Investigation of Some Biological Activities of Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. chia

Abstract

Ajuga L., which is an Eastern Mediterranean element, is popularly known as ground pine, dwarf grass, ground cypress, bitter gourd, wormwood, yeast grass (mayasılotu in Turkish) (Zeybek and Zeybek, 1994). Ajuga chamaepitys L. Schreb species has been used since the Middle Ages as a diuretic, antidote for poisonous animal stings, and as an invigorating, wound-healing and diaphoretic plant. This study evaluated antibiofilm, time-kill potential and antioxidant activity of four extracts of A. chamaepitys subsp. chia (Schreb.) Arcang. Crystal violet binding assay were used to determinate antibiofilm activities of extracts against test microorganisms (4 Gram negative, 3 Gram positive and 1yeast). Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl and reducing antioxidant capacity methods. The highest antibiofilm activity was obtained in acetone extract against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and S. aureus ATCC 6538P bacteria. In the time-dependent killing test of plant extracts, microbicidal effect was obtained after 24 hours. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained from plants ethyl acetate extract.

Keywords

• antibiofilm
• time-kill assay
• antioxidant

References

1. Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Karademir SE, Altun M, (2005). Total Antioxidant Capacity Assay of Human Serum Using Copper(II)-Neocuproine as Chromogenic Oxidant: The CUPRAC Method. Free Radical Research, 39: 949-961.
2. Blois MS, (1958). Antiontioxidant Determinations by the Use of a Stable Free Radical. Nature, 181: 1199–1200.
3. Aumeeruddy-Elalfi Z, Gurib-Fakim A, Mahomoodally MF, (2016). Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antibiotic Potentiating Activity of Essential Oils from 10 Tropical Medicinal Plants from Mauritius. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 6(2): 88–95.
4. Bakari S, Daoud A, Felhi S, Smaoui S, Gharsallah N, Kadri A,(2016). Proximate Analysis, Mineral Composition, Phytochemical Contents, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities and GC-MS Investigation of Various Solvent Extracts of Cactus cladode. Food Science and Technology, 37(2): 286-293.
5. Baytop T, (1984). Therapy with Medicinal Plants in Turkey. Istanbul University Press, Istanbul-Turkey.
6. Boakye YD, Agyare C. Andreas H, (2016). Anti-infective Properties and Time-kill Kinetics of Phyllanthus muellerianus and Its Major Constituent, Geraniin. Medicinal Chemistry, 6(2): 95–104.
7. Chen H, Tan RX, Liu ZL, Zhang Y, Yang L, (1996). Antibacterial Neoclerodane Diterpenoids from Ajuga lupulina. Journal of Natural Products, 59: 668-670.
8. Chenni A, Yahia DA, Boukortt FO, Prost J, Lacaille-Dubois MA, Bouchenak M, (2007). Effect of Aqueous Extract of Ajuga iva Supplementation on Plasma Lipid Profile and Tissue Antioxidant Status in Rats Fed a High-cholesterol Diet. Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy, 109: 207-213.

9. Coll J, Tandrón YA, (2008). Neo-clerodane Diterpenoids from Ajuga: Structural Elucidation and Biological activity. Phytochemistry Review, 7: 25- 49.
10. CLSI, (2006). Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Seventh Edition. M07- A7, Villanova, PA, USA.
11. Davis PH, (1982). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands Vol. 7. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
12. Duran Ö, (2015). Çay Olarak Tüketilen Lamiaceae Familyasının Antimutajenik, Antiproliferatif, Antikaryojenik, Antibiyofilm ve Hemostatik Aktivitelerinin İncelenmesi. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Master Thesis (Published).
13. Jakovljević DZ, Vasić SM, Stanković MS, Čomić LR, Topuzović MD, (2015). Secondary Metabolite Content and In vitro Biological Effects of Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) schreb. subsp. chamaepitys. Archives of Biological Sciences, 67(4): 1195-1202.
14. Haşimi N, (2012). Ajuga vestita ve Ajuga xylorrhiza Bitkilerinin Petrol Eteri, Aeton ve Metanol Ekstrelerinin Bazı Biyolojik Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi. Dicle University Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Doctorate Thesis (Published).
15. Khan NH, nur-E Kamal MSA, Rahman M, (1988). Antibacterial Activity of Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 87: 395–397.
16. Khan I, Khan U, Khan W, Subhan M, Nawaz MA, Pervez S, Khan K, Jan AK, Ahmad A, (2017). Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Potential of Leaves Extracts of Mirabilis jalapa L. and Ajuga bracteosa Wall. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pure and Applied Biology, 6(2): 605-613.
17. Mamadalieva NZ, El-Readi MZ, Ovidi E, Ashour ML, Hamoud R, Sagdullaev SS, Azimova SS, Tiezzi A, Wink M, (2013). Antiproliferative, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Chemical Constituents of Ajuga turkestanica. Phytopharmacology, 4(1): 1-18.
18. Marc EB, Nelly A, Annick DD, Frederic, D, (2008). Plants Used as Remedies Antirheumatic and Antineuralgic in the Traditional Medicine of Lebanon. Journal of. Ethnopharmacology, 20: 315-334. Merritt JH, Kadouri DE, O'Toole GA, (2005). Growing and Analyzing Static Biofilms. Current Protocols of Microbiology, 1(1): 17.
19. Miti ´c, VD, Stankov-Jovanovi ´c VP, Jovanovi ´c O P, Pali ´c IR, Djordjevi ´c AS, Stojanovi ´c GS, (2011). Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Hydrodistilled Essential Oil of Serbian Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreber ssp. chia (Schreber) Arcangeli. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 23 (6): 70-74.
20. Orhan I, Deliorman-Orhan D, Özçelik B, (2009). Antiviral Activity and Cytotoxicity of the Lipophilic Extracts of Various Edible Plants and Their Fatty Acids. Food Chemistry, 115: 701-705.
21. Salem MAH, (2017). Lamiaceae Familyasına ait Bazı Türlerin Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesinin İncelenmesi. Kastamonu University Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Master Thesis (Published).
22. Saraç N, Uğur A, (2007). Antimicrobial Activities and Usage in Folkloric Medicine of Some Lamiaceae Species Growing in Mugla, Turkey. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 4: 28-37.
23. Subaşı E, (2020). Dirençli Acinetobacter baumannii Suşlarıyla Geliştirilen Enfeksiyonlarda Sulbaktam/Kolistin ve Meropenem/Kolistin Kombinasyon Tedavi Etkinliğinin Galleria mellonella Deneysel Modelinde In vivo Olarak Araştırılması. Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Institute of Health Sciences, Master Thesis (Published).
24. Türkoğlu S, Türkoğlu I, Kahyaoglu M, Celık S, (2010). Determination of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Turkish Endemic Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. subsp. euphratica P.H.Davis (Lamiaceae). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(13): 1260- 1268.
25. Ulcay S. (2021). Morphological, anatomical and ecological features of Ajuga salicifolia (L.) Schreb. (Lamiaceae) with natural spreading. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 25(1): 230-239.
26. Ulukanlı Z, Ulukanlı S, Ozbay H, Ilcim A, Tuzcu M. (2005). Antimicrobial activities of some plants from the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Farmasötik Biyoloji, 43(4): 334-339.
27. Vambe M, Aremu AO, Chukwujekwu JC, Finnie JF, Van Staden J, (2018). Antibacterial Screening, Synergy Studies and Phenolic Content of Seven South African Medicinal Plants Against Drug-Sensitive and Resistant Microbial Strains. South African Journal of Botany, 114: 250-259.
28. Yıldırım EE, (2011). Çeşitli Antibiyotik Kombinasyonlarının Çoğul Dirençli Acinetobacter spp. ve Pseudomonas spp. Bakterilerine in-vitro Etkileri. İstanbul University Institute of Health Sciences, Master Thesis (Published).