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COVID-19 and the city: Statistical analyses indicated COVID-19 epidemiology is influenced by population size, GDP, and conflict rates

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 32 - 50, 15.10.2025

Leman Nur Nehri , Seher Elif Koçoğlu

https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1634565

Abstract

Objectives: Numerous host and geographical factors have been discussed in the literature regarding their impact on COVID-19 spread and mortality. This study aims to evaluate which of these factors are more influential from an urban ecological perspective.

Methods: Data on host factors reported to be associated with COVID-19, or potentially related, were collected for 56 countries. These factors were grouped as diet, micronutrient deficiencies, diseases, environmental factors, population structure, and economic parameters. Regression analyses were performed to assess their relationships with the early spread and mortality of COVID-19.

Results: The analyses revealed that population-related parameters were the most influential on COVID-19 spread, while economic factors played the most significant role in mortality. Specifically, population size was correlated with the spread rate, whereas GDP, Gini index, and conflict rates were correlated with death rates.

Conclusion: The findings highlight the critical roles of demographic and economic parameters in shaping the course of COVID-19 and demonstrate that an urban ecological perspective provides a strong framework to interpret these relationships.

Keywords

Covid-19 urban systems economy population host factors

References

  • Asyary A, Veruswati M. Sunlight exposure increased Covid-19 recovery rates: A study in the central pandemic area of Indonesia. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Aug 10;729:139016. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139016.
  • Connolly C., Ali S.H., and Keil R., “On the relationships between COVID-19 and extended urbanization,” Dialogues Hum Geogr,2020;10(2):213-216. doi: 10.1177/2043820620934209.
  • Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. Nature. 2020 Oct;586(7830):516-527. doi: 10.1038/ s41586-020-2798-3.
  • Oanh TTK. The impact of COVID-19 vaccination on stock market: is there any difference between developed and developing countries? Heliyon. 2022 Sep;8(9):e10718. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10718.
  • OECD, “OECD Policy Responses tCoronavirus (COVID-19),” 2021.
  • Karl TR, Trenberth KE. Modern global climate change. Science. 2003 Dec 5;302(5651):1719-23. doi: 10.1126/ science.1090228.
  • Singh B. K., Bardgett R. D., Smith P. and Reay D. S., “Microorganisms and climate change: terrestrial feedbacks and mitigation options,” Nat Rev Microbiol, 2010;8(11):779-790. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2439.
  • Pickett S. T. A., Cadenasso M. L., Childers D. L., Mcdonnell M. J. and Zhou W., “Evolution and future of urban ecological science: ecology in, of, and for the city,” Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 2016;2(7). doi: 10.1002/ehs2.1229.
  • Sun L., Chen J., Li Q., and Huang D., “Dramatic uneven urbanization of large cities throughout the world in recent decades,” Nat Commun, vol. 2020;11(1):5366. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19158-1.
  • Banerjee A., Mossman K., and Baker M. L., “Zooanthroponotic potential of SARS- CoV-2 and implications of reintroduction into human populations,” Cell Host Microbe, 2021;29(2):160-164. doi: 10.1016/j. w.chom.2021.01.004.
  • Ukhurebor K. E., Singh K. R., Nayak V., and UK-Eghonghon G., “Influence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a review from the climate change perspective,” Environ Sci Process Impacts, 2021;23(8):1060-1078. doi: 10.1039/D1EM00154J.
  • Niemelä J., “Is there a need for a theory of urban ecology?,” Urban Ecosyst, 1999;3(1):57-65. doi: 10.1023/A:1009595932440.
  • Collins JP., Kinzig A., Grimm NB. et al., “A New Urban Ecology,” Am Sci, 2000;88(5):416. doi: 10.1511/2000.5.416.
  • Brunner F. S., Deere J. A., Egas M., Eizaguirre C., and Raeymaekers J. A. M., “The diversity of eco-evolutionary dynamics: Comparing the feedbacks between ecology and evolution across scales,” Funct Ecol, 2019;33(1):7-12. doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.13268.
  • Bousquet J, Anto JM, Iaccarino G, Czarlewski W, Haahtela T, Anto A, Akdis CA, Blain H, Walter Canonica G, Cardona V, Cruz AA, Illario M, Ivancevich JC, Jutel M, Klimek L, Kuna P, Laune D, Larenas- Linnemann D, Mullol J, Papadopoulos NG, Pfaar O, Samolinski B, Valiulis A, Yorgancioglu A, Zuberbier T; ARIA group. Correction to: Is diet partly responsible for differences in COVID-19 death rates between and within countries? Clin Transl Allergy. 2020 Oct 26;10:44. doi: 10.1186/ s13601-020-00351-w. Erratum for: Clin Transl Allergy. 2020 May 27;10:16. doi: 10.1186/s13601-020-00323-0.
  • Mertens E, Peñalvo JL. The Burden of Malnutrition and Fatal COVID-19: A Global Burden of Disease Analysis. Front Nutr. 2021 Jan 21;7:619850. doi: 10.3389/ fnut.2020.619850.
  • Ho J. S., Fernando D. I., Chan M. Y., and Sia C.-H., “Obesity in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Ann Acad Med Singap, 2020;49(12):996-1008. doi: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2020299.
  • Gao M, Piernas C, Astbury NM, Hippisley- Cox J, O’Rahilly S, Aveyard P, Jebb SA. Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Jun;9(6):350-359. doi: 10.1016/S2213- 8587(21)00089-9.
  • Chaari A, Bendriss G, Zakaria D, McVeigh C. Importance of Dietary Changes During the Coronavirus Pandemic: How to Upgrade Your Immune Response. Front Public Health. 2020 Aug 27;8:476. doi: 10.3389/ fpubh.2020.00476.
  • Moris D., Tsilimigras D. I., and Schizas D., “Cancer and COVID-19,” The Lancet, 2020;396(10257):1066. doi: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)32069-9.
  • Skevaki C, Karsonova A, Karaulov A, Fomina D, Xie M, Chinthrajah S, Nadeau KC, Renz H. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in asthmatics: a complex relationship. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021 Apr;21(4):202-203. doi: 10.1038/s41577-021-00516-z.
  • Kluge HHP, Wickramasinghe K, Rippin HL, Mendes R, Peters DH, Kontsevaya A, Breda J. Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the COVID-19 response. Lancet. 2020 May 30;395(10238):1678-1680. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31067-9.
  • Hariyanto T. I. and Kurniawan A., “Anemia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection,” Transfusion and Apheresis Science, 2020;59(6):102926. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102926.
  • Hirshleifer J., “Competition, Cooperation, and Conflict in Economics and Biology,” Am Econ Rev, 1978;68:238-243.
  • Gombodorj G. and Pető K., “WhatType of Households in Mongolia Are Most Hit by COVID-19?,” Sustainability, 2022;14(6):3557. doi: 10.3390/su14063557.
  • Mikolai J., Keenan K., and Kulu H., “Intersecting household-level health and socio-economic vulnerabilities and the COVID-19 crisis: An analysis from the UK,” SSM Popul Health, 2020;12:100628. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100628.
  • Bloem J. R. and Salemi C., “COVID-19 and conflict,” World Dev, 2021;140:105294. doi: JICM 2025;10(3) 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105294.
  • Elgar F. J., Stefaniak A., and Wohl M. J. A., “Response to Lindström (2020) on ‘The trouble with trust: Time-series analysis of social capital, income inequality, and COVID-19 deaths in 84 countries,’” Soc Sci Med, 2020;265:113518. doi: 10.1016/j. socscimed.2020.113518.
  • Xie J. and Zhu Y., “Association between ambient temperature and COVID-19 infection in 122 cities from China,” Science of The Total Environment, 2020;724:138201. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138201.
  • Asyary A. and Veruswati M., “Sunlight exposure increased Covid-19 recovery rates: A study in the central pandemic area of Indonesia,” Science of The Total Environment, 2020,729:139016. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139016.
  • Tosepu R, Gunawan J, Effendy DS, Ahmad OAI, Lestari H, Bahar H, Asfian P. Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Jul 10;725:138436. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138436.
  • Bashir MF, Ma BJ, Bilal, Komal B, Bashir MA, Farooq TH, Iqbal N, Bashir M. Correlation between environmental pollution indicators and COVID-19 pandemic: A brief study in Californian context. Environ Res. 2020 Aug;187:109652. doi: 10.1016/j. envres.2020.109652.
  • Li P., Lu M., and Zheng Y., “A Note on the Role of Cultural, Institutional, and Urbanization Features in the COVID-19 Pandemic*,” Asian Economic Papers, 2021:20(1)64-74. doi: 10.1162/asep_a_00798.
  • Carr AC. Micronutrient status of COVID-19 patients: a critical consideration. Crit Care. 2020 Jun 16;24(1):349. doi: 10.1186/s13054- 020-03085-0.
  • Wessels I, Rolles B, Rink L. The Potential Impact of Zinc Supplementation on COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Front Immunol. 2020 Jul 10;11:1712. doi: 10.3389/ fimmu.2020.01712.
  • Anderson DC, Grimes DS. Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19. Clin Med (Lond). 2020 Nov;20(6):e282-e283. doi: 10.7861/ clinmed.Let.20.6.9.
  • Frank S, Capriotti J, Brown SM, Tessema B. Povidone-Iodine Use in Sinonasal and Oral Cavities: A Review of Safety in the COVID-19 Era. Ear Nose Throat J. 2020 Nov;99(9):586- 593. doi: 10.1177/0145561320932318.
  • Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, Brand D, Zheng SG. Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. J Clin Med. 2018 Sep 6;7(9):258. doi: 10.3390/ jcm7090258.
  • Li R, Wu K, Li Y, Liang X, Tse WKF, Yang L, Lai KP. Revealing the targets and mechanisms of vitamin A in the treatment of COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Aug 15;12(15):15784-15796. doi: 10.18632/ aging.103888.
  • Lulbadda KT, Kobbekaduwa D, Guruge ML. The impact of temperature, population size and median age on COVID-19 (SARS- CoV-2) outbreak. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021 Jan-Mar;9:231-236. doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.09.004.
  • Ali N, Islam F. The Effects of Air Pollution on COVID-19 Infection and Mortality-A Review on Recent Evidence. Front Public Health. 2020 Nov 26;8:580057. doi: 10.3389/ fpubh.2020.580057.
  • He Y, Wu W, Wu S, Zheng HM, Li P, Sheng HF, Chen MX, Chen ZH, Ji GY, Zheng ZD, Mujagond P, Chen XJ, Rong ZH, Chen P, Lyu LY, Wang X, Xu JB, Wu CB, Yu N, Xu YJ, Yin J, Raes J, Ma WJ, Zhou HW. Linking gut microbiota, metabolic syndrome and economic status based on a population-level analysis. Microbiome. 2018 Sep 24;6(1):172. doi: 10.1186/s40168-018-0557-6.1

COVID-19 ve şehir: İstatistiksel analizler COVID-19 epidemiyolojisinin nüfus büyüklüğü, GSYİH ve çatışma oranlarından etkilendiğini gösterdi

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 32 - 50, 15.10.2025

Leman Nur Nehri , Seher Elif Koçoğlu

https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1634565

Abstract

Giriş: COVID-19’un yayılımı ve ölümcüllüğü üzerinde etkili olabilecek birçok konak ve coğrafi faktör literatürde tartışılmıştır. Bu faktörler arasında özellikle kentsel ekolojik ilişkiler dikkat çekmektedir.

Amaç: Bu çalışma, COVID-19’un yayılımı ve ölüm oranları üzerinde hangi konak ve çevresel faktörlerin daha etkili olduğunu kentsel ekoloji bakış açısıyla incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Yöntem: COVID-19 ile ilişkili olduğu bildirilen ya da ilişkili olma potansiyeli bulunan çeşitli konak faktörlerine ait veriler 56 ülke için toplanmış ve diyet, mikro besin eksiklikleri, hastalıklar, çevresel faktörler, nüfus yapısı ve ekonomik faktörler olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Bu gruplar üzerinden regresyon analizleri yapılarak COVID-19’un erken yayılımı ve ölüm oranlarıyla ilişkileri değerlendirilmiştir.

Bulgular: Analizler sonucunda, COVID-19’un yayılımında en etkili grubun nüfusla ilgili parametreler olduğu, ölüm oranlarında ise ekonomik faktörlerin belirleyici olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca nüfus büyüklüğü COVID-19’un yayılma hızıyla, ülkenin GSYİH’sı, Gini indeksi ve çatışma oranları ise ölüm oranlarıyla pozitif yönde ilişkilendirilmiştir.

Sonuç: Bulgular, COVID-19’un seyrinde ekonomik ve demografik faktörlerin kritik rol oynadığını ve kentsel ekoloji perspektifinin bu ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesinde güçlü bir araç sunduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

kovid-19 kentsel sistemler ekonomi populasyon konak faktörleri

References

  • Asyary A, Veruswati M. Sunlight exposure increased Covid-19 recovery rates: A study in the central pandemic area of Indonesia. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Aug 10;729:139016. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139016.
  • Connolly C., Ali S.H., and Keil R., “On the relationships between COVID-19 and extended urbanization,” Dialogues Hum Geogr,2020;10(2):213-216. doi: 10.1177/2043820620934209.
  • Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. Nature. 2020 Oct;586(7830):516-527. doi: 10.1038/ s41586-020-2798-3.
  • Oanh TTK. The impact of COVID-19 vaccination on stock market: is there any difference between developed and developing countries? Heliyon. 2022 Sep;8(9):e10718. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10718.
  • OECD, “OECD Policy Responses tCoronavirus (COVID-19),” 2021.
  • Karl TR, Trenberth KE. Modern global climate change. Science. 2003 Dec 5;302(5651):1719-23. doi: 10.1126/ science.1090228.
  • Singh B. K., Bardgett R. D., Smith P. and Reay D. S., “Microorganisms and climate change: terrestrial feedbacks and mitigation options,” Nat Rev Microbiol, 2010;8(11):779-790. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2439.
  • Pickett S. T. A., Cadenasso M. L., Childers D. L., Mcdonnell M. J. and Zhou W., “Evolution and future of urban ecological science: ecology in, of, and for the city,” Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 2016;2(7). doi: 10.1002/ehs2.1229.
  • Sun L., Chen J., Li Q., and Huang D., “Dramatic uneven urbanization of large cities throughout the world in recent decades,” Nat Commun, vol. 2020;11(1):5366. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19158-1.
  • Banerjee A., Mossman K., and Baker M. L., “Zooanthroponotic potential of SARS- CoV-2 and implications of reintroduction into human populations,” Cell Host Microbe, 2021;29(2):160-164. doi: 10.1016/j. w.chom.2021.01.004.
  • Ukhurebor K. E., Singh K. R., Nayak V., and UK-Eghonghon G., “Influence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a review from the climate change perspective,” Environ Sci Process Impacts, 2021;23(8):1060-1078. doi: 10.1039/D1EM00154J.
  • Niemelä J., “Is there a need for a theory of urban ecology?,” Urban Ecosyst, 1999;3(1):57-65. doi: 10.1023/A:1009595932440.
  • Collins JP., Kinzig A., Grimm NB. et al., “A New Urban Ecology,” Am Sci, 2000;88(5):416. doi: 10.1511/2000.5.416.
  • Brunner F. S., Deere J. A., Egas M., Eizaguirre C., and Raeymaekers J. A. M., “The diversity of eco-evolutionary dynamics: Comparing the feedbacks between ecology and evolution across scales,” Funct Ecol, 2019;33(1):7-12. doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.13268.
  • Bousquet J, Anto JM, Iaccarino G, Czarlewski W, Haahtela T, Anto A, Akdis CA, Blain H, Walter Canonica G, Cardona V, Cruz AA, Illario M, Ivancevich JC, Jutel M, Klimek L, Kuna P, Laune D, Larenas- Linnemann D, Mullol J, Papadopoulos NG, Pfaar O, Samolinski B, Valiulis A, Yorgancioglu A, Zuberbier T; ARIA group. Correction to: Is diet partly responsible for differences in COVID-19 death rates between and within countries? Clin Transl Allergy. 2020 Oct 26;10:44. doi: 10.1186/ s13601-020-00351-w. Erratum for: Clin Transl Allergy. 2020 May 27;10:16. doi: 10.1186/s13601-020-00323-0.
  • Mertens E, Peñalvo JL. The Burden of Malnutrition and Fatal COVID-19: A Global Burden of Disease Analysis. Front Nutr. 2021 Jan 21;7:619850. doi: 10.3389/ fnut.2020.619850.
  • Ho J. S., Fernando D. I., Chan M. Y., and Sia C.-H., “Obesity in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Ann Acad Med Singap, 2020;49(12):996-1008. doi: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2020299.
  • Gao M, Piernas C, Astbury NM, Hippisley- Cox J, O’Rahilly S, Aveyard P, Jebb SA. Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Jun;9(6):350-359. doi: 10.1016/S2213- 8587(21)00089-9.
  • Chaari A, Bendriss G, Zakaria D, McVeigh C. Importance of Dietary Changes During the Coronavirus Pandemic: How to Upgrade Your Immune Response. Front Public Health. 2020 Aug 27;8:476. doi: 10.3389/ fpubh.2020.00476.
  • Moris D., Tsilimigras D. I., and Schizas D., “Cancer and COVID-19,” The Lancet, 2020;396(10257):1066. doi: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)32069-9.
  • Skevaki C, Karsonova A, Karaulov A, Fomina D, Xie M, Chinthrajah S, Nadeau KC, Renz H. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in asthmatics: a complex relationship. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021 Apr;21(4):202-203. doi: 10.1038/s41577-021-00516-z.
  • Kluge HHP, Wickramasinghe K, Rippin HL, Mendes R, Peters DH, Kontsevaya A, Breda J. Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the COVID-19 response. Lancet. 2020 May 30;395(10238):1678-1680. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31067-9.
  • Hariyanto T. I. and Kurniawan A., “Anemia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection,” Transfusion and Apheresis Science, 2020;59(6):102926. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102926.
  • Hirshleifer J., “Competition, Cooperation, and Conflict in Economics and Biology,” Am Econ Rev, 1978;68:238-243.
  • Gombodorj G. and Pető K., “WhatType of Households in Mongolia Are Most Hit by COVID-19?,” Sustainability, 2022;14(6):3557. doi: 10.3390/su14063557.
  • Mikolai J., Keenan K., and Kulu H., “Intersecting household-level health and socio-economic vulnerabilities and the COVID-19 crisis: An analysis from the UK,” SSM Popul Health, 2020;12:100628. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100628.
  • Bloem J. R. and Salemi C., “COVID-19 and conflict,” World Dev, 2021;140:105294. doi: JICM 2025;10(3) 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105294.
  • Elgar F. J., Stefaniak A., and Wohl M. J. A., “Response to Lindström (2020) on ‘The trouble with trust: Time-series analysis of social capital, income inequality, and COVID-19 deaths in 84 countries,’” Soc Sci Med, 2020;265:113518. doi: 10.1016/j. socscimed.2020.113518.
  • Xie J. and Zhu Y., “Association between ambient temperature and COVID-19 infection in 122 cities from China,” Science of The Total Environment, 2020;724:138201. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138201.
  • Asyary A. and Veruswati M., “Sunlight exposure increased Covid-19 recovery rates: A study in the central pandemic area of Indonesia,” Science of The Total Environment, 2020,729:139016. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139016.
  • Tosepu R, Gunawan J, Effendy DS, Ahmad OAI, Lestari H, Bahar H, Asfian P. Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Jul 10;725:138436. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138436.
  • Bashir MF, Ma BJ, Bilal, Komal B, Bashir MA, Farooq TH, Iqbal N, Bashir M. Correlation between environmental pollution indicators and COVID-19 pandemic: A brief study in Californian context. Environ Res. 2020 Aug;187:109652. doi: 10.1016/j. envres.2020.109652.
  • Li P., Lu M., and Zheng Y., “A Note on the Role of Cultural, Institutional, and Urbanization Features in the COVID-19 Pandemic*,” Asian Economic Papers, 2021:20(1)64-74. doi: 10.1162/asep_a_00798.
  • Carr AC. Micronutrient status of COVID-19 patients: a critical consideration. Crit Care. 2020 Jun 16;24(1):349. doi: 10.1186/s13054- 020-03085-0.
  • Wessels I, Rolles B, Rink L. The Potential Impact of Zinc Supplementation on COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Front Immunol. 2020 Jul 10;11:1712. doi: 10.3389/ fimmu.2020.01712.
  • Anderson DC, Grimes DS. Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19. Clin Med (Lond). 2020 Nov;20(6):e282-e283. doi: 10.7861/ clinmed.Let.20.6.9.
  • Frank S, Capriotti J, Brown SM, Tessema B. Povidone-Iodine Use in Sinonasal and Oral Cavities: A Review of Safety in the COVID-19 Era. Ear Nose Throat J. 2020 Nov;99(9):586- 593. doi: 10.1177/0145561320932318.
  • Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, Brand D, Zheng SG. Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. J Clin Med. 2018 Sep 6;7(9):258. doi: 10.3390/ jcm7090258.
  • Li R, Wu K, Li Y, Liang X, Tse WKF, Yang L, Lai KP. Revealing the targets and mechanisms of vitamin A in the treatment of COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Aug 15;12(15):15784-15796. doi: 10.18632/ aging.103888.
  • Lulbadda KT, Kobbekaduwa D, Guruge ML. The impact of temperature, population size and median age on COVID-19 (SARS- CoV-2) outbreak. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021 Jan-Mar;9:231-236. doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.09.004.
  • Ali N, Islam F. The Effects of Air Pollution on COVID-19 Infection and Mortality-A Review on Recent Evidence. Front Public Health. 2020 Nov 26;8:580057. doi: 10.3389/ fpubh.2020.580057.
  • He Y, Wu W, Wu S, Zheng HM, Li P, Sheng HF, Chen MX, Chen ZH, Ji GY, Zheng ZD, Mujagond P, Chen XJ, Rong ZH, Chen P, Lyu LY, Wang X, Xu JB, Wu CB, Yu N, Xu YJ, Yin J, Raes J, Ma WJ, Zhou HW. Linking gut microbiota, metabolic syndrome and economic status based on a population-level analysis. Microbiome. 2018 Sep 24;6(1):172. doi: 10.1186/s40168-018-0557-6.1
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Immunology (Other), Medical Virology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Leman Nur Nehri 0000-0003-3396-399X

Seher Elif Koçoğlu 0000-0002-6896-2922

Early Pub Date November 7, 2025
Publication Date October 15, 2025
Submission Date February 6, 2025
Acceptance Date October 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Nehri, L. N., & Koçoğlu, S. E. (2025). COVID-19 and the city: Statistical analyses indicated COVID-19 epidemiology is influenced by population size, GDP, and conflict rates. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology, 10(3), 32-50. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1634565
AMA Nehri LN, Koçoğlu SE. COVID-19 and the city: Statistical analyses indicated COVID-19 epidemiology is influenced by population size, GDP, and conflict rates. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. October 2025;10(3):32-50. doi:10.58854/jicm.1634565
Chicago Nehri, Leman Nur, and Seher Elif Koçoğlu. “COVID-19 and the City: Statistical Analyses Indicated COVID-19 Epidemiology Is Influenced by Population Size, GDP, and Conflict Rates”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 10, no. 3 (October 2025): 32-50. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1634565.
EndNote Nehri LN, Koçoğlu SE (October 1, 2025) COVID-19 and the city: Statistical analyses indicated COVID-19 epidemiology is influenced by population size, GDP, and conflict rates. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 10 3 32–50.
IEEE L. N. Nehri and S. E. Koçoğlu, “COVID-19 and the city: Statistical analyses indicated COVID-19 epidemiology is influenced by population size, GDP, and conflict rates”, J Immunol Clin Microbiol, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 32–50, 2025, doi: 10.58854/jicm.1634565.
ISNAD Nehri, Leman Nur - Koçoğlu, Seher Elif. “COVID-19 and the City: Statistical Analyses Indicated COVID-19 Epidemiology Is Influenced by Population Size, GDP, and Conflict Rates”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 10/3 (October2025), 32-50. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1634565.
JAMA Nehri LN, Koçoğlu SE. COVID-19 and the city: Statistical analyses indicated COVID-19 epidemiology is influenced by population size, GDP, and conflict rates. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2025;10:32–50.
MLA Nehri, Leman Nur and Seher Elif Koçoğlu. “COVID-19 and the City: Statistical Analyses Indicated COVID-19 Epidemiology Is Influenced by Population Size, GDP, and Conflict Rates”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology, vol. 10, no. 3, 2025, pp. 32-50, doi:10.58854/jicm.1634565.
Vancouver Nehri LN, Koçoğlu SE. COVID-19 and the city: Statistical analyses indicated COVID-19 epidemiology is influenced by population size, GDP, and conflict rates. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2025;10(3):32-50.
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