Determination of Gossypol Levels of Cottonseed Meal Produced in the Southeastern Anatolia Region

Abstract

The levels of free and total gossypol and the raw nutrient content (crude protein, crude oil, dry matter, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) in cottonseed meals that are produced in Southeastern Anatolia were determined in the present study. Gossypol and raw nutrient content analyses were carried out by using the cottonseed meal samples obtained from 12 different cottonseed oil factories located in Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman, Batman, Mardin, and Gaziantep. As a result of the present study, free gossypol levels in the cottonseed meal samples were 1937, 1878, 1916, 1845, 1442, and 1528 mg/kg, respectively. The free gossypol contents in the cottonseed meal samples obtained from Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman, and Batman provinces were statistically significantly higher when compared to samples obtained from Mardin and Gaziantep (p<0.05). The crude protein and oil levels of the cottonseed meal samples were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the samples had an average protein content of 26% to 32% and an average crude oil content of 4% to 7%. There was no significant difference among the provinces (p>0.05), except for Gaziantep, where the samples had significantly lower oil and significantly higher protein content (p<0.001). The analysis also showed that the dry matter content of all samples varied from 88% to 91%, while the crude ash values averaged between 4% and 7%, which are within the standard range.

Keywords

• Cotton seed meal
• Free gossypol
• Total gossypol
• Feed

Supporting Institution

Scientific Research Projects Directorate of Van Yüzüncü Yıl University

Project Number

FYL-2019-7952

References

1. Abou-Donia, M. B. (1976). Physiological effects and metabolism of gossypol. Residue Reviews: Residues of Pesticides and Other Contaminants in the Total Environment, 125-160.
2. AOAC. (2000). Official methods of analysis (17th ed.).
3. AOCS. (1987a). Free gossypol. Ba 7-58. In D. Firestone (Ed.), Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society: Champaign, IL.
4. AOCS. (1987b). Total gossypol. Ba 8-78. In D. Firestone (Ed.), fficial Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society: Champaign,IL.
5. AOCS. (2005). Official procedure, approved procedure Am 5-04, Rapid determination of oil/fat utilizing high temperature solvent extraction: Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Urbana, IL.
6. Aslam, M. H., Khan, N., Fatima, M., Rashid, M. A., & Davies, S. J. (2024). Effect of replacing soybean meal with cotton seed meal with or without supplementation of lysine on different biological traits of Catla catla. Pakistan J. Zool. 2024, 1-9. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/ 20231129124515
7. Bayındır, O. (2015). Determinations of variations in the nutrient compositions of feed materials used in the compound feed manufacturing in the Konya province. (Science of Master MSc. Thesis). Selçuk University, Konya.
8. Berardi, L. C., & Goldblatt, L. A. (1980). Gossypol In I. E. Liener (Ed.), Toxic Contituents of Plant Foodstuff (pp. 212-266). New York: Academic Press.

9. Braham, J., Jarquin, R., Bressani, R., González, J., & Elías, L. (1967). Effect of gossypol on the iron-binding capacity of serum in swine. The Journal of Nutrition, 93(2), 241-248.
10. Canikli, A., Yıldırım, A., Erdem, H., & Genç, N. (2023). Nutritional composition, antioxidant activity and gossypol level of Nazilli glandless cottonseed, cottonseed kernel and their cold-pressed meal. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 12(59), 1-12.
11. Cope, R. B. (2018). Cottonseed toxicity. In Veterinary Toxicology (pp. 967-980): Elsevier.
12. Dodou, K. (2005). Investigations on gossypol: past and present developments. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 14(11), 1419-1434.
13. Dowd, M. K., & Pelitire, S. M. (2001). Recovery of gossypol acetic acid from cottonseed soapstock. Industrial crops and products, 14(2), 113-123.
14. EFSA. (2008). Scientific opinion. Gossypol as undesirable substance in animal. EFSA J, 908, 1-55.
15. European Commission. (2011). Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 June 2011 amending Annex I to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum levels for nitrite, melamine, Ambrosia spp. and carry-over of certain coccidiostats and histomonostats and consolidating Annexes I and II thereto 574/2011/EC. In Official Journal, : L 159/7, 17/06/2011.
16. Francis, G., Makkar, H. P., & Becker, K. (2001). Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture, 199(3-4), 197-227.
17. Gadelha, I. C. N., Fonseca, N. B. S., Oloris, S. C. S., Melo, M. M., & Soto-Blanco, B. (2014). Gossypol toxicity from cottonseed products. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1-11. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/231635
18. He, T., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Wu, S., Yue, H., & Qi, G. (2015). Application of low-gossypol cottonseed meal in laying hens’ diet. Poultry Science, 94(10), 2456-2463.
19. Holmberg, C., Weaver, L., Guterbock, W., Genes, J., & Montgomery, P. (1988). Pathological and toxicological studies of calves fed a high concentration cotton seed meal diet. Veterinary Pathology, 25(2), 147-153.
20. Hron, R., Kim, H., Calhoun, M., & Fisher, G. (1999). Determination of (+)-,(−)-, and total gossypol in cottonseed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 76, 1351-1355.
21. Hron, R., Kuk, M., & Abraham, G. (1990). Determination of free and total gossypol by high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 67(3), 182-187.
22. Lv, L., Xiong, F., Liu, Y., Pei, S., He, S., Li, S., & Yang, H. (2024). The rumen-derived Lact. mucosae LLK-XR1 exhibited greater free gossypol degradation capacity during solid-state fermentation of cottonseed meal and probiotic potential. BMC Microbiology, 24(15), 1-14.
23. Mbahinzireki, Dabrowski, Lee, & Wisner. (2001). Growth, feed utilization and body composition of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) fed with cottonseed meal‐based diets in a recirculating system. Aquaculture Nutrition, 7(3), 189-200.
24. Morgan, S. E. (1989). Gossypol as a toxicant in livestock. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice, 5(2), 251-262.
25. Nagalakshmi, D., Rao, S. V. R., Panda, A. K., & Sastry, V. R. (2007). Cottonseed meal in poultry diets: a review. The Journal of Poultry Science, 44(2), 119-134.
26. NRC. (1994). Nutrient requirements of poultry (Ninth Revised ed.). Washington, D.C., USA: National Academy Press.
27. Pons, W. A., & Eaves, P. H. (1967). Aqueous acetone extraction of cottonseed. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 44(7), 460-464.
28. Randel, R., Chase Jr, C., & Wyse, S. (1992). Effects of gossypol and cottonseed products on reproduction of mammals. Journal of Animal Science, 70(5), 1628-1638.
29. Rathore, K. S., Pandeya, D., Campbell, L. M., Wedegaertner, T. C., Puckhaber, L., Stipanovic, R. D., . . . Hake, K. (2020). Ultra-low gossypol cottonseed: selective gene silencing opens up a vast resource of plant-based protein to improve human nutrition. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 39(1), 1-29.
30. Reiser, R., & Fu, H. C. (1962). The mechanism of gossypol detoxification by ruminant animals. The Journal of Nutrition, 76(2), 215-218.
31. Ricci, B., Canestrari, G., Pizzamiglio, V., Biancardi, A., Merialdi, G., Giacometti, F., . . . Formigoni, A. (2015). Gossypol content of cotton free commercial feed for dairy cows. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 4(2), 82-84. doi:https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2015.5174
32. Risco, C. A., Holmberg, C. A., & Kutches, A. (1992). Effect of graded concentrations of gossypol on calf performance: toxicological and pathological considerations. Journal of Dairy Science, 75(10), 2787-2798.
33. Robinson, P., Getachew, G., De Peters, E., & Calhoun, M. (2001). Influence of variety and storage for up to 22 days on nutrient composition and gossypol level of Pima cottonseed (Gossypium spp.). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 91(3-4), 149-156.
34. SAS. (2017). SAS/STAT® version 14.3. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
35. Scheffler, J. A., & Romano, G. B. (2008). Modifying gossypol in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): a cost effective method. The Journal of Cotton Science, 12, 202-209.
36. Stipanovic, R. D., Lopez, J. D., Dowd, M. K., Puckhaber, L. S., & Duke, S. E. (2006). Effect of racemic and (+)-and (−)-gossypol on the survival and development of Helicoverpa zea larvae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 32, 959-968.
37. Tanksley, T. D. (1990). Cottonseed meal. In P. A. Thacker & R. N. Krikwood (Eds.), Non-traditional Feed Sources for Use in Swine Production (pp. 139–151): CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.
38. Tegtmeier, D., Hurka, S., Klüber, P., Brinkrolf, K., Heise, P., & Vilcinskas, A. (2021). Cottonseed press cake as a potential diet for industrially farmed black soldier fly larvae triggers adaptations of their bacterial and fungal gut microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 634503.
39. Tuncer, Ş. D., & Yalçın, S. (1986). A study of the determination of gossypol levels of cottonseed meals produced in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2(1), 125-134.
40. Umur, H., Kütükoğlu, F., Ekşi Karaağaç, H., & Kara, S. (2019). Farklı Protein İçerikli Pamuk Tohumu Küspelerinin HPLC Yöntemi ile Gossipol Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Gıda ve Yem Bilimi Teknolojisi Dergisi, (21), 18-25.
41. van Soest, P., Robertson, J., & Lewis, B. (1991). Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Sci., 74(10), 3583-3597.
42. Mageshwaran, V., Satankar, V., & Paul, S. (2024). Solid-State fermentation for gossypol detoxification and nutritive enrichment of cottonseed cake: A scale-up of batch fermentation process. BioResources, 19(1), 1107-1118.
43. Wang, W., Li, J., Liu, J., Ren, M., & Li, F. (2023). Utilising cottonseed in animal feeding: A dialectical perspective. Modern Agriculture, 1(2), 112-121.
44. Yeşil, E. (2010). Ülkemizde hayvan beslemede kullanılan bazı HP ek yemlerinin HP ve amino asit kompozisyonlarının belirlenmesi. (Master of Science MSc. Thesis). Selçuk University, Konya.
45. Zhang, W.-J., Xu, Z.-R., Zhao, S.-H., Sun, J.-Y., & Yang, X. (2007). Development of a microbial fermentation process for detoxification of gossypol in cottonseed meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 135(1-2), 176-186.