Investigation of the Usability of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Abstract

Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) is an analytical technique used to identify in

organic and some cases inorganic materials. This technique measures the absorption of infrared radiation by the

sample material versus wavelength. The infrared absorption bands identify molecular components and structures.

Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate a small walnut shaped gland in men that produces the seminal

fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men.

Prostate cancer that is detected early when it’s still confined to the prostate gland has a better chance of successful

treatment. It is aimed to develop a new alternative chemometrics assisted method to separate and characterize

prostat cancer tumors from healthy cells by simple, cheap and rapid FT-IR method with good accuracy and

sensitivity. In order to perform such a study paraffin embedded blocks including both cancer and healthy cells

which are labelled by the histopathologic measurements were cut to 20 microns thick were located on a microscope

slide and deparafinized. Both healthy (n=10) and cancerous tissues (n=10) were exposured to infrared light between

wavenumber of 50-4000 cm-1. Orthogonal partial least square analysis (O-PLS) algorithm which is an advanced

form of Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to 20 samples to detect their behaviour against infrared

light in between 50-4000 cm-1. Obtained spectrums were evaluated on MATLAB software PLS Toolbox package

program. O-PLS analysis were carried out in order to separate cancer and healthy tissues. Sensitivity and specificity

of the proposed method is so high with the aid of Orthogonal Signal Correction (OSC) preprocessing method. As

a result, an alternative FT-IR method for the diagnosis of prostate cancer from paraffin blocks has been developed

and successfully applied.

Keywords

• FT-IR Spectroscopy,qualitative analysis,prostate cancer,cancer diagnosis

Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisinin Prostat Kanseri Teşhisinde Kullanılabilirliğinin Araştırılması

Abstract

Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (FT-IR) yöntemi, organik ve bazı durumlarda inorganik

materyalleri tanımlamak için kullanılan analitik bir tekniktir. Bu teknik, dalga boyuna karşı numune tarafından

absorblanan kızılötesi radyasyonu ölçemeye yarar. Kızılötesi absorpsiyon bantları ise molekülün bileşenleri ve

yapıları hakkında bilgi verir. Prostat kanseri, erkeklerde spermi besleyen ve taşıyan seminal sıvıyı üreten, ceviz

şekilli küçük bir bez olan prostatta meydana gelen bir kanserdir. Prostat kanseri, erkeklerde en sık görülen kanser

tiplerinden biridir. Erken teşhis edilen prostat kanseri, prostat bezi ile sınırlı olduğu zaman tedavi şansı daha

başarılı olur. Prostat kanseri tümörlerini sağlıklı hücrelerden ayırmak ve karakterize etmek için kemometrik yöntem

destekli, iyi bir doğruluk ve hassasiyete sahip basit, ucuz ve hızlı yeni bir alternatif FT-IR yönteminin geliştirilmesi

amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın gerçekleştirilebilmesi için, histopatolojik ölçümlerle belirlenen hem kanser hem de

sağlıklı hücreleri içeren parafin bloklardan 20 mikron kalınlığında kesildi, lam üzerine yerleştirildi ve deparafinize

edildi. Hem sağlıklı (n = 10) hem de kanserli dokular (n = 10) 50-4000 cm-1 dalga boyu arasındaki kızılötesi

ışığa maruz bırakıldı. 20 örneğe 50-4000 cm-1 arasındaki kızılötesi ışığa karşı davranışlarını saptamak için temel

bileşenler analizi (Principle Component Analysis, PCA) ileri bir formu olan ortogonal kısmi en küçük kareler

analiz (Ortogonal Partial Least Square, O-PLS) algoritması uygulandı. Elde edilen spektrumlar MATLAB software

PLS Toolbox paket programında değerlendirildi. Kanserli ve sağlıklı hücreleri ayırmak için O-PLS analizi yapıldı.

Önerilen yöntemin hassaslığı ve özgüllüğü, Ortogonal Sinyal Düzeltme (Orthogonal Signal Correction, OSC) ön

işlem yöntemi yardımıyla çok yüksek olduğu görüldü. Sonuç olarak, parafin bloklardan prostat kanser teşhisi için

alternatif bir FT-IR yöntemi geliştirildi ve başarıyla uygulandı.

Keywords

• FT-IR Spektroskopisi,kanser teşhisi,kalitatif analiz,prostat kanseri,kanser teşhisi

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