Sürdürülebilir Soğutma Sistemleri İçin Düşük-GWP’li Soğutucu Akışkanların Kapsamlı 3E (Enerji, Ekserji, Çevresel) Analizi ve Çok Kriterli Seçimi

Abstract

R404A gibi yüksek GWP'li soğutucu akışkanların kullanımının kademeli olarak azaltılması, endüstriyel soğutma sistemlerinde yeni soğutucu akışkan arayışlarını hızlandırmıştır. Bu çalışmada, hem saf hem de karışım halindeki 9 adet düşük GWP’li aday soğutucu akışkanın performansı ve çevresel etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Enerji, ekserji ve çevresel (3E) analiz sonuçları, çok kriterli karar verme (ÇKKV) yöntemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma aralığı olarak sistemin buharlaşma sıcaklıkları -20°C ile 0°C arası kabul edilmiştir. Yoğuşma sıcaklığı için ise üç farklı değer (35°C, 40°C ve 45°C) kullanılmıştır. Termodinamik analiz sonucunda, sistemin enerji tüketimi ve toplam ekserji yıkımı farklı koşullar için hesaplanmıştır. Çevresel etkiler, Toplam Eşdeğer Isınma Etkisi (TEWI) kullanılarak modellenmiştir. TOPSIS tabanlı çok kriterli yaklaşım, incelenen çalışma koşulları için en uygun soğutucu akışkanın R1234ze(E) olduğunu belirlemiştir. Genel değerlendirmede R1234ze(E)'yi R290 ve R454B takip etmiştir. Sonuç olarak R1234ze(E), performans ve güvenlik açısından yaygın olarak kullanılan R404A'ya karşı uzun vadeli bir alternatif olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Öte yandan R290, yanıcılığı nedeniyle düzenlemelerin izin verdiği uygulamalarda en iyi doğal soğutucu akışkan olma özelliğini korumaktadır.

Keywords

• Düşük küresel ısınma potansiyeli
• 3E analizi
• Toplam eşdeğer ısınma etkisi
• Çok kriterli karar verme

Comprehensive 3E (Energy, Exergy, Environmental) Analysis and Multi-Criteria Selection of Low-GWP Refrigerants for Sustainable Refrigeration Systems

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive 3E (Energy, Exergy, Environmental) analysis and multi-criteria selection of nine low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants as alternatives to R404A in commercial refrigeration systems. Thermodynamic calculations were performed using the REFPROP 10.0 database for evaporation temperatures between -20 °C and 0 °C and condensation temperatures between 35 °C and 45 °C. Environmental effects were also evaluated for the same temperatures. The TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method was applied with base-case criteria weights of Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) (40%), Exergy Efficiency (35%), and COP (25%). R1234ze(E) achieved Rank 1 in 13 of the 15 operating conditions; R290 led at the remaining two, where it marginally outperforms R1234ze(E) on all three criteria simultaneously. Sensitivity analysis across five weight scenarios confirmed the robustness of these rankings under all tested weight distributions. The choice between R1234ze(E) and R290 represents an operational sustainability trade-off: R1234ze(E) offers practical safety advantages (A2L) for retrofit applications, while R290 provides superior environmental credentials (GWP = 3, PFAS-free) for new installations. All top-ranked refrigerants comply with the GWP thresholds of the Kigali Amendment and the EU F-Gas Regulation (2024), confirming their long-term regulatory viability.

Keywords

• Low-GWP refrigerants
• 3E analysis
• TEWI
• TOPSIS

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