Environmental Management of End-of-life Electric Vehicle Batteries

Year 2019, , 726 - 737, 01.06.2019

Emine Can Güven , Kadir Gedik

https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.446170

Cited By: 5

Abstract

The rapid depletion of petroleum reserves and increases in air pollution due to rising use of vehicles has accelerated efforts towards the use of alternative energy sources. Electrical vehicles, developed for this purpose, are projected to be the future technology in terms of lower pollutant emissions in contrast with conventional vehicles and reduction in petroleum dependency. Zero emission is not possible considering production, usage and end-of-life phases as well as batteries constitute the most significant environmental concern in electric vehicles. Accordingly, in this study, environmental management of end-of-life batteries from electric vehicles is evaluated within the context of reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery. Considering all alternatives, reuse will contribute to the economic and environmental aspects by increasing the useful life of the batteries.

Keywords

Waste battery, Waste management, Air pollution, Zero emission, Green technology

Ömrünü Tamamlamış Elektrikli Araç Bataryalarının Çevresel Yönetimi

Abstract

Araç sayısının artmasıyla hızla tükenen petrol kaynakları ve hava kirliliğindeki artış enerji sektöründe yeni arayışlara yol açarak alternatif enerji kaynaklarının kullanımı yönünde çalışmaları hızlandırmıştır. Bu amaçla geliştirilen elektrikli araçlar, kirletici emisyonlarının konvansiyonel araçlara göre düşük olması ve petrole bağımlılığı azaltması nedeniyle geleceğin teknolojisi olarak öngörülmektedir. Elektrikli araçların üretim, kullanım ve kullanım sonrası aşamaları ele alındığında, sıfır kirletici emisyonu mümkün olmamakla birlikte en önemli çevresel etkisi kullanılan bataryalardan kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kullanım ömrünü tamamlamış elektrikli araç bataryalarının atık azaltma, yeniden kullanım, geri dönüşüm ve geri kazanım bağlamındaki çevresel yönetimi değerlendirilmiştir. Tüm alternatifler incelendiğinde, yeniden kullanım, bataryaların faydalı kullanım ömürlerini arttırarak hem ekonomik hem de çevresel açıdan katkı sağlayacaktır.

Keywords

Atık yönetimi, Hava kirliliği, Sıfır emisyon, Yeşil teknoloji, Atık batarya

References

• AFDC, 2015. Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC). Batteries for Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicles. http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_batteries.html. (Erişim Tarihi:11.03.2016)
• Ahmadi L, Yip A, Fowler M, Young SB, Frasera RA, 2014. Environmental Feasibility of Re-use of Electric Vehicle Batteries. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 6: 64-74.
• Akbaba İ, 2011. Elektrikli Araç Teknolojisinin Gelişimi. Deniz Harp Okulu Pusula Dergisi, http://www.dho.edu.tr/sayfalar/00_anasayfa/11_pusula/70/elektrikli-arac-teknolojisinin-gelisimi.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2016)
• Algül İH, 2015. Elektrikli Araç Akü Sistemleri. http://www.elektrikport.com/teknik-kutuphane/elektrikli-arac-aku-sistemleri/4398#ad-image-0. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.01.2016)
• bd-oto, 2018. BD Otomotiv (bd-oto). Şarj istasyonları. http://www.bdoto.com/chargeStations.aspx. (Erişim Tarihi:03.07.2018)
• Birleştirici A, Şalcı MS, Dikkulak A, Güler F, Turhan E, 2015. Elektrikli Araç Şarj İstasyonları. http://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/e05712f50f36d7c_ek.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 29.06.2018)
• BS, 2016. Battery Solutions (BS). End Sites Recycling Processes. http://www.batteryrecycling.com/Battery+Recycling+Process. (Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2016)
• BU, 2016. Battery University (BU). Types of Lithium-ion. http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion. (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2016)
• Buekers J, Holderbeke MV, Bierkens J, Panis LI, 2014. Health and Environmental Benefits Related to Electric Vehicle Introduction in EU Countries. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 33: 26-38.
• Cready E, Lippert J, Pihl J, Weinstock I, Symons P, Jungst RG, 2003. Technical and Economic Feasibility of Applying Used EV Batteries In Stationary Applications, Final Report, SAND2002-4084, Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico and California.
• ÇŞB, 2005. T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (ÇŞB). Tehlikeli Atıkların Kontrolü Yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete Tarihi/Sayısı: 14.03.2005/25755.
• ÇŞB, 2006. T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (ÇŞB). Atık Pil ve Akümülatörlerin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete Tarihi/Sayısı: 31.08.2004/25569.
• ÇŞB, 2015. T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (ÇŞB). Atık Yönetimi Yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete Tarihi/Sayısı: 02.04.2015/29314.
• EC, 2006. European Directive (EC). 66/EC: Directive 2006/66/EC of The European Parliament and of The Council of 6 September 2006 on Batteries and Accumulators and Waste Batteries and Accumulators and Repealing Directive 91/157.
• EC, 2011. European Commission (EC). Environmental Impacts of Electric Vehicle Batteries Weighed Up. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/257na2_en.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi:10.02.2016)
• Elker C, 2011. Ulaşım Politikalarının Çevreye Etkisi/The Impact of Transportation Policies on the Environment. acikarsiv.atilim.edu.tr/browse/514/25.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 29.06.2018)
• Faria R, Marquesb P, Garciab R, Mouraa P, Freireb F, Delgadoa J, de Almeidaa AT, 2014. Primary and Secondary Use of Electric Mobility Batteries From a Life Cycle Perspective. Journal of Power Sources, 262: 169-177.
• Gaines L, Singh M, 1995. Energy and Environmental Impacts of Electric Vehicle Battery Production and Recycling. SAE Technical Paper 951865:1-12.
• Girardi P, Gargiulo A, Brambilla PC, 2015. A Comparative LCA of an Electric Vehicle and an Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle Using The Appropriate Power Mix: The Italian Case Study. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 20 (8): 1127-1142.
• Green M, 2013. End of Life Electric Vehicle Batteries–A Waste Industry Perspective of the Issues. http://lowcarbonvehicles.s3.amazonaws.com/1_Legislation_Overview_Michael_Green.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2016)
• Hacker F, Harthan R, Matthes F, Zimmer W, 2009. Environmental Impacts and Impact On The Electricity Market of a Large Scale Introduction of Electric Cars in Europe-Critical Review of Literature. ETC/ACC Technical Paper: 56-90.
• Heelan J, Gratz E, Zheng Z, Wang Q, Chen M, Apelian D, Wang Y, 2016. Current and Prospective Li-Ion Battery Recycling and Recovery Processes. The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 68 (10): 2632-2638.
• Hendrickson TP, Kavvada O, Shah N, Sathre R, Scown CD, 2015. Life-cycle Implications and Supply Chain Logistics of Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling in California. Environmental Research Letters, 10 (1): 014011.
• Kerem A, 2014. Elektrikli Araç Teknolojisinin Gelişimi ve Gelecek Beklentileri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5 (1): 1-13.
• Keskin A, Sağıroğlu S, 2010. Dizel Motorlarindan Kaynaklanan Egzoz Emisyonlari ve Kontrol Yöntemleri. Mühendis ve Makina, 51 (606): 2-9.
• Larcher D, Tarascon JM, 2015. Towards Greener and More Sustainable Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage. Nature Chemistry, 7 (1): 19-29.
• Lopez BN, Li J, Wilson B, 2015. A Study of the Geographical Shifts in Global Lead Production - A Possible Corresponding Shift in Potential Threats to the Environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 107: 237-251.
• Manzetti S, Mariasiu F, 2015. Electric Vehicle Battery Technologies: From Present State to Future Systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51: 1004-1012.
• McIntire-Strasburg J, 2015. The Electric Vehicle Battery “Can and Should be Recycled”. http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/23/electric-vehicle-battery-can-recycled/. (Erişim Tarihi:13.03.2016)
• MEB, 2011. T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB). Motorlu Araçlar Teknolojisi, Egzoz Emisyon Kontrolü. http://content.lms.sabis.sakarya.edu.tr/Uploads/50113/27547/egzoz_emisyon_kontrol%C3%BC.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2016)
• Messagie M, Boureima FS, Coosemans T, Macharis C, Mierlo JM, 2014. A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels. Energies, 7 (3): 1467-1482.
• Narula CK, Martinez R, Onar O, Starke MR, Andrews G, 2011. Economic Analysis of Deploying Used Batteries In Power Systems, Final Report, ORNL/TM-2011/151, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Springfield, Virginia.
• Neto JC, Silva MM, Santos SM, 2016. A Time Series Model for Estimating the Generation of Lead Acid Battery Scrap. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 18 (6): 1931-1943.
• Neubauer J, Pesaran A, 2011. The Ability of Battery Second Use Strategies to Impact Plug-In Electric Vehicle Prices and Serve Utility Energy Storage Applications. Journal of Power Sources, 196 (23): 10351-10358.
• Olapiriyakul S, Caudill RJ, 2008. A Framework for Risk Management and End-of-life (EOL) Analysis for Nanotechnology Products: A Case Study in Lithium-ion Batteries. Electronics and the Environment," IEEE International Symposium, May 19-22 2008, San Francisco.
• Philschatz, 2016. Batteries and Fuel Cells. http://philschatz.com/chemistry-book/contents/m51152.html. (Erişim Tarihi:10.04.2016)
• Ramoni MO, Zhang HC, 2013. End-of-life (EOL) Issues and Options for Electric Vehicle Batteries. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 15 (6): 881-891.
• Richa K, Babbitt CW, Gaustad G, Wang X, 2014. A Future Perspective on Lithium-ion Battery Waste Flows From Electric Vehicles. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 83: 63-76.
• Samaras C, Meisterling K, 2008. Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles: Implications For Policy. Environmental Science&Technology, 42 (9): 3170-3176.
• Shahi SK, Wang GG, 2010. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Selection for Optimum Economic and Environmental Benefits Using Pareto Set Points and PSAT. ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, August 15–18, 2010, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
• Shin SM, Kim NH, Sohn JS, Yang DH, Kim YH, 2005. Development of a Metal Recovery Process from Li-ion Battery Wastes. Hydrometallurgy, 79: 172-181.
• Sullivan J, Gaines L, 2010. A Review of Battery Life-cycle Analysis: State of Knowledge and Critical Needs, Technical Report, ANL/ESD/10-7, TRN:US201101%%664, Argonne National Laboratory, United States.
• TAP, 2015. Taşınabilir Pil Üreticileri ve İthalatçıları Derneği (TAP). Pil Hakkında/Pil Nedir?. http://www.tap.org.tr/pil_nedir_-88.html. (Erişim Tarihi:10.02.2016)
• TAP, 2018. Taşınabilir Pil Üreticileri ve İthalatçıları Derneği (TAP). Atık Pillerin Bertaraf ve Geri Dönüşümü. http://www.tap.org.tr/pil-atik-pil/sss/atik-pillerin-bertaraf-ve-geri-donusumu/. (Erişim Tarihi:05.07.2018)
• TEHAD, 2018. Türkiye Elektrikli ve Hibrid Araçlar Platformu (TEHAD). 2017 Yılı Toplam Elektrikli ve Hibrid Araç Satışları. http://tehad.org/2018/01/08/2017-yili-toplam-elektrikli-ve-hibrid-arac-satislari/. (Erişim Tarihi: 03.07.2018)
• Tie SF, Tan CW, 2013. A Review of Energy Sources and Energy Management System in Electric Vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20: 82-102.
• TÜİK, 2018. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). Ulaştırma İstatistikleri, Motorlu Kara Taşıt Sayısı. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=89&locale=tr. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2018)
• UDHB, 2011. T.C. Ulaştırma, Denizcilik ve Haberleşme Bakanlığı (UDHB), Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı. Ulaşımda Enerji Verimliliği. http://www.mmo.org.tr/resimler/dosya_ekler/76115b4c60c5029_ek.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi:11.03.2016)
• ULTRALIFE, 2016. Li-ion vs. Lead Acid. http://www.beck-elektronik.de/uploads/media/lithium-ion-vs-lead-acid.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi:12.03.2016)
• Vivanco DF, Freire-Gonzalez J, Kemp R, van der Voet E, 2014. The Remarkable Environmental Rebound Effect of Electric Cars: A Microeconomic Approach. Environmental Science&Technology, 48 (20): 12063-12072.
• WMW, 2011. Waste Management World (WMW). The Lithium Battery Recycling Challenge. https://waste-management-world.com/a/1-the-lithium-battery-recycling-challenge. (Erişim Tarihi:14.03.2016)
• Xing Y, Ma EWM, Tsui KL, Pecht M, 2011. Battery Management Systems in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. Energies, 4: 1840-1857.