Removal of Rhodamine 6G from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Method with Elm (Ulmus glabra) and Mulberry (Morus alba) Sawdust

Abstract

In the present study, the utilization of natural elm (Ulmus glabra) (UGT) and mulberry sawdust (Morus alba) (MAT) as low cost and effective adsorbents in the removal of Rhodamine 6G (R6G), a cationic dye that has a toxic effect on living metabolism, from water and wastewater has been investigated. UGT and MAT, which were used for the first time in the literature as adsorbent in the removal of R6G, have been characterized by various methods. Adsorption experiments have been carried out by batch system and the effects of experimental parameters such as initial aqueous solution pH, equilibrium time, and initial R6G concentration on the adsorption efficiency of R6G have been evaluated. It was observed that the optimum aqueous solution pH was 7.0 and the equilibrium time was 180 minutes for the adsorption of R6G on both adsorbents. Several kinetics (pseudo first and second order kinetic models and intraparticle diffusion model) and isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich) have been applied to the experimental data obtained in order to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. It was found that the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo second order kinetic model and the experimental data showed good agreement with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of UGT and MAT has been calculated as 50.5 and 31.8 mg g-1, respectively, using the Langmuir isotherm model. As a result of the study, it has been seen that elm and mulberry sawdust can be an effective and low cost alternative to be used in dyestuff removal.

Keywords

• Adsorption
• mulberry sawdust
• isotherm
• elm sawdust
• kinetic
• Rhodamine 6G

Karaağaç (Ulmus glabra) ve Dut (Morus alba) Talaşı ile Sulu Çözeltilerden Adsorpsiyon Yöntemiyle Rodamin 6G Giderimi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, canlı metabolizmasında toksik etki gösteren katyonik yapıda boyarmadde olan Rodamin 6G’nin (R6G) sulardan ve atık sulardan uzaklaştırılmasında doğal karaağaç (Ulmus glabra) (UGT) ve dut (Morus alba) (MAT) talaşlarının ucuz ve etkili adsorbanlar olarak kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. R6G’nin gideriminde adsorban olarak literatürde ilk defa bu çalışmada kullanılan UGT ve MAT çeşitli yöntemlerle karakterize edilmiştir. Adsorpsiyon deneyleri kesikli sistemle yürütülmüş olup, R6G’nin adsorpsiyon verimi üzerine başlangıç sulu çözelti pH’ı, denge süresi ve başlangıç R6G konsantrasyonu gibi deneysel parametrelerin etkileri incelenmiştir. R6G’nin her iki adsorban üzerine adsorpsiyonu için optimum sulu çözelti pH’ının 7.0 ve denge süresinin 180 dakika olduğu görülmüştür. Adsorpsiyon mekanizmasının aydınlatılabilmesi için elde edilen deneysel verilere çeşitli kinetik (yalancı birinci ve ikinci mertebeden kinetik model ile parçacık içi difüzyon modeli) ve izoterm modelleri (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin ve Dubinin-Radushkevich) uygulanmıştır. Adsorpsiyon kinetiğinin, ikinci mertebeden kinetik modeli takip ettiği ve deneysel verilerin hem Langmuir hem de Freundlich izoterm modellerine iyi bir uyum gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. UGT ve MAT’in maksimum adsorpsiyon kapasitesi Langmuir izoterm modeli kullanılarak sırasıyla 50.5 ve 31.8 mg g-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda karaağaç ve dut talaşının boyarmadde gideriminde kullanılacak etkili ve düşük maliyetli alternatifler olabileceği görülmüştür.

Keywords

• Adsorpsiyon
• dut talaşı
• izoterm
• karaağaç talaşı
• kinetik
• Rodamin 6G

References

1. Abdullah PS, Wen LK, Awang H, Azmin SNHM, 2021. Rhodamine 6G removal from aqueous solution with coconut shell-derived nanomagnetic adsorbent composite (Cs-nmac): Isotherm and kinetic studies. Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, 29(3): 1535-1556.
2. Abid MF, Zablouk MA, Abid-Alameer AM, 2012. Experimental study of dye removal from industrial wastewater by membrane technologies of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 9(17).
3. Ashrafi M, Chamjangali MA, Bagherian G, Goudarzi N, 2017. Application of linear and non-linear methods for modeling removal efficiency of textile dyes from aqueous solutions using magnetic Fe3O4 impregnated onto walnut shell. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 171: 268–279.
4. Attademo L, Bernardini F, Garinella R, Compton MT, 2017. Environmental pollution and risk of psychotic disorders: A review of the science to date. Schizophrenia Research, 181: 55-59.
5. Azzaz AA, Jellali S, Akrout H, Assadi AA, Bousselmi L, 2017. Optimization of a cationic dye removal by a chemically modified agriculture by-product using response surface methodology: biomasses characterization and adsorption properties. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(11): 9831-9846.
6. Bensalah H, Bekheet MF, Younssi SA, Ouammou M, Gurlo A, 2017. Removal of cationic and anionic textile dyes with Moroccan natural phosphate. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5: 2189–2199.
7. Boehm HP, 1966. Chemical Identification of Surface Groups. Advances in Catalysis, 16: 179–274.
8. Boyd GE, Soldano BA, 1953. Self-diffusion of cations in and through sulfonated polystyrene cation-exchange polymers. Journal of American Chemical Society, 75; 60-91.

9. Chakraborty R, Verma R, Asthana A, Vidya SS, Singh AK, 2021. Adsorption of hazardous chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solutions using modified sawdust: kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic modelling. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 101(7): 911-928.
10. Chang Y.-P, Ren C.-L, Yang Q, Zhang Z.-Y, Dong L.-J, Chen X.-G, Xue D.-S, 2011. Preparation and characterization of hexadecyl functionalized magnetic silica nanoparticles and its application in Rhodamine 6G removal. Applied Surface Science, 257: 8610–8616.
11. Dubinin MM, 1989. Fundamentals of theory of adsorption in micropores of carbon adsorbents: charactereristics of their adsorption properties and microporous structures. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 61: 1841-1843.
12. Duran C, Ozdes D, Gundogdu A, Senturk HB, 2011a. Kinetics and Isotherm Analysis of Basic Dyes Adsorption onto Almond Shell (Prunus dulcis) as a Low Cost Adsorbent. Journal of Chemical Engineering Data, 56: 2136-2147.
13. Duran C, Ozdes D, Gundogdu A, Imamoglu M, Senturk HB, 2011b. Tea-industry waste activated carbon, as a novel adsorbent, for separation, preconcentration and speciation of chromium. Analytica Chimica Acta, 688: 75–83.
14. El Hajam M, Idrissi Kandri N, Zerouale A, 2019.Batch adsorption of Brilliant Green dye on raw Beech sawdust: Equilibrium isotherms and kinetic studies. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, 7(3): 431-435.
15. Esmaeili H, Foroutan R, 2019. Adsorptive Behavior of Methylene Blue onto Sawdust of Sour Lemon, Date Palm, and Eucalyptus as Agricultural Wastes. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 40 (7): 990–999.
16. Feng Q, Gao B, Yue Q, Guo K, 2021. Flocculation performance of papermaking sludge-based flocculants in different dye wastewater treatment: Comparison with commercial lignin and coagulants. Chemosphere, 262: 128416.
17. Freundlich HMF, 1906. Über die adsorption in lösungen. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 57: 385-470.
18. Gad YH, Nasef SM, 2021. Radiation synthesis of graphene oxide/composite hydrogels and their ability for potential dye adsorption from wastewater. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 138(41): 51220.
19. Hall KR, Eagleton LC, Acrivos A, Vermeulen T, 1966. Pore- and Solid-Diffusion Kinetics in Fixed-Bed Adsorption Under Constant-Pattern Conditions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 5: 212–223.
20. Haroon M, Wang L, Yu H, Ullah RS, Abdin Z.-ul, Khan RU, Chen Q, Liu J, 2018. Synthesis of carboxymethyl starch-g polyvinylpyrolidones and their properties for the adsorption of Rhodamine 6G and ammonia. Carbohydrate Polymers, 186: 150–158.
21. Helfferich F, 1962. Ion-Exchange, McGraw-Hill, New York, 260-262.
22. Ho YS, Mckay G, 1999. Pseudo-Second Order Model for Sorption Processes. Process Biochemistry, 34: 451-465.
23. Januário EFD, Vidovix TB, Bergamasco R, Vieir AMS, 2021. Performance of a hybrid coagulation/flocculation process followed by modified microfiltration membranes for the removal of solophenyl blue dye. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 168: 108577.
24. Khasri A, Ahmad MA, 2018. Adsorption of basic and reactive dyes from aqueous solution onto Intsia bijuga sawdust-based activated carbon: batch and column study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25: 31508–31519. Kıvanç B, 2011. Adsorpsiyon ve İyon Değişimi Yöntemi İle Sulu Çözeltilerden Fosfat Gideriminin İncelenmesi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Basılmış).
25. Lagergren, S, 1898. About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substance. Kung Sven. Veten. Hand., 24: 1-39.
26. Langmuir I, 1918. The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 40: 1361–1403.
27. Li R, Liu L, Yang F, 2013. Preparation of polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite and its application in adsorption of aqueous Hg(II). Chemical Engineering Journal, 229: 460–468.
28. Lin SH, Juang RS, 2002. Heavy metal removal from water by sorption using surfactant-modified montmorillonite. The Journal of Hazardous Materials, 92: 315–326.
29. Noh JS, Schwarz JA, 1989. Estimation of the Point of Zero Charge of Simple Oxides by Mass Titration. Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 130: 157–64.
30. Ozdes D, Duran C, Senturk HB, Avan H, Bicer B, 2014. Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Evaluation of Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue onto Natural Illitic Clay Mineral. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52: 208–218.
31. Rafiq A, Ikram M, Ali S, Niaz F, Khan M, Khan Q, Maqbool M, 2021. Photocatalytic degradation of dyes using semiconductor photocatalysts to clean industrial water pollution. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 97: 111-128.
32. Ratnamala GM, Deshannavar UB, Munyal S, Tashildar K, Patil S, Shinde A, 2016. Adsorption of Reactive Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Sawdust as Adsorbent: Optimization, Kinetic, and Equilibrium Studies. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 41: 333–344.
33. Reis C, 2019. Rodamin 6G Boyarmaddesinin Karaağaç (Ulmus glabra) ve Dut (Morus alba) Talaşı Üzerine Adsorpsiyonla Atık Sulardan Uzaklaştırılması, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Basılmış).
34. Salzano de Luna M, Greco F, Pastore R, Mensitieri G, Filippone G, Aprea P, Mallamace D, Mallamace F, Chen S.-H, 2021. Tailoring Chitosan/LTA Zeolite Hybrid Aerogels for Anionic and Cationic Dye Adsorption. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22: 5535.
35. Sangon S, Hunt AJ, Ngernyen Y, Youngme S, Supanchaiyamat N, 2021. Rice straw-derived highly mesoporous carbon-zinc oxide nanocomposites as high performance photocatalytic adsorbents for toxic dyes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 318: 128583.
36. Senturk HB, Ozdes D, Duran C, 2010. Biosorption of Rhodamine 6G from aqueous solutions onto almond Shell (Prunus dulcis) as a low cost biosorbent. Desalination, 252: 81–87.
37. Sharma K, Sadhanala HK, Mastai Y, Porat Z, Gedanken A, 2021. Sonochemically Prepared BSA Microspheres as Adsorbents for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water. Langmuir, 37(32): 9927-9938.
38. Suppaso C, Pongkan N, Intachai S, Ogawa M, Khaorapapong N, 2021. Magnetically recoverable β-Ni(OH)2/γ-Fe2O3/NiFe-LDH composites; isotherm, thermodynamic and kinetic studies of synthetic dye adsorption and photocatalytic activity. Applied Clay Science, 213: 106115.
39. Suwunwong T, Patho P, Choto P, Phoungthong K, 2020. Enhancement the rhodamine 6G adsorption property on Fe3O4-composited biochar derived from rice husk. Materials Research Express, 7(2): 025511.
40. Şentürk İ, Yıldız MR, 2020a. Highly efficient removal from aqueous solution by adsorption of Maxilon Red GRL dye using activated pine sawdust. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 37(6): 985-999.
41. Şentürk İ, Yıldız MR, 2020b. Doğal ve Aktive Edilen Çam Talaşı ile Sucul Çözeltiden Adsorpsiyonla Bazik Sarı 28 Giderimi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 9(2): 746-759.
42. Temkin MJ, Pyzhev V, 1940. Recent modifications to Langmuir isotherms, Acta Physicochimica USSR, 12: 217-222.
43. Theamwong N, Intarabumrung W, Sangon S, Aintharabunya S, Ngernyen Y, Hunt AJ, Supanchaiyamat N, 2021. Activated carbons from waste Cassia bakeriana seed pods as high-performance adsorbents for toxic anionic dye and ciprofloxacin antibiotic remediation. Bioresource Technology, 341: 125832.
44. Wang H, Yuan X, Wu Z, Leng L, Zeng G, 2014. Removal of Basic Dye from Aqueous Solution using Cinnamomum camphora Sawdust: Kinetics, Isotherms, Thermodynamics, and Mass-Transfer Processes. Separation Science and Technology (Philadelphia), 49(17): 2689-2699.
45. Weber Jr WJ, Morriss JC, 1963. Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, 89: 31–60.
46. Wei S, Kamali AR, 2021. Waste plastic derived Co3Fe7/CoFe2O4@carbon magnetic nanostructures for efficient dye adsorption. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 886: 161201.
47. Yang M, Liu X, Qi Y, Sun W, Men Y, 2017. Preparation of κ-carrageenan/graphene oxide gel beads and their efficient adsorption for methylene blue. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 506: 669-677.