biology مجلة جامعة الكوفة لعلوم الحياة ISSN: 20738854 23116544 Year: 2015 Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Pages: 47-54 Publisher: University of Kufa جامعة الكوفة
  • 41. Massart A, Lissens W, Tournaye H, Stouffs K. Genetic causes of spermatogenic failure. Asian J Androl 2012; 14: 40-8.doi:10.1038/aja.2011.67.
  • 42. Raman JD, Schlegel PN, Testicular Sperm Extraction with Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is successful for the treatment of nonobstructive azospermia associated with cryptorchidism, J Urol 2003 Oct; Vol 170, Issue 4, Part 1, P: 1287-90
  • 43. Hadziselimovic F. and Herzog B. Importance of early postnatal germ cell maturation for fertility of cryptorchid males. Horm Res 2001; 55: 6–10
  • 44. Ezeh UI, Moore HD, Cooke ID. Correlation of testicular sperm extraction with morphological, biophysical and endocrine profiles in men with azospermia due to primary gonadal failure., Human Reproduction, November 1998; Volume 13, Issue 11, 1, Pages 3066–74, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.11.3066
  • 45. Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Cocuzza M, Agarwal R, Short RA, Sabanegh EM. Efficacy of varicocelectomy in improving semen parameters: new meta-analytical approach. JL Urology 2007 Sep; 70: 532-8.
  • 46. Nagler H, Luntz R, FG. Varicocele. In: Lipshultz L, Howards S, editors. Infertility in the Male. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1997. pp. 336–59.
  • 47. Witt MA, Lipshultz LI. Varicocele: a progressive or static lesion? Urology 1993 Nov; 42: 541-3.
  • 48. Czaplicki M, Bablok L, Janczewski Z. Varicocelectomy in patients with azospermia. Arch Androl 1979; 3: 51-5.
  • 49. Ajayi A, Afolabi B, Ajayi V, Oyetunji I, Biobaku O and Atiba A. Men without Sperms. Open J Urol 2018; 8: 25-42. doi: 10.4236/oju.2018.81004.
  • 50. Chukwunyere CF , Awonuga DO , Ogo CN , Nwadike V , Chukwunyere KE , Patterns Of Semınal Fluıd Analysıs In Male Partners Of Infertıle Couples Attendıng Gynaecology Clınıc At Federal Medıcal Centre, ABEOKUTA.Nigerian Journal of Medicine : Journal of the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria [01 Apr 2015; 24: 131-6].
  • 51. World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Kasım Ertaş This is me

Özgür Eroğlu This is me

Serdar Yüksel 0000-0002-7885-5426

Publication Date December 30, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 4

Cite

AMA Ertaş K, Eroğlu Ö, Yüksel S. Azospermik ve oligospermik hastaların spermiyogram parametrelerine göre sınıflandırılması. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. December 2018;1(4):85-93. doi:10.32322/jhsm.471058

Cited By

Effects of Infertility on Voice in male patients
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-022-03130-0

Interuniversity Board (UAK) Equivalency: Article published in Ulakbim TR Index journal [10 POINTS], and Article published in other (excuding 1a, b, c) international indexed journal (1d) [5 POINTS].

The Directories (indexes) and Platforms we are included in are at the bottom of the page.

Note: Our journal is not WOS indexed and therefore is not classified as Q.

You can download Council of Higher Education (CoHG) [Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu (YÖK)] Criteria) decisions about predatory/questionable journals and the author's clarification text and journal charge policy from your browser. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2316/file/4905/show







The indexes of the journal are ULAKBİM TR Dizin, Index Copernicus, ICI World of Journals, DOAJ, Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI), General Impact Factor, ASOS Index, WorldCat (OCLC), MIAR, EuroPub, OpenAIRE, Türkiye Citation Index, Türk Medline Index, InfoBase Index, Scilit, etc.

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The platforms of the journal are Google Scholar, CrossRef (DOI), ResearchBib, Open Access, COPE, ICMJE, NCBI, ORCID, Creative Commons, etc.

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Our Journal using the DergiPark system indexed are;

Ulakbim TR Dizin,  Index Copernicus, ICI World of JournalsDirectory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI), General Impact FactorASOS Index, OpenAIRE, MIAR,  EuroPub, WorldCat (OCLC)DOAJ,  Türkiye Citation Index, Türk Medline Index, InfoBase Index


Our Journal using the DergiPark system platforms are;

Google, Google Scholar, CrossRef (DOI), ResearchBib, ICJME, COPE, NCBI, ORCID, Creative Commons, Open Access, and etc.


Journal articles are evaluated as "Double-Blind Peer Review". 

Our journal has adopted the Open Access Policy and articles in JHSM are Open Access and fully comply with Open Access instructions. All articles in the system can be accessed and read without a journal user.  https//dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhsm/page/9535

Journal charge policy   https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhsm/page/10912


Editor List for 2022

Assoc. Prof. Alpaslan TANOĞLU (MD)  

Prof. Aydın ÇİFCİ (MD)

Prof. İbrahim Celalaettin HAZNEDAROĞLU (MD)

Prof. Murat KEKİLLİ (MD)

Prof. Yavuz BEYAZIT (MD) 

Prof. Ekrem ÜNAL (MD)

Prof. Ahmet EKEN (MD)

Assoc. Prof. Ercan YUVANÇ (MD)

Assoc. Prof. Bekir UÇAN (MD) 

Assoc. Prof. Mehmet Sinan DAL (MD)


Our journal has been indexed in DOAJ as of May 18, 2020.

Our journal has been indexed in TR-Dizin as of March 12, 2021.


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Articles published in the Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine have open access and are licensed under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License.