Çevresel Düzenlemelerle Güvenli Kentler Oluşturmak: Mahallelerin Geçirgenliği ve Evden Hırsızlık Oranları, Diyarbakır, Türkiye

Abstract

Çevresel Kriminoloji perspektifine göre bir evin suçlara maruz kalmasını etkileyen birçok faktör bulunmaktadır. Evden hırsızlık suçunda ise mahallelerin geçirgenliği önemli bir etkendir. Mahallelerin geçirgenliği ile evden hırsızlık suçu arasındaki ilişkiyi araştıran birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmaların birçoğu geçirgenliği bir ara değişken olarak tespit etmiştir. Bu çalışma ise Diyarbakır şehri hakkında elde edilmiş olan çevresel ve suç değişkenlerini içeren bir ikincil veri seti üzerine kurulmuştur. Analiz sonucunda, mahallelerin geçirgenliği ile evden hırsızlık suçu arasında anlamlı bir ikili ilişki bulunmuştur. Regresyon modeline ev sayısı değişkeni dâhil edildiğince ise, geçirgenlik değişkeninin etkisi ortadan kalkmaktadır. Hem geçirgenliği hem de evden hırsızlık suçunu etkileyen asıl faktörün mahallede bulunan ev sayısı olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

Keywords

• Çevresel Kriminoloji
• Güvenli Kentler
• Çevresel Düzenlemelerle Suçun Önlenmesi
• Mahallelerin Geçirgenliği
• Hırsızlık.

Creating Safe Cities Through Environmental Design: Neighborhood Permeability and Burglary Rates in Diyarbakir, Turkey

Abstract

According to Environmental Criminological perspective various factors may affect the vulnerability of a house. In terms of residentiall burglary, permeability is one of the major factors. There have been multiple studies to examine the relationship between the degree of neighborhood permeability and burglary rates. Most of the studies concluded that permeability is a mediating factor for burglary. This study derives on these condary data collected on environmental factors and burglary rates in Diyarbakir. The analysis showed that there is a significant bivariate relationship between neighborhood permeability and burglaryrates. However when number of houses introduced to the regression model, the effect of neighborhood permeability disappears. It is found that the major variable that affects both neighborhood permeability and burglary rates is the number of houses.

Keywords

• Environmental Criminology
• Safe Cities
• Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
• Neighborhood Permeability
• Burglary.

References

1. Adli Sicil ve İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü (2013). Adaletİstatistikleri 2012, Yayın No: 7, Adli Sicil ve İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
2. Aksak, P. ands Çalışkan, V. (2010).“Çanakkale kentinde mala karşı işlenen suçların coğrafi dağılış özelliklerinin incelenmesi”, Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 22, 245-275.
3. Aliağaoğlu, A. and Alaeddinoğlu, F. (2005). “Erzurum Şehrinde Mala Karşı İşlenen Suçlar Coğrafi Bir Yaklaşım”, Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 17- 41.
4. Armitage, R. (2004). Secured By Design Refined: Environmental Risk Factors, Offenders’ Modus Operandi and Costs and Incentives, Home Office, Londra.
5. Armitage, R. (2007). “Sustainability versus safety: confusion, conflict and contradiction in designing out crime”, in Imagination for Crime Prevention: Essays in Honour of Ken Pease (pp 81-110) Eds. G. Farrell, K. J. Bowers, S. D. Johnson & M. Townsley, Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, NY.
6. Armitage, R. (2011). The Impact of Connectivity and Through-Movement within Residential Developments on Levels of Crime and Anti-Social Behaviour, Unpublished Dissertation, University of Huddersfield: Huddersfield.
7. Ataç, E. (2008). Kent, Güvenlik ve Güvenli Kent Planlaması; Bursa Örneği. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi: Ankara.
8. Australian Institute of Criminology (2015). Household Burglary, Available at: html

9. Bahar, H. İ. (2009). Sosyoloji, 3rd ed., USAK Yayınları: Ankara.
10. Bahar, H. İ. (2016). Policies Concerning Urban Safety and Urbanization in Istanbul, Unpublished Manuscript.
11. Beavon D. J. K., Brantingham, P. L. and Brantingham, P. J. (1994). “The influence of street networks on the patterning of property offenses”, in Crime Prevention Studies (pp 115-148), Ed. R. V. Clarke, Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, NY.
12. BJS [Bureau of Justice Statistics] (2013). “Financial Loss Due To Household Burglary Increased from 1994 to 2011”, Available at: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/press/hb9411pr.cfm. BJS (2015). Burglary, Available at:
13. http://www.bjs.gov/index. cfm?ty=tp&tid=321.
14. Block, R. and Davis, S. (1996). “The environs of a rapid transit station: a focus for street crime or just another risky place”, in Preventing Mass Transit Crime, Crime Prevention Studies Volume 6 (pp 237-257), Ed. R. Clarke, Willow Tree Press, Monsey, NY.
15. Brooke, M. (2004). “Mallard Court, Bradford”, paper presented at the Architectural Liaison Officers’ Conference, Leeds, UK.
16. Cinoğlu, H. (2013). “Suç, Küreselleşme ve Gelecek”. In POLİTAM Kriminoloji, Hüseyin Cinoglu and Kübra Gültekin (Eds), Atatürk Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayınları, Erzurum.
17. Clare, J., Fernandez, J. and Morgan, F. (2009).“Formal evaluation of the impact of barriers and connectors on residential burglars’ macro-level offending location choices”, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 42, 139-158.
18. Cohen, L. E. and Felson, M. (1979). “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach”, American Sociological Review, 44, 588- 608.
19. Cozens, P., Saville, G. and Hillier, D. (2005).“Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): a review and modern bibliography”, Property Management, 23(5), 328-356. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02637470510631483
20. Cozens, P., Pascoe, T. and Hillier, D. (2007). “Critically reviewing the theory and practice of secured-by-design for residential new-build housing in Britain”, R. Mawby (Ed.) Burglary-Series: International Library of Criminology, Criminal Justice and Penology, 2nd Series, Ashgate: Abingdon.
21. Cozens, P. and Hillier, D. (2008). “The Shape of Things to Come: New Urbanism, the Grid and the Cul-De-Sac”, International Planning Studies, 13(1), 51-73. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563470801969962
22. Cozens, P. and Love T. (2009).“Manipulating permeability as a process for controlling crime: balancing security and sustainability in local contexts”, Built Environment, 35, 346-365.
23. Crowe, T. D. (2000). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Applications of Architectural Design and Space Management Concepts, 2nd ed, Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford.
24. Dolu, O. (2012). SuçTeorileri: Teori, Araştırma ve Uygulamada Kriminoloji, 4th ed., SeçkinYayıncılık: Ankara.
25. Dönmez, M. (2011). Identification of Factors Influencing the Commission of Burglaries, Lambert Academic Publishing: Saarbrücken.
26. Duru, H. (2010). Crime on Turkish Streetblocks: An Examination of the Effects of High Schools, on Premise Alcohol Outlets and Coffee, Unpublished Dissertation, University of Cincinnati.
27. Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü, (2013). 2012 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu, Available at: http://www.egm.gov.tr/SiteAssets/Sayfalar/StratejiGelistirmeFaaliyetler i/2012_yili_faaliyet_raporu.pdf
28. Erman, T. (2007). “Çandırlı-Hıdırtepe (Altındağ, Ankara) Örneği Üzerinden Suç ve Mekan İlişkisi ve Mahalleli Deneyimleri”, Dosya 06, TMMOB MimarlarOdasıBülten, 55, 30-34.
29. Eurostat, (2014). Domestic burglaries recorded by the police, 2002-12, Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index. php/File:Domestic_burglaries_recorded_by_the_police,_2002%E2%80 %9312_YB14.png
30. Greenberg, S. W. and Rohe, W. M. (1984).“Neighborhood design and crime: a test of two perspectives” Journal of the American Planning Association, 50, 48-60.
31. Groff, E. R., Taylor, R. B., Elesh, D. B., McGovern, J. and Johnson, L. (2014). “Permeability across a metropolitan area: conceptualizing and operationalizing a macrolevel crime pattern theory”, Environment and Planning, 46, 129-152, doi:10.1068/a45702
32. Günal, V. and Şahinalp, S. M. (2009). “Şanlıurfa Şehrinde Hırsızlık Suçlarının Mekansal Analizi”, Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 100-147.
33. Gültekin, K. (2011). “Crime Prevention Strategies: Does Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Work?”,Kriminoloji Dergisi, 3(1), 23-44.
34. Hakim, S., Rengert, G. F. and Shachmurove, Y. (2001).“Target search of burglars: a revised economic model”, Papers in Regional Science, 80, 121-137.
35. Handy, S., Cao, X. and Mokhtarian, P. (2005). “Correlation or causality between the built environment and travel behvaior? Evidence from northern California”, Transportation Research Part D, 10(6), 427-444.
36. Hodgkinson, S. and Tilley, N. (2007). “Travel-To-Crime: Homing In On The Victim”, International Review of Victimology, 14, 281-298. Available at: TraveltoCrimepdf
37. Johnson, S. and Bowers, K. (2010). “Permeability and burglary risk: are cul- de-sacs safer?”, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26, 89-111
38. Irmak, F. (2011). Can social disorganization and social capital factors help explain the incidences of property crimes in Turkey?, Unpublished Dissertation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX.
39. Karakaş, E. (2004). “Elazığ Şehrinde Hırsızlık Suç Dağılışı ve Özellikleri”, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 19-39.
40. Karmen, A. (2015). Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology, 9th ed. Cengage Learning, Boston, MA.
41. Kılıç, O. and Demir, O. Ö. (2011). “Suç-Yoğun Bölge Polisliği”, in Suç Önleme: Teori, Pratik ve Değerlendirme, (pp. 15-39). M. Alper Sözer & Daniel R. Lee (Eds.), AdaletYayınları: Ankara.
42. Matthews, R. (1992). “Developing more effective strategies for curbing prostitution”, in R. Clarke (ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies, Harrow and Heston: New York.
43. Memurlar.net, (2013). “Geçen yıl 90 bin eve hırsız girdi”, Available at: http://www.memurlar.net/haber/326992/
44. Mirrlees-Black, C., Budd, T., Patridge, S. and Mayhew, P. (1998). The 1998 British Crime Survey: England and Wales, Government Statistical Service, London.
45. Monaghan, N. (2012). Criminal Law Directions, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
46. Muş, E., Gözübenli, M. and Karapazarlıoğlu, E. (2015). “Suç-Yoğun Bölge Polislik”, (pp. 101-132), In Çağdaş Kolluk Stratejileri, E. Muş & M. A. Sözer (Eds), AdaletYayınevi: Ankara.
47. Muş, E. and Sözer, M. A. (Eds.) (2015).Çağdaş Kolluk Stratejileri. Adalet Yayınevi: Ankara.
48. Nicolson, P. (1994). The Experience of Being Burgled, Sheffield University: Sheffield, UK.
49. Özkan, M. (2013).The Social Context of Residential Burglary: Exploring Neighborhood Level Risk Factors in the City of Bursa, Turkey, Unpublished Dissertation, Rutgers University: Newark, NJ.
50. Payne, B. K., Oliver, W. M. and Marion, N. E. (2016). Introduction to Criminal Justice: A Balanced Approach, SAGE Publications.
51. Polat, A. and Gül, S. K. (2010).Suçun Ölçümü, Adalet Yayınevi: Ankara.
52. Poyner, B. (2006). Crime Free Housing in the 21st Century, Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, University College London, London.
53. Rengert, G.F. and Hakim, S. (1998). “Burglary in affluent communities: a planning perspective”, in Reducing Crime through Real Estate Development and Management (pp 39-52), Eds. R. B. Peiser & M. Felson, Urban Land Institute, Washington, DC.
54. Shover, N. (1991). “Burglary”, M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 14, 73-113, University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
55. Sohn, D. W. (2016). “Residential crimes and neighbourhood built environment: Assessing the effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)”, Cities, 52, 86-93.
56. Taylor, I. (1995). “Private Homes and Public Others”, British Journal of Criminology, 35(2), 263-285.
57. Taylor, R. B. (2002). “Crime prevention through environmental design: yes, no, maybe, unknowable, and all of the above”, in Handbook of Environmental Psychology, pp 413-426, Eds R. Bechtel & A. Churchman, John Wiley: New York.
58. Town, S. (2005). Permeability, Access Opportunities and Crime, Available at: http://americandreamcoalition.org/safety/Permeability.pdf
59. Weisel, D. L. (2002). Burglary of Single-Family Houses, Guide No. 18, Available at: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/burglary_home/
60. White, G. F. (1990). “Neighborhood Permeability and Burglary Rates”, Justice http://www.chathamnc.org/RezoningSubdivisionCases/2006/5-15- 06_BOC/Fearrington_Place/7-7-06/cup_5f.pdf Available at:
61. Yang, X. (2006). Exploring The Influence Of Environmental Features On Residential Burglary Using Spatial-Temporal Pattern Analysis, Unpublished Dissertation, University of Florida.