Terörizmle Mücadelede Sivil Toplum Kuruluşların Rolü: Nijerya ve Tunus Karşılaştırması

Abstract

“Üçüncü sektör” olarak da bilinen Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları (STK), toplumsal barış, ilerleme ve istikrar için devasa bir araç haline gelmiştir. İttifakı ve birliği yoluyla STK’lar özellikle devletin ulaşmadığı yerlerde toplumdaki temel problemlere çözüm bulmaya katkı sağlamaktadırlar. Günümüz toplumunda STK’ların en önemli rolü terörizmle mücadelesidir. Farkındalık, lanetlenme, motivasyon, değerlendirme, rehabilitasyon, ortaklık, doktrinleştirme ve koordinasyon yaklaşımları ile terör tehdidini ortadan kaldırılmasına yardımcı olmaktadırlar. Bu araştırmada işlevselcilik kuramı kullanılarak Tunus ve Nijerya’da terörün ortadan kaldırmasında STK’ların rolleri karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde analiz edilecektir. Makalede içerik analizi uygulanarak verimli STK’lara sahip olan ülkelerin terörün ortadan kaldırılmasında verimli STK’lara sahip olmayan ülkelere göre daha başarılı olabileceği hipotezi test edilecektir. Makalede şu soruya da cevap verecektir: STK’ların iki ülkede terörle mücadele politikaları ne kadar etkili? Araştırma bulgularına göre, Tunus’taki STK’lar Nijerya’dakilerden daha verimli olmasına rağmen her iki ülke de terör ile mücadelesinde yeteri kadar adım atmamışlardır. Dolayısıyla, bu araştırmanın küresel Sivil Toplumlara önerdiği arabuluculuk, casusluk ve veya sızma gibi daha pratik bir yaklaşıma ihtiyaç olduğudur.

Keywords

• Sivil Toplum
• Roller
• Tunus
• Nijerya
• Terörizm

The Roles of Civil Society Organizations in Fighting Terrorism: A Comparative Analyses between Nigeria and Tunisia

Abstract

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) otherwise known as the “third sector” have become gargantuan tools for societal peace, progress and stability. Through collaborations and alliances, they are able to intervene in resolving critical problems affecting a given community especially where government’s hand could not have reached. One of the areas where Civil Society takes a bold step in modern society is fighting terrorism. They help in eradicating the menace of terrorism through awareness, damnation, motivation, appraise, rehabilitation, partnership, indoctrination and co-ordinational approaches. Thus, the objective of this paper is to adopt functional approach to critically compare the roles of CSOs in fighting terrorism between Nigeria and Tunisia. The article place more emphasis on content analysis to tests the hypothesis that a country with vibrant CSOs is more likely to eradicate terrorism than the one that has not. The article also responds to question that: how effective are the CSOs’ anti-terrorism policies in the two countries? This research found out that even though Tunisia has more coordinated CSOs than Nigeria, the roles of the CSOs in both countries is not significant enough to help in getting rid of terrorism. So, there is need of more practical approach such as mediation, espionage or infiltration which this research recommends to the global Civil Societies.

Keywords

• Civil society
• Terorizm
• Roles
• Nijerya
• Tunus

References

1. References
2. Allamin, H. (2014). The Woman Who Talks With Boko Haram. Womenpeacemakers: https://womenpeacemakers.atavist.com/the-woman-who-talks-with-boko-haram#chapter-2125302
3. Bala, A. (2017). Bottom-Up Approach to Countering Violent Extremism in Tunisia . Search for Common Ground SFCG. Tunis: Search for Common Ground Tunisia
4. Barkindo, A. (2018). National Policy Framework on Demobilisation. Deradicalisation. Rehabilitation. Reintegration (DDRR) Part One. The Kukah Centre: www.thekukahcentre.org
5. Belhassine, A. (2018, Feb 19). Human Right Watch Slams Police Brutality and Slow Reform in Tunisia. May 10, 2019 tarihinde Justiceinfo.net: https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/reconciliation/36486-human-rights-watch-slams-police-brutality-and-slow-reform-in-tunisia.html
6. Buba, I. A. (2019). Youth Coalition Against Terrorism. Oneyoungworld: https://www.oneyoungworld.com/profile-main/87101
7. Burt, B. (2016). The Crisis in Nigeria. Responsibilitytoprotect.org: http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-nigeria
8. Chilengi, J. (2015, Jun 29). ECOSOCC Statement condemning terrorist attack in Tunisia. AU: https://au.int/en/newsevents/27451/ecosocc-statement-condemning-terrorist-attack-tunisia

9. Counterextremism. (2002, April 11). Tunisia: Extremism & Counter-Extremism. Counterextremism.com: https://www.counterextremism.com/countries/tunisia
10. Crossman, A. (2018, September 24). Understanding Functionalist Theory. ThoughtCo: https://www.thoughtco.com/functionalist-perspective-3026625
11. Deman, H. (2017, Aug). Bottom-Up Approach to Countering Violent Extremism in Tunisia . Search for Common Ground Tunisia : https://www.sfcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Final_External_Evaluation_Report_on_Bottom-Up_Approaches_to_CVE_Project_-_SFCG_Tunisia.pdf
12. Efe-epa. (2019, March 20). Prison or reintegration, dealing with Tunisia's returning foreign fighters. Efe.com: https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/prison-or-reintegration-dealing-with-tunisia-s-returning-foreign-fighters/50000262-3930342
13. Hedayah. (2017). Returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters Workshop in Tunisia . Hedayah Center: http://www.hedayahcenter.org/activites/758/2017/760/returning-foreign-terrorist-fighters-workshop-in-tunisia
14. Herbert, M. (2018, 6 28). Carnegie Endowment For International Peace. The Insurgency in Tunisia’s Western Borderlands: https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/06/28/insurgency-in-tunisia-s-western-borderlands-pub-76712
15. ITUC. (2015, 03 19). ITUC Condemns Tunisia Terror Attack. Ituc-csi: https://www.ituc-csi.org/ituc-condemns-tunisia-terror
16. Knoope, P. (2019). Civil Society Engagement: Nigeria . International Centre for Counter Terrorism: https://icct.nl/project/civil-society-engagement-nigeria/
17. Leach, J. D. (2016). Boko Haram: Diverging Approaches to Fighting Insurgency. Journal of Politics and Democratization, 1-2.
18. McDonnell, A. (2018, Sept. 27). Building more community networks to combat violent extremism may help Tunisian authorities develop a holistic, long-term strategy to rehabilitate returning fighters. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/77358
19. Obasi, N. (2015, Jan 18). The soldiers are less motivated than the Boko Haram insurgents. International Crisis Group: https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/soldiers-are-less-motivated-boko-haram-insurgents
20. Ojo, E. O. (2010). Boko Haram: Nigeria's extra-judicial state. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa , 12(2), 52.
21. Resources, C. (2018, May). Powerful new report on Boko Haram insurgency shows importance of listening to communities. Conciliation Resources: https://www.c-r.org/news-and-views/news/powerful-new-report-boko-haram-insurgency-shows-importance-listening-communities
22. Sales, N. A. (2018). Country Reports on Terrorism 2017. United States Department of State , Bureau of Counterterrorism. Washington: United States Department of State Publication .
23. Sam, D. (2014). Civil Society: Meaning, Features and Role of Civil Society. Preserve Articles: http://www.preservearticles.com/2014051433460/civil-society-meaning-features-and-role-of-civil-society.html
24. Sawahel, W. (2018, Nov. 23). In wake of bombing, plan to fight extremism on campuses. Universityworldnews: https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20181122074541376
25. TheGuardian. (2009, August 11). Boko Haram: Mattters Arising (Editorial Comment). Lagos.
26. Vanguard. (2016, Oct 06). Reps cry foul over use of N270m to clear grass at IDPs camps . Vanguardngr: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/reps-cry-foul-as-sgf-lawal-allegedly-used-n270m-to-clear-grass-at-idps-camps/