Development and Life Types of Parasitic Flowering Plants

Abstract

Parasitic owering plants, occupied an important place in the kingdom of plants, have been interesting for researchers because they have different features. These plants have been classi ed in a very simple manner; however developments in the science of biology requires re-classi cation. Not only morphological and anatomical features but also differences in physiology and life cycle stages should be taken into account for re- classi cation. Parasitic owering plants represent about 1% of angiosperms plants in bio-diversity of the earth and they have got 22 angiosperm family and 270 genera, consequently have got approximately 4,000 parasitic owering plant species. The main distinguishing feature of parasitic owering plants is their “haustorium” which is plant parts for attachment to their hosts and penetration to host’s xylem and oem. Discovery and investigation of haustorium structure caused re-classi cation of some heterotrophic plants which were previously described as parasitic plants. Host plants are very important for completion of the parasitic plants life cycle. Parasitic-host plants interactions support seed germination, haustorium formation, nutrition types and selection of host. Different biochemical stimulant molecules are effective on these important processes. Parasitic plants were grouped by holo and hemiparasite previously depending on host cell dependencies but due to new ndings, they have been grouped again. 

Keywords

• Parasitic owering plants,haustorium,angiosperm

Parazit Çiçekli Bitkilerin Gelişimi ve Hayat Tipleri

Abstract

Bitkiler âleminde önemli bir yeri işgal eden parazit çiçekli bitkiler, sahip oldukları farklı özelliklerden dolayı araştırıcıların ilgisini çekmişlerdir. Son yıllara kadar basit bir şekilde gruplandırılan bu bitkiler, biyoloji bilimindeki gelişmeler ışığında tekrar araştırılmaktadır. Morfolojik ve anatomik özelliklerinin yanı sıra zyolojileri ve hayat döngülerinin bazı aşamalarındaki farklılıklar yeniden dikkate alınan özelliklerdir. Yeryüzünün biyolojik çeşitliliğinde parazit çiçekli bitkiler, angiospermlerin yaklaşık %1’ini kapsar ve 22 angiosperm familyasında 20 cins ile yaklaşık 4000 bitki türüne sahiptir. Parazit çiçekli bitkilerin başlıca ayırt edici özelliği; konukçularına tutunmayı ve beslenmeyi sağlayan havstoryumlarıdır. Havstoryum yapılarının keş ve incelenmesi daha önce parazit bitkiler olarak tanımlanan birçok hetetro k bitki türünün farklı gruplarda değerlendirilmesine neden olmuştur. Parazit bitkilerin hayat döngülerinin tamamlanmasında konukçu organizmalar oldukça önemlidir. Tohum çimlenmesinden havstoryum oluşumuna, beslenme şekillerinden konukçu seçimine kadar birçok özelliğin konukçu- parazit arasındaki ilişkilere dayandığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca konukçu organizmalardan salınan farklı biyokimyasal uyarıcıların da parazit çiçekli bitkilerin gelişiminde etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Konukçuya bağımlılıklarına göre parazit bitkiler önceleri tam ve yarı parazit olarak gruplandırılmışsa da elde edilen yeni bulgularla daha detaylı bir gruplandırma yapılmıştır. 

Keywords

• Parazit çiçekli bitkiler,havstoryum,angiosperm,morfoloji

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