Development, Characterization, and Catalytic Performance of MIL-53(Al)-Supported Ruthenium Nanoclusters in the Reduction of Nitrophenol Derivatives

Abstract

Nitrophenols are pollutants with high toxicity and bioaccumulation potential, posing a serious threat to the environment. Reducing these compounds to less harmful amine derivatives is of great importance for environmental protection and sustainable chemical applications. In this study, the catalytic performance of the Ru/MIL-53(Al) nanocatalyst in the reduction of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) was investigated. Kinetic analyses revealed turnover frequency (TOF) values of 56.19 1/min for 4-NP and 24.21 1/min for 2-NP, indicating that the reduction of 4-NP is kinetically more favorable. Thermodynamic evaluations showed that the reaction rates increased with temperature and proceeded via an activation-controlled pathway. The MIL-53(Al) support prevented the aggregation of Ru nanoparticles, thereby enhancing the structural stability of the catalyst. Reusability tests demonstrated that the catalyst retained 89.6% of its initial activity for 2-NP and 85.9% for 4-NP even after five consecutive cycles. These findings highlight that the Ru@MIL-53(Al) nanocatalyst offers a highly efficient, stable, and environmentally friendly catalytic system for the reduction of nitrophenols.

Keywords

• Nitrophenol
• MIL53-(Al)
• Catalyst
• Ru

MIL-53(Al) Destekli Rutenyum Nanokümelerinin Geliştirilmesi, Karakterizasyonu ve Nitrofenol Türevlerinin İndirgenmesinde Katalitik Performanslarının Araştırılması

Abstract

Nitrofenoller, toksik ve biyobirikim potansiyeli yüksek kirleticiler olup çevresel açıdan ciddi tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Bu bileşiklerin daha az zararlı amin türevlerine indirgenmesi, çevre sağlığı ve sürdürülebilir kimya uygulamaları için büyük önem taşır. Bu çalışmada, Ru/MIL-53(Al) nanokatalizörünün 2-nitrofenol (2-NP) ve 4-nitrofenol (4-NP) indirgenmesindeki etkinliği araştırılmıştır. Kinetik analizler sonucunda 4-NP için dönüşüm frekansı (TOF) 56.19 1/dk, 2-NP için ise 24.21 1/dk olarak bulunmuş; böylece 4-NP indirgenmesinin kinetik açıdan daha avantajlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Termodinamik değerlendirmeler, reaksiyon hızlarının sıcaklık artışıyla yükseldiğini ve sürecin aktivasyon kontrollü ilerlediğini göstermiştir. MIL-53(Al) desteği, Ru nanoparçacıklarının agregasyonunu engelleyerek katalizörün kararlılığını artırmıştır. Yeniden kullanılabilirlik testleri, beş döngü sonunda 2-NP için %89.6, 4-NP için ise %85.9 oranında aktivitenin korunduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, Ru@MIL-53(Al) nanokatalizörünün nitrofenollerin indirgenmesinde yüksek verimli, kararlı ve çevre dostu bir katalitik sistem sunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

• Nitrofenol
• MIL-53(Al)
• Katalizör
• Ru

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