In vitro Micrografting of Woody Plant Species-I (Rootstock, Scion, Grafting Technique)

Abstract

In vitro micrografting is a propagation technique, involving the grafting of relatively miniature cuttings under axenic culture conditions and it is one of the recent developed propagation techniques  compared to other conventional vegetative propagation techniques. This method overcomes some of the limitations of shoot tip culture and grafting, while it also keeps together the advantages of both methods. Micrografting was applied for the eradication viruses and pathogens from some fruit species and cultivars during the frst application period, but later, the technique was further developed on various woody plant species in different research areas of plant physiology and development. These includes physiological rejuvenation and incompatibility grafting as a prerequisite for the clonally propagation of mature genotypes of many woody species. Consequently, in vitro micrografting is used in large scale propagation and an original technique which needs experience by overcoming the disadvantages of other propagation technique. It also enables to examine in detail the genetic similarities and differences between the tissues and cells. The aims of this study were (1) to review how micrografting studies passed a process from 1970s until today, frst started to obtain virus-free plants from citrus; (2) to reveal what kind of work has been presented particularly on the plant breeding and propagation of the woody plant species, including the type of fruit breeding and reproduction and (3) and to present those studies in a specifc order 

Keywords

• Grafting
• in-vitro
• scion

Odunsu Bitki Türlerinde İn-vitro Aşılama-I (Anaç, Kalem, Aşı Tekniği)

Abstract

İn-vitro aşılama, aksenik kültür koşullarında minyatür aşı kalemlerinin aşılanmasını kapsayan ve diğer tekniklere nazaran en son vejetatif çoğaltım tekniklerinden biridir. Bu yöntem, sürgün ucu kültürü ve aşılamanın bazı sınırlayıcı özelliklerinin üstesinden gelmekle birlikte, her iki metodun avantajlarını da bir arada bulundurmaktadır. İlk uygulandığı zamanlarda bazı meyve tür ve çeşitlerindeki virüs ve benzeri endojen patojenlerin eradikasyonu için geliştirilen in-vitro aşılama, bitki gelişim ve fzyolojisinin farklı alanlarında çeşitli odunsu bitki türlerinde hızla gelişmiştir. Bunlar birçok odunsu türlerin olgun genotiplerinin klonal çoğaltımında bir ön koşul olarak fzyolojik rejuvenasyonu ve aşıda uyuşmazlığı da kapsamaktadır. Sonuç olarak in-vitro aşılama, yoğun olarak kullanılan ve diğer vejatatif çoğaltım metodlarında bulunan olumsuzlukların üstesinden gelebilmek için daha çok düşünülmeyi ve kullanılmayı hak eden orijinal ve tecrübe gerektiren bir tekniktir. Doku ve hücreler arasındaki genetik benzerlik ve farklılıkların ayrıntılı incelenmesine imkan sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1970’li yıllarda  turunçgillerde virüsten ari bitki üretimi amacıyla başlayan in-vitro aşılama çalışmalarının günümüze kadar nasıl bir süreçten geçtiği ve özellikle meyve türlerinin de dahil olduğu odunsu bitki türlerinde bitki ıslahı ve çoğaltımı amacıyla ne tür çalışmaların yapıldığının ortaya çıkarılması ve belli bir düzende sunulmasıdır.

Keywords

• Aşılama
• in-vitro
• kalem

References

1. Alskief J, Villemur P, 1978. Greffage in vitro d’apex sur des plantules décapitées de pommier (Malus pumilla Mill). Comptes Rendus Académie des Sciences, Paris, Serie D, 287: 1115-1118.
2. Burger D W, 1985. Micrografting: a tool for the plant propagator. Combined Proceedings of International Plant Propagators’ Society, 34: 244-248.
3. Cantos M, Ale´s G, Troncoso A, 1995. Morphological and anatomical aspects of cleft micrografting of grape explants in vitro. Acta Horticulturae, 388:135-139.
4. Chabukswar M M, Deodhar M A, 2006. Restoration of rooting competence in a mature plant of Garcinia indica through serial shoot tip grafting in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae, 108: 194-199.
5. Colin J, Verhoyen M, 1976. Micrografts with meristematic tissues, a possible technique to eliminate viruses from Prunus trees. Acta Horticulturae, 67:97-102.
6. Cortizo M, Alonso P, Fernández B, Rodríguez A, Centeno M L, Ordás R J, 2004. Micrografting of mature stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) trees. Annals of Forest Science, 61: 843-845.
7. Crézé J, 1984. Où en sommes-nous de la greffe d’apex de camellia. Jardins de France, Mars 1984: 104-105.
8. Danthu P, Soloviev P, Touré M A, Gay e A, 2002a. Propagation végétative d’une variété améliorée de jujubier introduite au Sénégal. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 272: 93-96.

9. Danthu P, Touré M A, Soloviev P, Sagna P 2004. Propagation of Ornamental Plants Vegetative propagation of Ziziphus mauritiana var. Gola by micrografting and its potential for dissemination in the Sahelian zone. Agroforestry Systems, 60: 247-253.
10. Deogratias J M., Lutz A, Dosba F, 1986. Microgreffage d’apex de cerisiers (Prunus avium L.) multipliés in vitro en vue de l’élimination de trois types de particules virales. Fruits, 41: 675-680.
11. Detrez C, 1994. Shoot production through cutting culture and micrografting from mature tree explants in Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne subsp. Raddiana (Savi) Brenan. Agroforestry Systems, 25: 171-179.
12. Dumas E, Franclet A, Monteuuis O, 1989. Microgreffage de méristèmes primaires caulinaires de pins maritimes (Pinus pinaster Ait.) âgés sur de jeunes semis cultivés in vitro. Comptes Rendus Académie des Sciences, Paris, 309 (III): 723-728.
13. Edriss M H, Burger D W, 1984. In vitro propagation of Troyer citrange from epicotyl segments. Scientia Horticulturae, 23: 159-162.
14. Ewald D, Kretzschmar U, 1996. The influence of micrografting ‘in vitro’ on tissue culture behaviour and vegetative propagation of old European larch trees. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 44: 249-252.
15. Ewald D, Putenikhin V P, Matschke J, 1991. Mikropfropfung adulter Koniferen. Allgemeine Forst-Zeitschrift, 17: 878-880.
16. Fraga M F, Cañal M J, Aragonés A, Rodríguez R, 2002. Factors involved in Pinus radiata D. Don. micrografting. Annals of Forest Science, 59:155-161.
17. Gebhardt K, Goldba H, 1988. Establishment, graft union characteristics and growth of Prunus micrografts. Physiologia Plantarum, 72: 153-159.
18. George EF, 1993. Plant propagation by tissue Culture, 2nd Ed. Exegetics Ltd. Hardcover Part 1. The Technology. 574 pp.
19. Goldfarb B, McGill G E, Hackett W P, Monteuuis O, 1992. In vitro culture and micrografting of White pine meristems. Proceedings of the International Plant Propagators’ Society, 42: 412-414.
20. Hackett W P, 1985. Juvenility, maturation and rejuvenation in woody plants. Horticultural Review 7: 109-155.
21. Hartmann H T, Kester D E, Davies Jr F T, Geneve R L, 1997. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Sixth edition, 770 pp.
22. Huang L C, Lius S, Huang B L, Murashige T, Mahdi E F M, Van Gundy R, 1992a. Rejuvenation of Sequoia sempervirens by repeated graftingof shoot tips onto juvenile rootstocks in vitro: A model for phase reversal of trees. Plant Physiology,98: 166-173.
23. Huang L C, Chen W L, Chiu D S, 1988. In vitro graft-enhanced nucellar plant development in the mono embryonic Citrus grandis L. Journal of Horticultural Science, 63: 705-709.
24. Huang S, Millikan D F, 1980. In vitro micrografting of apple shoot-tips. Hortscience, 15: 741-743.
25. Jonard R, Hugard J, Macheix J J, Martinez J, Mosella-Chancel L, Poessel J L, Villemur P, 1983. In vitro micrografting and its applications to fruit science. Scientia Horticulturae, 20: 147-159.
26. Jonard R, 1986. Mikrografting and its applications to tree improvement, p. 31-48. In: Y.P.S.Bajaj (ed.). Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Vol 1. Trees I. Springer- Verlag, Berlin.
27. Jonard R, Soedharma I, Villemur P, 1987. Analyse Olivier Monteuuis. In vitro grafting of woody species 23 de l’influence de divers facteurs sur l’amélioration des réussites au microgreffage chez les agrumes. Comptes Rendus Académie des Sciences, Paris, 305 (2), (III): 45-49.
28. Khalafalla M M, Daffalla H M, 2008. In vitro micropropagation and micrografting of gum arabic tree [Acacia senegal (L.) Wild] International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production, 3: 19-27.
29. Kapari-Isaia T, Minas G J, Polykarpou D, Iosifidou E, Arseni S, Kyriakou A, 2002. Shoot-tip grafting in-vitro for the elimination of viroids and citrus psorosis virus in the local “Arakapas” mandarin in
30. Misson J P, Giot-Wirgot P, 1985. Rajeunissement d’un clone de thuja en vue de sa multiplication in vitro. Annales AFOCEL, 1984: 187-197.
31. Mneney E E, Mantell S H, 2001. In vitro micrografting of cashew. Plant, Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 66: 49-58.
32. Monteuuis O, 1986. Microgreffage de points végétatifs de Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz séculaires sur de jeunes semis cultivés in vitro. Comptes Rendus Académie des Sciences, Paris, 302, (III):223-225.
33. Monteuuis O, 1987a. In vitro meristem culture of juvenile and mature Sequoiadendron giganteum. Three Physiology, 3: 265-272.
34. Monteuuis O, 1987b. Microgreffage du séquoia géant. Annales AFOCEL, 1986: 39-61.
35. Monteuuis O, 1989. Maturation concept and possible rejuvenation of arborescent species. Limits and promises of shoot apical meristems to ensure successful cloning. In: Gibson G. L., Griffin A. R., Matheson A. C. (Eds). Breeding Tropical Trees: Population Structure and Genetic Improvement Strategies in Clonal and Seedling Forestry. Proceedings of the Conference IUFRO, Pattaya, Thailand, 28 November-3 December 1988: 106-118.
36. Monteuuis O, 1994. Effect of technique and darkness on the success of meristem micrografting of Picea abies. Silvae Genetica, 43: 91-95.
37. Monteuuis O, 1995a. Influence of the grafting technique on meristem micrografting of Douglas-fir. New Forests, 10: 267-273.
38. Monteuuis O, 1995b. In vivo grafting and in vitro micrografting of Acacia mangium: impact of ortet age. Silvae Genetica, 44: 190-193.
39. Monteuuis O, 1996. In vitro shoot apex micrografting of mature Acacia mangium. Agroforestry Systems, 34: 213-217.
40. Mosella-Chancel L, Signoret P A, Jonard J, 1980. Sur la mise au point de techniques de microgreffage d´apex en vue de deux types de particules virales chez le pêcher (Prunus persica Batsch.). Comptes Rendus Académie des Sciences, Paris, 290: 287-290.
41. Murashige T, Bitters W P, Rangan T S, Nauer E M, Roistacher C N, Holliday P B, 1972. A technique of shoot apex grafting and its utilization towards recovering virus-free Citrus clones. Horticultural Science, 7: 118-119.
42. Navarro L, Roistacher C N, Murashige T, 1975. Improvement of shoot-tip grafting in vitro for virus-free citrus. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 100: 471-479.
43. Onay A, Pirinç V, Yildirim H, Basaran D, 2004. In vitro micrografting of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Siirt), Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 77: 215-219.
44. Palma B, Vogt G F, Neville P, 1997. La microgreffe, une solution pour la multiplication in vitro de l’Acacia senegal (L) Willd ? Annals of Forest Science, 54: 203-210.
45. Pathirana R, McKenzie M J, 2005. Early detection of grapevine leafroll virus in Vitis vinifera using in vitro micrografting. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 81: 11-18.
46. Poessel J L, Martinez J, Macheix J J, Jonard R, 1980. Variations saisonnières de l’aptitude au greffage in vitro d’apex de pêcher (Prunus persica Batchs). Relations avec les teneurs en composés phénoliques et les activités péroxydasiques et polyphénoloxydasiques. Physiologie Végétale, 18: 665-675.
47. Ponsonby D J, Mantell S H, 1993. In vitro establishment of Picea pungens f. glauca and Picea sitchensis seedling rootstocks with an assessment of their suitabilities for micrografting with scions of various Picea spp. Journal of Horticultural Science, 68: 463-475.
48. Tranvan H, David A, 1985. Greffage in vitro du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster). Canadian Journal of Botany, 63: 1017-1020.
49. Yildirim H, Onay A, Süzerer V, Tilkat E, Ozden-Tokatl, Y, Akdemir H, 2010. Micrografting of almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) cultivars ‘Ferragnes’ and ‘Ferraduel’. Scientia Horticulturae, 125: 361-367.
50. Yildirim H, Akdemir H, Süzerer V, Özden Y, Onay A, 2013. In vitro Micrografting of almond cultivars Texas, Ferrastar and Nonpareil. Biotechnology&Biotechnological Equipment A&EB. 27(1):3493-3501.