Research Article

RIBA AS PROCESS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC READING OF THE 1548 OTTOMAN DECREE ON CASH WAQFS

Volume: 11 Number: 2 December 30, 2025
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RIBA AS PROCESS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC READING OF THE 1548 OTTOMAN DECREE ON CASH WAQFS

Abstract

This article offers an ethnographic reading of Sultan Süleyman’s 1548 decree that lifted the ban on cash waqfs, an Ottoman innovation that allowed individuals to endow money and, through lending, generate returns for charity. Cash waqfs and the controversies surrounding them have become increasingly relevant, as contemporary debates on Islamic banking continue to revolve around the implications of the riba prohibition. Building on this tradition, the article reconsiders the Ottoman case to argue that riba is best approached not as a fixed outcome, whether “interest” or “usury,” but as a collective and embodied process of interpretation and negotiation. Drawing on the decree’s formulation for navigating “the scent of riba” (riba rayihası), the article frames riba prohibition as a process to be managed through ritualized everyday practice rather than calculated into a numerical outcome. An emic approach to riba highlights the ways Ottoman actors engaged with the prohibition, challenging earlier scholarship that collapsed a rich spectrum of financial categories into the single notion of “interest.” The processual approach to riba offered here reframes what is today called “shariah governance,” connecting cash waqfs to modern banking, not necessarily through institutions or law, but through the cultural categories that once animated them.

Keywords

riba, Islamic finance, cash waqfs, shariah governance, Ottoman Empire, archival ethnography, muâmele-i şer‘iyye

Supporting Institution

This research was supported by funding from the Social Science Research Council, the American Association of University Women, the Society for Economic Anthropology, the Northwestern Middle East and North African Studies Program, the Keyman Modern Turkish Studies Program, the Buffett Institute for Global Studies, and the LeCron Foster and Friends of Anthropology at Northwestern University.

Ethical Statement

The Northwestern University IRB reviewed and approved this research project.

Thanks

I am grateful to my research interlocutors, reviewers, and colleagues for their valuable feedback on earlier drafts.

References

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APA
Kabaoğlu, Ş. (2025). RIBA AS PROCESS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC READING OF THE 1548 OTTOMAN DECREE ON CASH WAQFS. İslam Ekonomisi Ve Finansı Dergisi (İEFD), 11(2), 558-587. https://doi.org/10.54863/jief.1784461
AMA
1.Kabaoğlu Ş. RIBA AS PROCESS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC READING OF THE 1548 OTTOMAN DECREE ON CASH WAQFS. JIEF. 2025;11(2):558-587. doi:10.54863/jief.1784461
Chicago
Kabaoğlu, Şeyma. 2025. “RIBA AS PROCESS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC READING OF THE 1548 OTTOMAN DECREE ON CASH WAQFS”. İslam Ekonomisi Ve Finansı Dergisi (İEFD) 11 (2): 558-87. https://doi.org/10.54863/jief.1784461.
EndNote
Kabaoğlu Ş (December 1, 2025) RIBA AS PROCESS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC READING OF THE 1548 OTTOMAN DECREE ON CASH WAQFS. İslam Ekonomisi ve Finansı Dergisi (İEFD) 11 2 558–587.
IEEE
[1]Ş. Kabaoğlu, “RIBA AS PROCESS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC READING OF THE 1548 OTTOMAN DECREE ON CASH WAQFS”, JIEF, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 558–587, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.54863/jief.1784461.
ISNAD
Kabaoğlu, Şeyma. “RIBA AS PROCESS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC READING OF THE 1548 OTTOMAN DECREE ON CASH WAQFS”. İslam Ekonomisi ve Finansı Dergisi (İEFD) 11/2 (December 1, 2025): 558-587. https://doi.org/10.54863/jief.1784461.
JAMA
1.Kabaoğlu Ş. RIBA AS PROCESS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC READING OF THE 1548 OTTOMAN DECREE ON CASH WAQFS. JIEF. 2025;11:558–587.
MLA
Kabaoğlu, Şeyma. “RIBA AS PROCESS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC READING OF THE 1548 OTTOMAN DECREE ON CASH WAQFS”. İslam Ekonomisi Ve Finansı Dergisi (İEFD), vol. 11, no. 2, Dec. 2025, pp. 558-87, doi:10.54863/jief.1784461.
Vancouver
1.Şeyma Kabaoğlu. RIBA AS PROCESS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC READING OF THE 1548 OTTOMAN DECREE ON CASH WAQFS. JIEF. 2025 Dec. 1;11(2):558-87. doi:10.54863/jief.1784461