Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 16, 59 - 68, 27.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.48121/jihsam.1152981

Abstract

References

  • 42 Matters (2022), “Store Stats for Mobile Apps”, [Internet] https://42matters.com/stats (accessed Feb 16, 2022).
  • Aba, G., Gümüş, R., & Çakır, Y. N. (2019). Sağlık Çalışanlarının Medikal Turizme Yönelik Algılarının İncelenmesi: Özel Hastane Örneği. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(3): 93-105.
  • American Library Association. Welcome, ALAs Lit Clgh; (2017). Digital Literacy [Internet] https://literacy.ala.org/digital-literacy/ (accessed Jan 11, 2022)
  • Balay-Odao, E. M., Alquwez, N., Alsolami, F., Tork, H. M., Al Otaibi, K., & Al Thobaity, A. (2021). COVID-19 crisis: Influence of eHealth literacy on mental health promotion among Saudi nursing students. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 16(6): 906-913.
  • Biçer, İ., Çakmak, C., Demir, H., & Kurt, M. E. (2020). Koronavirüs anksiyete ölçeği kısa formu: Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Anatolian Clinic the Journal of Medical Sciences, 25(Special Issue on COVID 19): 216-225
  • Bostan, S, Yalçın B., (2016). Sağlık Turistlerinin Medikal Destinasyon Seçimini Etkileyen Faktörler. Journal of International Social Research, 9(43).
  • Britt, R. K., Collins, W. B., Wilson, K., Linnemeier, G., & Englebert, A. M. (2017). eHealth literacy and health behaviors affecting modern college students: a pilot study of issues identified by the American College Health Association. Journal of medical Internet research, 19(12): e3100.
  • Coşkun, S., & Bebiş, H. (2015). Adolesanlarda e-sağlık okuryazarlığı ölçeği: Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Gülhane Tıp Dergisi, 57: 378-434. https://doi.org/10.5455/gulhane.157832 DataReportal (2022), “Digital 2022: Turkey”, [Internet] https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-turkey (accessed Feb 14, 2022)
  • Davis, T. C., Arnold, C., Berkel, H. J., Nandy, I., Jackson, R. H., & Glass, J. (1996). Knowledge and attitude on screening mammography among low‐literate, low‐income women. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society, 78(9): 1912-1920.
  • Davis, T. C., Long, S. W., Jackson, R. H., Mayeaux, E. J., George, R. B., Murphy, P. W., & Crouch, M. A. (1993). Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine (REALM): a shortened screening instrument. Family medicine, 25(6): 391-395.
  • Do, B. N., Tran, T. V., Phan, D. T., Nguyen, H. C., Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, H. C., ... & Van Duong, T. (2020). Health literacy, ehealth literacy, adherence to infection prevention and control procedures, lifestyle changes, and suspected COVID-19 symptoms among health care workers during lockdown: online survey. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(11): e22894.
  • Doğan Çetinkaya, Erciyes Pelikan JM, Röthlın F, Ganahl K. HLS-EU CONSORTIUM (2012): Comparative Report of Health Literacy in Eight EU Member States. The European Health Literacy Survey HLS-EU, Online Publication: http://www.health-literacy.eu (accessed June 14, 2022)
  • Duong, T. V., Pham, K. M., Do, B. N., Kim, G. B., Dam, H. T., Le, V. T. T., & Yang, S. H. (2020). Digital healthy diet literacy and self-perceived eating behavior change during COVID-19 pandemic among undergraduate nursing and medical students: A rapid online survey. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(19): 7185.
  • e-Nabız (2022), Turkish Ministry of Health,[Internet] https://enabiz.gov.tr/ (accessed Feb 21, 2022)
  • e-Nabız on Twitter (2022), [Internet] https://twitter.com/enabizsistemi (accessed May 20, 2022)
  • Ekinci, Y., Tutgun-Ünal, A., & Tarhan, N. (2021). Dijital Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Üzerine Bir Alanyazın İncelemesi. Bayterek Uluslararası Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2): 148-165.
  • EuroHealthNet (2021). Digital Health Literacy: how new skills can help improve health, equity, and Sustainability. [Internet] https://eurohealthnet.eu/publication/digital-health-literacy-how-new-skills-can-help-improve-health-equity-and-sustainability (accessed Jan 18, 2021)
  • European Commission. (2019). EU-funded Research & Innovation in the field of ICT for Health, Wellbeing & Ageing - An Overview.[Internet] https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/eu-funded-research-and-innovation-field-ict-health-wellbeing-and-ageing-overview (accessed Feb 12, 2022)
  • Furstrand, D., & Kayser, L. (2015). Development of the eHealth literacy assessment toolkit, eHLA. In MEDINFO 2015: eHealth-enabled Health : 971-971.
  • Gümüş, R. (2018). Pazarlama faaliyetlerinin sağlık sektörüne uygulanması: Bir literatür incelemesi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 3(4): 217-235.
  • Gümüş, R., & Sönmez, Y. (2020). Quality of online communication tools at hospitals and their effects on health service consumers’ preferences. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 13(1):35-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2018.1470816
  • Hsu, W., Chiang, C., & Yang, S. (2014). The effect of individual factors on health behaviors among college students: the mediating effects of eHealth literacy. Journal of medical Internet research, 16(12): e3542.
  • Internet World Stats (2022), “Turkey Internet usage and market report”, [Internet] https://www.internetworldstats.com/eu/tr.htm (accessed Feb 15, 2022)
  • Kayser, L., Karnoe, A., Furstrand, D., Batterham, R., Christensen, K. B., Elsworth, G., & Osborne, R. H. (2018). A multidimensional tool based on the eHealth literacy framework: development and initial validity testing of the eHealth literacy questionnaire (eHLQ). Journal of medical Internet research, 20(2): e8371.
  • Kepios (2022), “Global Digital Reports”, [Internet] https://kepios.com/reports (accessed Feb 14, 2022)
  • Koopman RJ, Petroski GF, Canfield SM, Stuppy JA, Mehr DR. Development of the PRE-HIT instrument: patient readiness to engage in health information technology. BMC Fam Pract. 28:15-18. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-15-18.
  • Korkmaz Aslan, G., Kartal, A., Turan, T., Taşdemir Yiğitoğlu, G., & Kocakabak, C. (2021). Association of electronic health literacy with health‐promoting behaviours in adolescents. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 27(2): e12921.
  • Lee, J., Lee, E. H., & Chae, D. (2021). eHealth literacy instruments: Systematic review of measurement properties. Journal of medical Internet research, 23(11): e30644. Liu, H. X., Chow, B. C., Liang, W., Hassel, H., & Huang, Y. W. (2021). Measuring a broad spectrum of eHealth skills in the Web 3.0 context using an eHealth Literacy Scale: Development and validation study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(9): e31627.
  • Liu, H., Zeng, H., Shen, Y., Zhang, F., Sharma, M., Lai, W., & Zhao, Y. (2018). Assessment tools for health literacy among the general population: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(8): 1711.
  • Memurlar.net (2022). HES uygulamasını indiren kullanıcı sayısı açıklandı. [Internet] https://www.memurlar.net/haber/999097/hes-uygulamasini-indiren-kullanici-sayisi-aciklandi.html (accessed May 20, 2022)
  • Monkman, H., & Kushniruk, A. W. (2015). eHealth literacy issues, constructs, models, and methods for health information technology design and evaluation. Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal, 7(4): 541-549
  • Murray Aitken, Deanna Nass, (2021). Digital Health Trends 2021: Innovation, Evidence, Regulation, and Adoption. IQVIA Institute, NJ, USA
  • Nakas, D. (2020). e-Health Literacy Levels of University Students in Turkey and Affecting Factors. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 13(3): 2149-2159.
  • Norgaard, O., Furstrand, D., Klokker, L., Karnoe, A., Batterham, R., Kayser, L., & Osborne, R. H. (2015). The e-health literacy framework: a conceptual framework for characterizing e-health users and their interaction with e-health systems. Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal, 7(4): 522-540.
  • Norman, C. D. & Skinner, H. A. (2006). eHEALS: the eHealth literacy scale. Journal of medical Internet research, 8(4): e507.
  • Paige, S. R., Stellefson, M., Krieger, J. L., Miller, M. D., Cheong, J., & Anderson-Lewis, C. (2019). Transactional eHealth literacy: Developing and testing a multi-dimensional instrument. Journal of Health Communication, 24(10): 737-748.
  • Parker RM, Baker DW, Williams MV, Nurss JR. The test of functional health literacy in adults: a new instrument (TOFHLA) for measuring patients' literacy skills. J Gen Intern Med. 1995 Oct;10(10):537-41. doi: 10.1007/BF02640361.
  • Seçkin G, Yeatts D, Hughes S, Hudson C, Bell V. Being an Informed Consumer of Health Information and Assessment of Electronic Health Literacy in a National Sample of Internet Users: Validity and Reliability of the e-HLS Instrument. J Med Internet Res. 11;18(7):e161. doi: 10.2196/jmir.5496.
  • Şen, M. A., Ceylan, A., Kurt, M. E., Palancı, Y., & Adın, C. (2017). Sağlık hizmetleri meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ve etkileyen faktörler. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 44(1): 1-12.
  • Tuik (2021). Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri kullanım araştırması. [Internet] https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-37437 (accessed Feb 19, 2022)
  • UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization)(2011). Digital literacy in education [Internet]. https://iite.unesco.org/pics/publications/en/files/3214688.pdf (accessed Jan 24, 2022)
  • Uskun, E., Doğan, E., & Kişioğlu, A. N.(2022) e-Health Literacy Scale: Turkish validity and reliability study for adults over 45. Turkish Bulletin of Hygiene and Experimental Biology, (Ahead of Print). doi: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.75608.
  • Van Der Vaart, R., & Drossaert, C. (2017). Development of the digital health literacy instrument: measuring a broad spectrum of health 1.0 and health 2.0 skills. Journal of medical Internet research, 19(1): e6709.
  • World Health Organization (2018). Health literacy and health behaviour. [Internet]. https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/7gchp/track2/en/ (accessed Jan 25, 2022)
  • Yoon, J., Lee, M., Ahn, J. S., Oh, D., Shin, S. Y., Chang, Y. J., & Cho, J. (2022). Development and Validation of Digital Health Technology Literacy Assessment Questionnaire. Journal of medical systems, 46(2): 1-11.

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY USE IN TURKEY AND THE NEED FOR NEW eHEALTH LITERACY MEASUREMENT TOOLS

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 16, 59 - 68, 27.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.48121/jihsam.1152981

Abstract

Aim of the study: Digital health technologies, which cause the reshaping of today's patient-health relationship have been reflected in every field of health services. In a setting where the patient-health relationship is so dependent on the use of digital tools and the internet, it has become one of the most important elements for the development of their health for users to have the necessary digital skills and eliminate false and unnecessary information and data and acquire their health needs. Thus measuring the digital health literacy of consumers became a necessity. The aim of this study is to clarify the need for developing or adopting new digital health literacy measurement tools in Turkey.
Materials and Methods: For the purpose to reveal the state of digital health literacy in Turkey the reports announced by different international and national institutes were searched in this descriptive research. The prevalence of the use of social media, the increase in the number of internet users and mobile devices in recent years, individuals’ reasons for using the internet, and the ratio of searching health issues in this data were compiled. Additionally, the digital/eHealth literacy scales developed or adopted in Turkish by researchers were searched from databases.
Results: The results showed that the adaptation of Turkey and its people to e-health is very high and Turkish people take the lead the way in terms of accessing health-related information, integrating with the health system, and using health-related applications. So the need for digital health literacy scales and their potential use in Turkey was reported in this study. According to the results of the study only one measurement tool, developed by Norman and Skinner (2006) was adopted in Turkish and used by Turkish researchers. This study mostly used ten digital/eHealth literacy instruments were introduced and the gap in this area was argued. Although there are many digital/eHealth literacy scales adopted in various countries, in Turkey researchers stay behind in that situation. The need for developing or adopting new digital/eHealth literacy scales is obvious.

References

  • 42 Matters (2022), “Store Stats for Mobile Apps”, [Internet] https://42matters.com/stats (accessed Feb 16, 2022).
  • Aba, G., Gümüş, R., & Çakır, Y. N. (2019). Sağlık Çalışanlarının Medikal Turizme Yönelik Algılarının İncelenmesi: Özel Hastane Örneği. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(3): 93-105.
  • American Library Association. Welcome, ALAs Lit Clgh; (2017). Digital Literacy [Internet] https://literacy.ala.org/digital-literacy/ (accessed Jan 11, 2022)
  • Balay-Odao, E. M., Alquwez, N., Alsolami, F., Tork, H. M., Al Otaibi, K., & Al Thobaity, A. (2021). COVID-19 crisis: Influence of eHealth literacy on mental health promotion among Saudi nursing students. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 16(6): 906-913.
  • Biçer, İ., Çakmak, C., Demir, H., & Kurt, M. E. (2020). Koronavirüs anksiyete ölçeği kısa formu: Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Anatolian Clinic the Journal of Medical Sciences, 25(Special Issue on COVID 19): 216-225
  • Bostan, S, Yalçın B., (2016). Sağlık Turistlerinin Medikal Destinasyon Seçimini Etkileyen Faktörler. Journal of International Social Research, 9(43).
  • Britt, R. K., Collins, W. B., Wilson, K., Linnemeier, G., & Englebert, A. M. (2017). eHealth literacy and health behaviors affecting modern college students: a pilot study of issues identified by the American College Health Association. Journal of medical Internet research, 19(12): e3100.
  • Coşkun, S., & Bebiş, H. (2015). Adolesanlarda e-sağlık okuryazarlığı ölçeği: Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Gülhane Tıp Dergisi, 57: 378-434. https://doi.org/10.5455/gulhane.157832 DataReportal (2022), “Digital 2022: Turkey”, [Internet] https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-turkey (accessed Feb 14, 2022)
  • Davis, T. C., Arnold, C., Berkel, H. J., Nandy, I., Jackson, R. H., & Glass, J. (1996). Knowledge and attitude on screening mammography among low‐literate, low‐income women. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society, 78(9): 1912-1920.
  • Davis, T. C., Long, S. W., Jackson, R. H., Mayeaux, E. J., George, R. B., Murphy, P. W., & Crouch, M. A. (1993). Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine (REALM): a shortened screening instrument. Family medicine, 25(6): 391-395.
  • Do, B. N., Tran, T. V., Phan, D. T., Nguyen, H. C., Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, H. C., ... & Van Duong, T. (2020). Health literacy, ehealth literacy, adherence to infection prevention and control procedures, lifestyle changes, and suspected COVID-19 symptoms among health care workers during lockdown: online survey. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(11): e22894.
  • Doğan Çetinkaya, Erciyes Pelikan JM, Röthlın F, Ganahl K. HLS-EU CONSORTIUM (2012): Comparative Report of Health Literacy in Eight EU Member States. The European Health Literacy Survey HLS-EU, Online Publication: http://www.health-literacy.eu (accessed June 14, 2022)
  • Duong, T. V., Pham, K. M., Do, B. N., Kim, G. B., Dam, H. T., Le, V. T. T., & Yang, S. H. (2020). Digital healthy diet literacy and self-perceived eating behavior change during COVID-19 pandemic among undergraduate nursing and medical students: A rapid online survey. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(19): 7185.
  • e-Nabız (2022), Turkish Ministry of Health,[Internet] https://enabiz.gov.tr/ (accessed Feb 21, 2022)
  • e-Nabız on Twitter (2022), [Internet] https://twitter.com/enabizsistemi (accessed May 20, 2022)
  • Ekinci, Y., Tutgun-Ünal, A., & Tarhan, N. (2021). Dijital Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Üzerine Bir Alanyazın İncelemesi. Bayterek Uluslararası Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2): 148-165.
  • EuroHealthNet (2021). Digital Health Literacy: how new skills can help improve health, equity, and Sustainability. [Internet] https://eurohealthnet.eu/publication/digital-health-literacy-how-new-skills-can-help-improve-health-equity-and-sustainability (accessed Jan 18, 2021)
  • European Commission. (2019). EU-funded Research & Innovation in the field of ICT for Health, Wellbeing & Ageing - An Overview.[Internet] https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/eu-funded-research-and-innovation-field-ict-health-wellbeing-and-ageing-overview (accessed Feb 12, 2022)
  • Furstrand, D., & Kayser, L. (2015). Development of the eHealth literacy assessment toolkit, eHLA. In MEDINFO 2015: eHealth-enabled Health : 971-971.
  • Gümüş, R. (2018). Pazarlama faaliyetlerinin sağlık sektörüne uygulanması: Bir literatür incelemesi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 3(4): 217-235.
  • Gümüş, R., & Sönmez, Y. (2020). Quality of online communication tools at hospitals and their effects on health service consumers’ preferences. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 13(1):35-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2018.1470816
  • Hsu, W., Chiang, C., & Yang, S. (2014). The effect of individual factors on health behaviors among college students: the mediating effects of eHealth literacy. Journal of medical Internet research, 16(12): e3542.
  • Internet World Stats (2022), “Turkey Internet usage and market report”, [Internet] https://www.internetworldstats.com/eu/tr.htm (accessed Feb 15, 2022)
  • Kayser, L., Karnoe, A., Furstrand, D., Batterham, R., Christensen, K. B., Elsworth, G., & Osborne, R. H. (2018). A multidimensional tool based on the eHealth literacy framework: development and initial validity testing of the eHealth literacy questionnaire (eHLQ). Journal of medical Internet research, 20(2): e8371.
  • Kepios (2022), “Global Digital Reports”, [Internet] https://kepios.com/reports (accessed Feb 14, 2022)
  • Koopman RJ, Petroski GF, Canfield SM, Stuppy JA, Mehr DR. Development of the PRE-HIT instrument: patient readiness to engage in health information technology. BMC Fam Pract. 28:15-18. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-15-18.
  • Korkmaz Aslan, G., Kartal, A., Turan, T., Taşdemir Yiğitoğlu, G., & Kocakabak, C. (2021). Association of electronic health literacy with health‐promoting behaviours in adolescents. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 27(2): e12921.
  • Lee, J., Lee, E. H., & Chae, D. (2021). eHealth literacy instruments: Systematic review of measurement properties. Journal of medical Internet research, 23(11): e30644. Liu, H. X., Chow, B. C., Liang, W., Hassel, H., & Huang, Y. W. (2021). Measuring a broad spectrum of eHealth skills in the Web 3.0 context using an eHealth Literacy Scale: Development and validation study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(9): e31627.
  • Liu, H., Zeng, H., Shen, Y., Zhang, F., Sharma, M., Lai, W., & Zhao, Y. (2018). Assessment tools for health literacy among the general population: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(8): 1711.
  • Memurlar.net (2022). HES uygulamasını indiren kullanıcı sayısı açıklandı. [Internet] https://www.memurlar.net/haber/999097/hes-uygulamasini-indiren-kullanici-sayisi-aciklandi.html (accessed May 20, 2022)
  • Monkman, H., & Kushniruk, A. W. (2015). eHealth literacy issues, constructs, models, and methods for health information technology design and evaluation. Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal, 7(4): 541-549
  • Murray Aitken, Deanna Nass, (2021). Digital Health Trends 2021: Innovation, Evidence, Regulation, and Adoption. IQVIA Institute, NJ, USA
  • Nakas, D. (2020). e-Health Literacy Levels of University Students in Turkey and Affecting Factors. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 13(3): 2149-2159.
  • Norgaard, O., Furstrand, D., Klokker, L., Karnoe, A., Batterham, R., Kayser, L., & Osborne, R. H. (2015). The e-health literacy framework: a conceptual framework for characterizing e-health users and their interaction with e-health systems. Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal, 7(4): 522-540.
  • Norman, C. D. & Skinner, H. A. (2006). eHEALS: the eHealth literacy scale. Journal of medical Internet research, 8(4): e507.
  • Paige, S. R., Stellefson, M., Krieger, J. L., Miller, M. D., Cheong, J., & Anderson-Lewis, C. (2019). Transactional eHealth literacy: Developing and testing a multi-dimensional instrument. Journal of Health Communication, 24(10): 737-748.
  • Parker RM, Baker DW, Williams MV, Nurss JR. The test of functional health literacy in adults: a new instrument (TOFHLA) for measuring patients' literacy skills. J Gen Intern Med. 1995 Oct;10(10):537-41. doi: 10.1007/BF02640361.
  • Seçkin G, Yeatts D, Hughes S, Hudson C, Bell V. Being an Informed Consumer of Health Information and Assessment of Electronic Health Literacy in a National Sample of Internet Users: Validity and Reliability of the e-HLS Instrument. J Med Internet Res. 11;18(7):e161. doi: 10.2196/jmir.5496.
  • Şen, M. A., Ceylan, A., Kurt, M. E., Palancı, Y., & Adın, C. (2017). Sağlık hizmetleri meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ve etkileyen faktörler. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 44(1): 1-12.
  • Tuik (2021). Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri kullanım araştırması. [Internet] https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-37437 (accessed Feb 19, 2022)
  • UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization)(2011). Digital literacy in education [Internet]. https://iite.unesco.org/pics/publications/en/files/3214688.pdf (accessed Jan 24, 2022)
  • Uskun, E., Doğan, E., & Kişioğlu, A. N.(2022) e-Health Literacy Scale: Turkish validity and reliability study for adults over 45. Turkish Bulletin of Hygiene and Experimental Biology, (Ahead of Print). doi: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.75608.
  • Van Der Vaart, R., & Drossaert, C. (2017). Development of the digital health literacy instrument: measuring a broad spectrum of health 1.0 and health 2.0 skills. Journal of medical Internet research, 19(1): e6709.
  • World Health Organization (2018). Health literacy and health behaviour. [Internet]. https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/7gchp/track2/en/ (accessed Jan 25, 2022)
  • Yoon, J., Lee, M., Ahn, J. S., Oh, D., Shin, S. Y., Chang, Y. J., & Cho, J. (2022). Development and Validation of Digital Health Technology Literacy Assessment Questionnaire. Journal of medical systems, 46(2): 1-11.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Policy, Health Care Administration
Journal Section Orginal Research
Authors

Rojan Gümüş 0000-0001-8113-6193

Murat Çetin 0000-0002-3437-8445

Publication Date October 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 8 Issue: 16

Cite

APA Gümüş, R., & Çetin, M. (2022). DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY USE IN TURKEY AND THE NEED FOR NEW eHEALTH LITERACY MEASUREMENT TOOLS. Journal of International Health Sciences and Management, 8(16), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.48121/jihsam.1152981
AMA Gümüş R, Çetin M. DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY USE IN TURKEY AND THE NEED FOR NEW eHEALTH LITERACY MEASUREMENT TOOLS. Journal of International Health Sciences and Management. October 2022;8(16):59-68. doi:10.48121/jihsam.1152981
Chicago Gümüş, Rojan, and Murat Çetin. “DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY USE IN TURKEY AND THE NEED FOR NEW EHEALTH LITERACY MEASUREMENT TOOLS”. Journal of International Health Sciences and Management 8, no. 16 (October 2022): 59-68. https://doi.org/10.48121/jihsam.1152981.
EndNote Gümüş R, Çetin M (October 1, 2022) DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY USE IN TURKEY AND THE NEED FOR NEW eHEALTH LITERACY MEASUREMENT TOOLS. Journal of International Health Sciences and Management 8 16 59–68.
IEEE R. Gümüş and M. Çetin, “DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY USE IN TURKEY AND THE NEED FOR NEW eHEALTH LITERACY MEASUREMENT TOOLS”, Journal of International Health Sciences and Management, vol. 8, no. 16, pp. 59–68, 2022, doi: 10.48121/jihsam.1152981.
ISNAD Gümüş, Rojan - Çetin, Murat. “DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY USE IN TURKEY AND THE NEED FOR NEW EHEALTH LITERACY MEASUREMENT TOOLS”. Journal of International Health Sciences and Management 8/16 (October 2022), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.48121/jihsam.1152981.
JAMA Gümüş R, Çetin M. DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY USE IN TURKEY AND THE NEED FOR NEW eHEALTH LITERACY MEASUREMENT TOOLS. Journal of International Health Sciences and Management. 2022;8:59–68.
MLA Gümüş, Rojan and Murat Çetin. “DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY USE IN TURKEY AND THE NEED FOR NEW EHEALTH LITERACY MEASUREMENT TOOLS”. Journal of International Health Sciences and Management, vol. 8, no. 16, 2022, pp. 59-68, doi:10.48121/jihsam.1152981.
Vancouver Gümüş R, Çetin M. DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY USE IN TURKEY AND THE NEED FOR NEW eHEALTH LITERACY MEASUREMENT TOOLS. Journal of International Health Sciences and Management. 2022;8(16):59-68.