Water Supply in Selected Villages in Katsina State-Nigeria

Abstract

This paper presents a report on water resources and water supply of four villages in Katsina state, Nigeria. The four villages (Kurechidutsi, Dogoruwa, Unguwar Mangoro and Kwari) were visited. Data were col- lected on the magnitude of water supply problems, the existence and bio-engineering assessment of water quality in the area was conducted. The quality of raw and treated water from sources of water were measured at the site and in the laboratory using standard methods and procedures. The study revealed that the predominant species of the fungi was Aspergillus sp having 33.3% occurrence and 12.5% each of Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp, Neurospora sp, Fusarium sp and Botrytis sp. The fungi were tentatively identi ed based on their cultural and mor- phological characteristics. Eighteen different bacterial species belonging to six different genera were isolated from the water samples. The most frequently encountered bacteria were the Enterobacter sp. with 33.2% occurrence followed by Klebsiella sp.(17.5%), Pseudomonas sp. (17.1%), and Escherichia sp. with 16.5% occurrence each. Shigella sp. has 10.1% occurrence while the Proteus sp. has the least with 5.6% occurrence. It was concluded in the study that there is a water supply problem due to poor water quality. 

Keywords

• water supply,water quality,gender,religion,villages

Nijerya’nın Katsine Eyaletinde Bulunan Seçilmiş Köylerin Su Rezervi

Abstract

Bu makale, Nijerya’nın Katsina eyaletinde bulunan dört köyün su kaynakları ve rezervi konusunda bir rapor sunmaktadır. Dört köy (Kurechidutsi, Dogoruwa, Unguwar Mangoro ve Kwari) ziyaret edilmiştir. Su temini ile ile problemlere ilişkin veri toplandı ve incelenen alanda su kalitesinin varlığı ve biyo-mühendisliğine ilişkin değerlendirmeler yapıldı. Bu bölgede, su kaynaklarından temin edilen saf ve arıtılmış suyun kalitesi, laboratuvarda standart metod ve prosedürler kullanılarak ölçüldü. Çalışmada, en etkili mantar türlerinin; Aspergillus sp (%33.3), ve Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp, Neurospora sp, Fusarium sp ve Botrytis sp.nin her birinin (%12.5) eşit oranda tespit edildiği gözlenmiştir. Bu mantarlar, geçici olarak kültürel ve morfolojik özelliklerine göre tanım- lanmıştır. Alınan su örneklerinden, altı farklı cinse ait olan 18 farklı bakteri türü izole edilmiştir. En çok sıklıkla karşılaşılan bakteri, %33.2 ile Enterobacter sp. olmuştur. Bu bakteriyi, karşılaşma oranı bakımından Klebsiella sp.(%17.5), Pseudomonas sp. (%17.1), ve Escherichia sp. (16.5%) bakterileri izlemiştir. Shigella sp. için bu oran 10.1% olmakla birlikte en düşük oran Proteus sp. (5.6%) aittir. Bu çalışmada, kötü su kalitesi nedeniyle bir su re- zerv probleminin olduğu saptanmıştır. 

Keywords

• Bölge,Cinsiyet,Köy,Su temini,Su kalitesi

References

1. APHA, 1998. Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edn, America Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington DC.
2. Belan, F. 1981.Water Treatment. 1st edition, Mir Publisher Moscow.
3. Boschi-Pinto, C., Velebit, L. Shibuya, K. 2008. Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull. World Health Organ. 86, 710–717.
4. Eliufoo, H. and N.J. Marobhe. 1998. Deforestation and Energy the Challenges to Women in Handeni District Journal of Building and Land Development, 5 (3): 38-44.
5. Encyclopaedia, 2001. “Sewage Disposal”, Microsoft® Encarta®. © Microsoft Corporation.
6. FEPA. 1991. “Guidelines to Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria”, Federal Environmental Protection Agen- cy (FEPA), Lagos.
7. Gleick, P.H., 2002. Estimated deaths from water related diseases 2000-2020. Research Report, 15th August 2002. California: Paci c Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security.
8. Howard, G., J. Bartram., 2003. Domestic Water Quality, Service Level and Health. Geneva: WHO.

9. Humenick, M.J., 1977. Water and Wastewater Treatment, Calcula- tions for Chemical and Physical Processes. 1st edn,. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York.
10. John De Zuane, P.E., 1996. Handbook of Drinking Water Quality. 2nd Edn, Van Nostrand Reinhold, Toronto.
11. Marobhe, N. J., Gunno, R., Gunnar, J., 2007. The Study of Water Supply and Traditional Water Puri cation Knowledge in Se- lected Rural Villages in Tanzania. Tribes and Tribals, Special Volume No. 1: 111-120.
12. Metcalf and Eddy Inc. 1991. Wastewater Engineering Treatment Disposal and Reuse, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
13. Ogunfowokan, A.O.; Okoh, E.K; Adenuga, A.A. O.I. Asubiojo., 2005.An Assessment of the Impact of Point Source Pollution from a University Sewage Treatment Oxidation Pond on a Re- ceiving Stream-A Preliminary Study. Journal of Applied Sci- ences 5 (1): 36-43.
14. Oladipo, A. A., Oluyenmi, E.A., Tubosun, I.A.; Fasisi, M.K., Ibitoye, F.I. 2005.Chemical Examination of Ikogosi Warm Spring in South Western Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences.
15. Preston, K.; Daniele, L., Nadine, K., Kristen J., 2010.Turbidity and chlorine demand reduction using alum and moringa occu- lation before household chlorination in developing countries. Journal of Water and Health, 08.(1), 60 -71.
16. Sawyer, C.N., McCarty, P.L., 2004. Chemistry for sanitary Engi- neers, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Toronto.
17. Steel, E.W., McGhee, J.T., 1991. Water Supply and Sewerage, 1st edn, McGraw Hill Book Company, Tokyo.
18. Tebbutt, T. H. Y., 1991. Principles of Water Quality Control, 3rd edn, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
19. USAID., 1984. Helping Ghana Search for Water, WASH Technical Report No. 132, Arlington, Virginia.
20. WHO., 2002. Annual report on World Health Organization country of ce operational activities in the health sector. Dar es Sa- laam: WHO - Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
21. WHO. The Global Water Supply and sanitation Assessment 2000. Retrived 28 December 2004, from.(2003)