Lavandula angustifolia Mill. esansiyel yağı yüklü mikroemülsiyon sistemlerinin tasarımı: faz davranışının haritalanması, fizikokimyasal karakterizasyon ve mikrobiyolojik uygunluk değerlendirmesi
Year 2026,
Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 29 - 37, 14.03.2026
Ahmet Arif Kurt
,
Bashar Ibrahim
,
Ferda Ediş
,
Zeynep Aygündüz
,
Taner Aslan
Abstract
Aim:
This study aims to develop and characterize thermodynamically stable microemulsion systems based on Cremophor RH40 and propylene glycol/ethanol in order to overcome the solubility and stability problems of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil obtained from the Isparta region. [1–3,10–12]
Methods:
Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed by aqueous titration to determine the optimum compositions. The formulations were characterized in terms of droplet size (DLS), polydispersity index, zeta potential, viscosity, and thermal behavior by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while microbiological efficacy was evaluated according to the ISO 11930 protocol. [10–12,17]
Results:
Analyses showed that the widest isotropic microemulsion regions were obtained at Smix ratios of 2:1 and 3:1. The optimized systems exhibited droplet sizes in the range of 100–140 nm, polydispersity indices below 0.25, and zeta potential values between −14 and −18 mV. In addition to viscosity values of 0.6–1.5 Pa·s, which are ideal for topical application, preservative-free formulations provided >3 log reduction in bacterial count by day 7 and showed no phase separation during 8-week stress testing. [10–14,17,18]
Conclusion:
It was demonstrated that the developed nanocarrier system successfully encapsulates lavender essential oil while maintaining its physical stability. The self-preserving character and high solubilization capacity of the system offer a safe and effective model for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. [1–3,10–14,17,19]
Keywords: Lavandula angustifolia, microemulsion, phase diagram, nanocarrier systems, antimicrobial activity.
Ethical Statement
This study did not involve human participants, animal experiments, or identifiable personal data. Therefore, formal approval from an institutional ethics committee was not required, and all experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant national and international guidelines for laboratory research and good scientific practice.
Supporting Institution
This work was supported by Polisome Ar-Ge İlaç San. Tic. Ltd. Şti.. The funder had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Thanks
The authors would like to thank [Polisome R&D laboratory/department R&D] for providing access to formulation and analytical facilities, and [names or initials of colleagues/technicians] for their valuable technical assistance during the experimental studies and data evaluation.
References
-
Cavanagh HM, Wilkinson JM. Biological
activities of lavender essential oil. Phytother Res. 2002; 16(4): 301–308.
-
Batiha GE, Beshbishy AM, Al-Sagan AA,
Devkota HP, Tikin A. A review of the bioactive
components and pharmacological activities of
lavender (Lavandula angustifolia). Antioxidants.
2023; 12(6): 1571. doi:10.3390/antiox12061571
-
Kurt AA, Ibrahim B. Preparation of New
Generation Natural Repellent Formulations
From Essential Oils: From Basic Research to
Technological Development. J Cosmet Sci. 2024;
75(4).
-
Kara N, Baydar H. Determination of lavender
and lavandin cultivars containing high quality
essential oil in Isparta, Turkey. Turk J Field
Crops. 2013; 18(1): 58–65.
-
Kurt AA, Ibrahim B. New Generation Natural
Face Cream Formulation Development and In
Vitro Evaluation. Celal Bayar Univ Sag Bilim
Enst Derg. 2024; 11(4): 672-680. doi:10.34084/
bshr.1477751
-
Güler M, Korkmaz M. Economic analysis of
lavender production in forest villages of Isparta
province. Turk J For. 2018; 19(2): 156–162.
doi:10.18182/tjf.427857
-
Gül M, Parlakay O, Gündüz O. Determining
costs and profitability of lavender farms in Isparta
province of Turkey. Turk J Agric Econ. 2016;
22(2): 163–171.
-
Giovannini D, Gismondi A, Di Marco G, et al.
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil exerts
antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect in
macrophage-mediated immune response to
Staphylococcus aureus. Immunol Res. 2016;
64(3): 731–743. doi:10.1007/s12026-015-8780-2
-
Truong S, Mudgil P. The antibacterial
effectiveness of lavender essential oil against
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A
systematic review. Front Pharmacol. 2023; 14:
1306003. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1306003
-
Balázs VL, et al. Efficacy of lavender essential oil
against respiratory tract pathogens. J Essent Oil
Res. 2025; 37(2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/104129
05.2025.2550962
-
Che Marzuki NH, Abdul Wahab R, Abdul Hamid
M. An overview of nanoemulsion: Concepts of
development and cosmeceutical applications.
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2019; 33(1): 779
797. doi:10.1080/13102818.2019.1620124
-
Kale SN, Deore SL. Emulsion, micro emulsion
and nano emulsion: A review. Syst Rev Pharm.
2017; 8(1): 39–47.
-
Kurt, A. A., Ibrahim, B., Çınar, H., Atsü, A. N.,
Bursalıoğlu, E. O., Bayır, İ., ... & Aslan, İ. (2025).
Nanoemulsion Hydrogel Delivery System of
Hypericum perforatum L.: In Silico Design, In
Vitro Antimicrobial–Toxicological Profiling, and
In Vivo Wound- Healing Evaluation. Gels, 11(6),
431.
-
Kurt AA, Aslan İ, Duman G. Next-generation
natural
baby barrier cream formulations:
Physicochemical analysis and safety assessment.
J Cosmet Sci. 2021; 72(2): 173–188.
-
Kurt AA, Ibrahim B, Cinar H, Ozmen O.
Enhanced Therapeutic Potential of Hypericum
perforatum L.: A Comprehensive In Vitro and
In Vivo Evaluation of Nanoparticle‐ Hydrogel
Formulations. Journal of Nanotechnology. 2025;
2025: 6232038. doi:10.1155/2025/6232038
-
Aslan İ, Kurt AA. Evaluation of the physical
properties of an orodispersible tablet containing
melatonin and pyridoxine HCl. J Res Pharm.
2025; 28(6): 2137–2146. doi:10.29228/jrp.888
-
Aslan İ, Özcan P, Polat S, Kurt AA. Novel
microbiome-friendly purifying oil cleanser
formulation with oil-soluble postbiotics: Design
of experiments-based optimization and clinical
evaluation. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2025;
9(4): 138–147.
-
International Council for Harmonisation of
Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for
Human Use (ICH). Q1A(R2): Stability testing
of new drug substances and products. ICH
Harmonised Tripartite Guideline. 2003.
-
International Organization for Standardization.
ISO 11930:2019—Cosmetics— Microbiology—
Evaluation of the antimicrobial protection of a
cosmetic product. ISO Standard. 2019.
-
Kurt AA. Bebek pişik önleyici krem formülasyonu
üzerine çalışmalar (Studies on baby diaper
rash cream formulations). Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
Yeditepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü;
2014. 112 s.
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. esansiyel yağı yüklü mikroemülsiyon sistemlerinin tasarımı: faz davranışının haritalanması, fizikokimyasal karakterizasyon ve mikrobiyolojik uygunluk değerlendirmesi
Year 2026,
Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 29 - 37, 14.03.2026
Ahmet Arif Kurt
,
Bashar Ibrahim
,
Ferda Ediş
,
Zeynep Aygündüz
,
Taner Aslan
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışma, Isparta menşeli Lavandula angustifolia uçucu yağının çözünürlük ve stabilite sorunlarını gidermek amacıyla, Cremophor RH40 ve propilen glikol/etanol bazlı, termodinamik açıdan kararlı mikroemülsiyon sistemlerinin geliştirilmesini ve karakterizasyonunu hedeflemektedir.
Yöntem: Çalışmada su titrasyon tekniğiyle psödo-terner faz diyagramları oluşturularak optimum bileşimler belirlenmiştir. Formülasyonlar; damlacık boyutu (DLS), zeta potansiyeli, viskozite ölçümleri ile karakterize edilmiş; mikrobiyolojik etkinlik ise ISO 11930 protokolüne göre analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Analizlerde, 2:1 ve 3:1 (Smix) oranlarında en geniş izotropik bölgeler elde edilmiştir. Geliştirilen optimum sistemlerin 100-140 nm aralığında damlacık boyutuna, 0.25’in altında polidispersite indeksine ve -14 ila -18 mV zeta potansiyeline sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Topikal uygulama için ideal bulunan 0,6–1,5 Pa s viskozite değerlerinin yanı sıra; sentetik koruyucu içermeyen formülasyonların bakteri yükünde 7. günde >3 log azalma sağladığı ve 8 haftalık stres testlerinde faz ayrışması göstermediği tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Geliştirilen nano-taşıyıcı sistemin, lavanta yağını başarıyla enkapsüle ederek fiziksel stabilitesini koruduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Sistemin "kendinden koruyucu" özelliği ve yüksek çözündürme kapasitesi, farmasötik ve kozmetik endüstrisi için güvenli ve etkin bir model sunmaktadır.
Ethical Statement
u çalışma kapsamında insan katılımcı, hayvan deneyi veya kimliği belirlenebilir kişisel veri kullanılmamıştır. Bu nedenle kurumsal etik kurul onayı gerekmemiştir. Tüm deneysel süreçler, laboratuvar araştırmalarına ilişkin ulusal ve uluslararası düzenlemeler ile iyi bilimsel uygulama ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür.
Supporting Institution
Bu çalışma, Polisome Ar-Ge İlaç San. Tic. Ltd. Şti.. tarafından desteklenmiştir. Destekleyici kuruluş, çalışmanın tasarımı, verilerin toplanması ve analiz edilmesi, makalenin yazımı veya yayımlanma kararında herhangi bir rol üstlenmemiştir.
Thanks
Bu makale Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi tarafından Proje ID: 9385 numarası ile desteklenmiştir. Polisome Ar-Ge İlaç San. Tic. LTD. ŞTİ. Firması, deneysel çalışmaların yürütülmesi ve verilerin değerlendirilmesi sürecinde sundukları teknik ve bilimsel katkılar için yazarlar teşekkür eder.
References
-
Cavanagh HM, Wilkinson JM. Biological
activities of lavender essential oil. Phytother Res. 2002; 16(4): 301–308.
-
Batiha GE, Beshbishy AM, Al-Sagan AA,
Devkota HP, Tikin A. A review of the bioactive
components and pharmacological activities of
lavender (Lavandula angustifolia). Antioxidants.
2023; 12(6): 1571. doi:10.3390/antiox12061571
-
Kurt AA, Ibrahim B. Preparation of New
Generation Natural Repellent Formulations
From Essential Oils: From Basic Research to
Technological Development. J Cosmet Sci. 2024;
75(4).
-
Kara N, Baydar H. Determination of lavender
and lavandin cultivars containing high quality
essential oil in Isparta, Turkey. Turk J Field
Crops. 2013; 18(1): 58–65.
-
Kurt AA, Ibrahim B. New Generation Natural
Face Cream Formulation Development and In
Vitro Evaluation. Celal Bayar Univ Sag Bilim
Enst Derg. 2024; 11(4): 672-680. doi:10.34084/
bshr.1477751
-
Güler M, Korkmaz M. Economic analysis of
lavender production in forest villages of Isparta
province. Turk J For. 2018; 19(2): 156–162.
doi:10.18182/tjf.427857
-
Gül M, Parlakay O, Gündüz O. Determining
costs and profitability of lavender farms in Isparta
province of Turkey. Turk J Agric Econ. 2016;
22(2): 163–171.
-
Giovannini D, Gismondi A, Di Marco G, et al.
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil exerts
antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect in
macrophage-mediated immune response to
Staphylococcus aureus. Immunol Res. 2016;
64(3): 731–743. doi:10.1007/s12026-015-8780-2
-
Truong S, Mudgil P. The antibacterial
effectiveness of lavender essential oil against
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A
systematic review. Front Pharmacol. 2023; 14:
1306003. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1306003
-
Balázs VL, et al. Efficacy of lavender essential oil
against respiratory tract pathogens. J Essent Oil
Res. 2025; 37(2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/104129
05.2025.2550962
-
Che Marzuki NH, Abdul Wahab R, Abdul Hamid
M. An overview of nanoemulsion: Concepts of
development and cosmeceutical applications.
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2019; 33(1): 779
797. doi:10.1080/13102818.2019.1620124
-
Kale SN, Deore SL. Emulsion, micro emulsion
and nano emulsion: A review. Syst Rev Pharm.
2017; 8(1): 39–47.
-
Kurt, A. A., Ibrahim, B., Çınar, H., Atsü, A. N.,
Bursalıoğlu, E. O., Bayır, İ., ... & Aslan, İ. (2025).
Nanoemulsion Hydrogel Delivery System of
Hypericum perforatum L.: In Silico Design, In
Vitro Antimicrobial–Toxicological Profiling, and
In Vivo Wound- Healing Evaluation. Gels, 11(6),
431.
-
Kurt AA, Aslan İ, Duman G. Next-generation
natural
baby barrier cream formulations:
Physicochemical analysis and safety assessment.
J Cosmet Sci. 2021; 72(2): 173–188.
-
Kurt AA, Ibrahim B, Cinar H, Ozmen O.
Enhanced Therapeutic Potential of Hypericum
perforatum L.: A Comprehensive In Vitro and
In Vivo Evaluation of Nanoparticle‐ Hydrogel
Formulations. Journal of Nanotechnology. 2025;
2025: 6232038. doi:10.1155/2025/6232038
-
Aslan İ, Kurt AA. Evaluation of the physical
properties of an orodispersible tablet containing
melatonin and pyridoxine HCl. J Res Pharm.
2025; 28(6): 2137–2146. doi:10.29228/jrp.888
-
Aslan İ, Özcan P, Polat S, Kurt AA. Novel
microbiome-friendly purifying oil cleanser
formulation with oil-soluble postbiotics: Design
of experiments-based optimization and clinical
evaluation. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2025;
9(4): 138–147.
-
International Council for Harmonisation of
Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for
Human Use (ICH). Q1A(R2): Stability testing
of new drug substances and products. ICH
Harmonised Tripartite Guideline. 2003.
-
International Organization for Standardization.
ISO 11930:2019—Cosmetics— Microbiology—
Evaluation of the antimicrobial protection of a
cosmetic product. ISO Standard. 2019.
-
Kurt AA. Bebek pişik önleyici krem formülasyonu
üzerine çalışmalar (Studies on baby diaper
rash cream formulations). Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
Yeditepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü;
2014. 112 s.