Critique of Transhumanism, Artificial Intelligence, and Digital Society in Terms of Social Values

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 51 - 65, 01.06.2024

Hakan Öngören

https://doi.org/10.47157/jietp.1466386

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Transhumanism, which has become a trendy topic today, means ensuring human psychological and physiological transformation by using the opportunities brought by science. In addition, developments in artificial intelligence technologies have accelerated this transformation, and the survival of societies and moving into the future depends on keeping up with these transformations and adapting to digital transformations. This study examines the effects of transhumanism, artificial intelligence, and digital society on social values. For this purpose, a traditional literature review, also known as a narrative literature review, was adopted, and the results were synthesized by establishing a relationship between the relevant research topic and the literature. Accordingly, in the first stage of the study, the main goals and benefits of transhumanism, from the ideas of development and liberation, were mentioned in terms of social values. In the second stage, digital society was criticized in terms of social value and technological determinism about the Society 5.0 philosophy that artificial intelligence has brought about through social transformation. In this respect, the effects that will develop on social values in the context of transhumanize philosophy and artificial intelligence have been critically examined. Various suggestions have been developed in line with the literature review conducted within the scope of this study, the findings obtained from previous research, and the synthesis resulting from the study. Accordingly, while discussing the effects of technological developments on society, it is emphasized that observing social and ethical values is important in maintaining social harmony and balance.

Keywords

Digital society, Social values, Transhumanism, Artificial ıntelligence

References

• Adaş, E., & Erbay, B. (2022). Yapay zekâ sosyolojisi üzerine bir değerlendirme. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 21(1), 326-337. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.991383
• Avcıoğlu, G. Ş. (2011). Küresel bilgi teknolojilerinin değerler üzerindeki etkisi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(1), 1-20.
• Aydenız, H. (2020). Geleneksel değerler üzerinden bir transhümanizm eleştirisi. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi, (53), 353-376. https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.690929
• Barkın, D. and Lemus, B. (2013). Rethinking the social and solidarity economy in light of community practice. Proceedings of the 3rd World Sustainability Forum. https://doi.org/10.3390/wsf3-c001
• Baumeıster, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1997). Writing narrative literature reviews. Review of General Psychology, 1(3), 311-320.
• Benııche, A., Rostami, S., & Maier, M. (2022). Society 5.0: internet as if people mattered. IEEE Wireless Communications, 29(6), 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.009.2100570
• Berlin, I. (2017). Two concepts of liberty. In Liberty Reader (pp. 33-57). Routledge.
• Berry, D. M. (2011). The computational turn: Thinking about the digital humanities. Culture machine, 12, 1-22.
• Bıcchıerı, C., Muldoon, R., & Sontuoso, A. (2014). Social norms. The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.
• Bostrom, N. (2005). Transhumanist values. Journal of Philosophical Research, 30(Supplement), 3-14.
• Boyd, R., & Holton, R. J. (2018). Technology, innovation, employment and power: Does robotics and artificial intelligence really mean social transformation? Journal of Sociology, 54(3), 331-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783317726591
• Bozkurt, A. (2023). ChatGPT, Üretken yapay zeka ve algoritmik paradigma biçimliği. Alanyazın, 4(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.59320/alanyazin.1283282
• Brette, O. (2003). Thorstein Veblen's theory of institutional change: Beyond technological determinism. European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 10(3), 455-477. https://doi.org/10.1080/0967256032000106698
• Brıggs, A. (2000). The Age of Improvement (2nd ed.). Routledge.
• Bryman, A. (2004). The Disneyization of society. Sage Publication.
• Cao, Y., Li, S., Liu, Y., Yan, Z., Dai, Y., Yu, P. S., & Sun, L. (2023). A comprehensive survey of ai-generated content (aigc): A history of generative ai from gan to chatgpt. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.04226. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.04226
• Castells, M. (2008). The new public sphere: Global civil society, communication networks, and global governance. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 78-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271620731187
• Chung, A., & Rimal, R. N. (2016). Social norms: A review. Review of Communication Research, 4, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2016.04.01.008
• Cohen, N. L. (2012). Delirium: The politics of sex in America. Catapult.
• Cronın, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, M. (2008). Undertaking a literature review: A step-by-step approach. British Journal of Nursing, 17(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2008.17.1.28059
• Currıe, D. P. (1986). Positive and negative constitutional rights. U. chI. l. rev., 53, 864.
• Çepnı, S. (2020). Eğitimde “bir adım ötesi” tartışmalarının kavramsal çerçevesini anlamak: Dijitalleşme ve insanileşme (etik ve değerler) kavramlarında denge kurma arayışları. Fen Matematik Girişimcilik ve Teknoloji Eğitimi Dergisi, 3(2), 65-79.
• Defalco, A. (2020). Towards a theory of posthuman care: Real humans and caring robots. Body &Amp; Society, 26(3), 31-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034x20917450
• Demır, S. T. (2020). Tekno-bilimsel ilerlemecilik ve nostaljik-gelişmecilik ikileminde modern insan. Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy, 10(4), 1537-1558. https://doi.org/10.18491/beytulhikme.1662
• Demır, T. (2022). Kutsal olan her şey buharlaşıyor mu? Z kuşağının değer yöneliminde transhümanist izler. Marifetname, 9(1), 111-139. https://doi.org/10.47425/marifetname.vi.1013163
• Fıtzsımons, P. J. (2006). Biotechnology, ethics and education. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 26(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-006-9011-5
• Fukuyama, M. (2018). Society 5.0: Aiming for a new human-centered society. Japan Spotlight, 27, 47-50.
• Garnham, N. (2000). Emancipation, the Media, and Modernity. Oxford University Press.
• Granrath, L. (2024, October 31). Japan’s Society 5.0: Going Beyond Industry 4.0. https://www.japanindustrynews.com/2017/08/japans-society-5-0-going-beyondindustry-4-0/
• Guerreıro, J., Loureiro, S. M. C., Romero, J., Itani, O., & Eloy, S. (2022). Transhumanism and engagement-facilitating technologies in society. Journal of Promotion Management, 28(5), 537-558. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2021.2009615
• Gül, H. (2022). Modernleşme sürecinde yaşlılık sorunlarına ilişkin sosyolojik bir değerlendirme. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 928-943. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.957272
• Günay, İ. E. (2023). Transhümanizm: İnsan simülakrın sonu. Mevzu–Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (10), 207-235. https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1315452
• Hauskeller, M. (2009). Utopian themes in transhumanist thoughts. The Hastings Center Report, 42(2), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.18
• Howıe, E. (2018). Protecting the human right to freedom of expression in international law. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(1), 12-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2018.1392612
• Hughes, J. J. (2012). The politics of transhumanism and the techno‐millennial imagination, 1626–2030. Zygon, 47(4), 757-776. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01289.x
• Hussın, A. A. (2018). Education 4.0 made simple: Ideas for teaching. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 6(3), 92-98. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.6n.3p.92
• Kamilaris, A., & Pitsillides, A. (2016). Mobile phone computing and the internet of things: A survey. IEEE Internet of things Journal, 3(6), https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2016.2600569
• Kara, S. (2020, July). Development of Ottoman Printing Technology on the Basis of Technological Determinism and Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) Theories (Conference presentation). STS Turkey 2019-Science and Technology Studies for Society Conference. İstanbul, Türkiye.
• Karataş, K., Arpaci, I., & Yildirim, Y. (2023). Predicting the culturally responsive teacher roles with cultural intelligence and self-efficacy using machine learning classification algorithms. Education and Urban Society, 55(6), 674-697. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131245221087999
• Kıle, F. (2013). Artificial intelligence and society: A furtive transformation. AI & Society, 28(1), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-012-0396-0
• Kır, Ş. (2019). Book review: Handbook of research on learning in the age of transhumanism. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 2(2), 102-110. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.559414
• Kim, M. D., & Lee, K. S. (2023). Mapping participation in ICT4D: A meta-analytic review of development communication research. International Communication Gazette, 85(2), 141-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485221111308
• Kozacıoğlu, S., & Yazgan, Ç. Ü. (2022). Toplum 5.0 ve yapay zekâ bağlamında gerçekleşen toplumsal dönüşümün sosyolojik analizi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi, Nevşehir.
• Kurt, İ. (2019). Transhümanizm ve tekillik bağlamında dinin geleceği. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Konya.
• Lıng, R. (2010). New tech, new ties: How mobile communication is reshaping social cohesion. MIT press.
• Mackenzıe, D., & Wajcman, J. (1999). The social shaping of technology. Open university press.
• Manzocco, R. (2019). Transhümanizm. İnsan Durumunun Mühendisliği. Springer.
• Martın, A. (2008). Digital literacy and the “digital society”. Digital literacies: Concepts, Policies and Practices, 30(2008), 151-176.
• Mavrodıeva, A. V., & Shaw, R. (2020). Disaster and climate change issues in Japan’s Society 5.0—A discussion. Sustainability, 12(5), 1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051893
• Mıllî Eğıtım Bakanlığı, [MEB]. (2018). Sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programı. http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/Dosyalar/201812103847686-SOSYAL%20B%C4%B0LG%C4%B0LER%20%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%20PROGRAMI%20.pdf. İndirme Tarihi: 17.02.2023
• More, M., & Vita-More, N. (Eds.). (2013). The transhumanist reader: Classical and contemporary essays on the science, technology, and philosophy of the human future. John Wiley & Sons.
• Nancy, J. L. (1993). The experience of freedom. Stanford University Press.
• Öngören, H. (2022). Türkiye’de internet kullanım eğilimi ve dijital vatandaşlık algısının insan hakları bağlamında incelenmesi. Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Akademik Dergisi, 5(9), 47-82.
• Öngören, H., & Yılmaz, A. (2023). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin dijital hak ve sorumluluk bilinci ile sosyal ve duygusal öğrenme becerileri arasındaki ilişki. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 21(46), 399-423. https://doi.org/10.34234/ded.1331264
• Özkul, O. (2023). Kültür ve küreselleşme. Lejand Kitap.
• Persson, I., & Savulescu, J. (2010). Moral transhumanism. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 35(6), 656-669. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhq052
• Rodgers, D. T. (2017). In search of progressivism. In The Progressive Era in the USA: 1890–1921 (pp. 1-20). Routledge.
• Saracel, N., & Aksoy, I. (2020). Toplum 5.0: Süper akıllı toplum. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 9(2), 26-34.
• Schallmo, D. R., & Williams, C. A. (2018). History of digital transformation. In digital transformation now! (pp. 3-8). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72844-5_2
• Soylu, A. (2018). Endüstri 4.0 ve girişimcilikte yeni yaklaşımlar. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (32), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.424955
• Stevenson, A., & Lindberg, C. (2010). New oxford american dictionary. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001
• Tamer, H. Y., & Övgün, B. (2020). Yapay zekâ bağlamında dijital dönüşüm ofisi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 75(2), 775-803. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.691119
• Tekke, M., & Coşkun, M. (2019). Kendini tanıma, kendini gerçekleştirme, kendini aşmışlık, potansiyelin tam kullanan kişi: kişilerarası iletişim. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(70), 790-797. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.454355
• Thompson, J. (2017). Transhumanism: How far is too far? The New Bioethics, 23(2), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2017.1345092
• Turan, T., Turan, G. & Küçüksille, E. (2022). Yapay zekâ etiği: Toplum üzerine etkisi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(2), 292-299. https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.1058538
• Türkkahraman, M. (2014). Social values and value education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 633-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.270
• Uğurlu, Z. E. (2020). Toplum 5.0 ve dijital dünyada toplumsal dönüşüm ve eğitim 5.0. Dijital Dönüşüm ve İnovasyon: 4. Uluslararası Yeni Medya Konferansı (25-26 Nisan 2019, İstanbul). www.academia.edu/42636247
• Unger, R. M. (1983). The critical legal studies movement. Harvard law review, 561-675.
• Unıted Natıons Türkıye. (2021). 2021 Results Report. Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2023. https://turkiye.un.org/sites/default/files/2022-10/2021_UNCT_ResultsRreport_Final_0.pdf
• Vıta-More, N. (1983). Transhuman manifesto. Página web: Transhumanist. http://www. transhumanist.biz/transhumanmanifesto.html. (Fecha de consulta: Noviembre 2023).
• We Are Socıal. (2021). Digital 2023: Global Overview Report. Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2023 https://wearesocial.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Digital-2023-Global-Overview-Report.pdf
• Wef. (2019). Platform for shaping the future of the new economy and society. Schools of the future: Defining new models of education for the fourth industrial revolution. Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2023 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Schools_of_the_Future_Report_2019.pdf
• Wıllıams, R. (1985). İkibin’e doğru. (E. Tarım, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
• Wolnıak, R. (2023). Industry 5.0–Characterıstıc, Maın Prıncıples, Advantages and Dısadvantages. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management/Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej. Seria Organizacji i Zarzadzanie, (170). 663-679. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2023.170.40
• Wolnıak, R., & Skotnicka-Zasadzień, B. (2021). Improvement of services for people with disabilities by public administration in silesian province poland. Sustainability, 13(2), 967. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020967
• Wulandari, E., Winarno, W., & Triyanto, T. (2021). Digital citizenship education: Shaping digital ethics in society 5.0. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 9(5), 948-956. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2021.090507
• Zengın, Y., Naktiyok, S., Kaygın, E., Kavak, O., & Topçuoğlu, E. (2021). An ınvestigation upon ındustry 4.0 and society 5.0 within the context of sustainable development goals. Sustainability, 13(5), 2682. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052682