The Potential Uses of Pine (Pinus spp.) Species and Their Fractions as Food Supplement and Medicinal Plant

Abstract

A great number of plants have been studied in order to identify and isolate new components with nutraceutical and functional properties. The aim of this study is to emphasize the potential of use of pine species and their fractions such as bark, cones, needles in the food industry and for biomedical purposes as sources of antioxidants and micronutrients. Pine fractions have a great content of bioactive molecules, including polymeric flavanols, tannic acid, flavonoids, and other phenolic acids. The compiled studies have shown that pine species have been used in different traditional medicinal treatments by the people, and at the same time, they gave successful results in fruit juice, meat, bakery products technology. Although commercialized goods produced with the use of different pine fractions in the global market are limited, it is clear that forestry industry by-products can provide input for a second use as a nutritional supplement. Despite they have versatile usage potential, due to limited research and development studies, different fractions such as pine cones and bark are used as a heating source, resulting in a large amount of resource waste and loss. Considering the great ecological system and resources that our country has in this field, and the functionality and naturalty expectation of today's consumers from foods and additives, it is thought that the researches will make a great contribution to the food sector.

Keywords

• Pine bark
• Pine cone
• Functional food
• Food supplement
• Pinus spp.

Çam (Pinus spp.) Türlerinin ve Fraksiyonlarının Gıda Takviyesi ve Tıbbi Bitki Olarak Kullanım Olanakları

Abstract

Nutrasötik ve fonksiyonel özelliklere sahip yeni bileşenler belirlemek ve izole etmek için son zamanlarda çok sayıda bitki, meyve, sebze ve baharatlar üzerinde araştırmalar yapılmaktadır. Gıda olarak tüketilebilen kaynaklardan bu bileşiklerin ekstraksiyonu yerine endüstriyel yan veya atık ürünlerin bir biyoaktif molekül kaynağı olarak yeniden değerlenmesine yönelik çalışmalar ise doğal kaynakların etkin kullanımı amacıyla daha da önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, çam türleri ile kabuk, kozalak, sürgün, iğne gibi farklı fraksiyonlarının, antioksidan ve mikrobesin kaynağı olarak gıda endüstrisinde ve biyomedikal amaçlarla kullanım potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır. Çam fraksiyonları, polimerik flavanoller, tannik asit, flavonoidler ve kafeik veya protokatekuik asit gibi diğer fenolik asitler dahil olmak üzere geniş biyoaktif bileşen içeriğine sahiptir. Derlenen çalışmalar, çam türlerine ait özellikle kabuk ve kozalak gibi fraksiyonların halk arasında farklı yerel tedavi yöntemlerinde kullanıldığını, aynı zamanda meyve suyu, et, fırıncılık ürünleri teknolojisinde başarılı sonuçlar verdiğini göstermiştir. Farklı çam fraksiyonlarının kullanımı ile üretilmiş ticari ürünler sınırlı sayıda olmasına rağmen, ormancılık endüstrisi yan ürünlerinin, besin takviyesi olarak ikinci bir kullanım alanına girdi sağlayabileceği açıkça görülmektedir. Yapılan çalışmaların ağırlıklı olarak tedavi, alternatif ve geleneksel tıp alanında olduğu, gıda takviyesi olarak değerlendirme konusunda araştırmaların kısıtlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çok yönlü kullanıma sahip olmasına rağmen, sınırlı araştırma-geliştirme çalışmaları nedeniyle çam kozalağı, kabuğu gibi farklı fraksiyonlar yakacak olarak kullanılmakta, bu da büyük miktarda kaynak israfına neden olmaktadır. Ülkemizin bu alanda sahip olduğu büyük ekolojik sistem ve kaynaklar ile günümüz tüketicisinin gıda ve katkı maddelerinden fonksiyonellik ve doğallık beklentisi göz önüne alındığında, yapılacak araştırmaların gıda sektörüne büyük katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• Çam kabuğu
• Çam kozalağı
• Fonksiyonel gıda
• Gıda takviyesi
• Pinus türleri

References

1. Ahn J, Grün IU, Fernando LN, 2002. Antioxidant properties of natural plant extracts containing polyphenolic compounds in cooked ground beef. Journal of Food Science, 67(4): 1364–1369.
2. Altaş S,2009. Cedrus libani (sedir) ve Abies clicia (köknar) reçine özütlerinin antimikrobiyal ve antioksidant aktivitelerinin araştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Diyarbakır Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1-146.
3. Ari S, Kargioglu M, Temel, M Konuk M,2014. Traditional tar production from the Anatolian Black Pine [Pinusnigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe var. pallasiana] and its usages in Afyonkarahisar, Central Western Turkey. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 10: 29
4. Ari S, Kargioglu M, Yildirim HI, Konuk M,2018. An ethnobotanical approach to animal diseases and biological control in Antalya: Southern Turkey. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge (IJTK). 17, 59–70.
5. Ari S, Temel M, Kargioglu M, Konuk M,2015. Ethnobotanical survey of plants used in Afyonkarahisar-Turkey. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 11:84.
6. Ari S, Temel M, Konuk M. 2017. An ethnobotanical approach to MRSA (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) in Western Anatolia: a case of Afyonkarahisar. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge (IJTK). 16: 35–43.
7. Asset G, Wolff R L, Bauge E, Fruchart JC, Dallongeville J,1997. 91Δ5 olefinicacids extracted from pine tree seeds decrease serum triglyceride levels in rats. Atherosclerosis, 130:24.
8. Aydin E, Türkez H, Geyikoğlu F, 2013. Antioxidative, anticancer and genotoxic properties of α-pinene on N2a neuroblastoma cells. Biologia, 68: 1004–1009.

9. Basholli-Salihu M, Schuster R, Hajdari A, Mulla D, Viernstei H, Mustafa B, et al, 2017. Phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxic effects of essential oils from three Pinus spp. Pharmacien Biologiste, 55(1): 1553–1560. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2017.1309555
10. Bak F, Çifci K,2020. Artvin’in merkez köylerinde bazı tıbbi bitkilerin yöresel kullanımları. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 318-329.
11. Becit M, Aydın S, Başaran N, 2017. İnsan Sağlığında Piknogenol: Bir Genel Derleme, FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 42(2):125-138.
12. Belcaro G, Cornelli U, Luzzi R, Cesarone, MR, Dugall, M. Feragalli B, et al.2013. Pycnogenol® supplementation improves health risk factors in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Phytotherapy Research, 27(10): 1572–1578. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4883.
13. Belcaro, G, Feragalli, B, Hosoi M, Dugall M, Cornelli, U 2016. Pycnogenol® reduces the wheal and flare response to histamine in normal subjects. Minerva Biotecnologica, 28(2): 114–119.
14. Belcaro, G., Luzzi, R., Hu, S., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Ippolito, E., ... Caporale, S. 2014. Improvement in signs and symptoms in psoriasis patients with Pycnogenol® supplementation. Panminerva Medica, 56(1): 41–48
15. Burchi, F., Fanzo, J. and Frison, E. 2011. The role of food and nutrition system approaches in tackling hidden hunger. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 358–373.
16. Charles, D. J. (Ed.). 2013. Antioxidant properties of spices, herbs and other sources. New York: Springer.
17. Chayasirisobhon, S. 2013. Efficacy of Pinus radiata bark extract and vitamin C combination product as a prophylactic therapy for recalcitrant migraine and long-term results. Acta Neurol Taiwan, 22(1), 13–21 doi:10196099/221013
18. Cheng MC, Chang WH, Chen CW, Li WW, Tseng CY, SongTY,2015.Antioxidant properties of essential oil extracted from Pinus morrisonicola hay needles by supercritical fluid and identification of possible active compounds by GC/MS. Molecules, 20(10), 19051–19065. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201019051
19. Eryılmaz M.,Tosun A. and Tümen İ. 2016. Antimicrobial activity of some species from Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(1), 35-40.
20. Esmaeili S, Dayani L, Taheri A, Zolfaghari B,2021. Phytochemical standardization, formulation and evaluation of oral hard gelatin capsules from Pinus eldarica bark extract. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine. 11(2):168-179.
21. Fan, L. P., Li, J. W., Deng, K. Q., and Ai, L. Z. 2012. Effects of drying methods on the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 87(2), 1849–1854.
22. Fradinho, D. M., Pascoal-Neto, C., Evtuguin, D., Jorge, F. C., Irle, M. A., Gil, M. H., et al. 2002. Chemical characterisation of bark and of alkaline bark extracts from maritime pine grown in Portugal. Industrial Crops and Products, 16: 23–32.
23. Frontela-Saseta, C, Lopez-Nicolas R, Gonzalez-Bermudez CA, Peso-Echarri P, Ros-Berruezo G, Martinez-Gracia C, ...Virgili F,2011. Evaluation of antioxidant activity and antiproliferative effect of fruit juices enriched with Pycnogenol® in colon carcinoma cells. The effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Phytotherapy Research, 25(12): 1870–1875. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3625.
24. Guan Y, Zhang DW, Liu W, Hao LL, Liu SC, 2012. Research advance of natural polysaccharide in Pinus. Journal Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 40(25): 12357–12359.
25. HanY, Yu M, Wang L, 2018. Bio-based films prepared with soybean by-products and pine (Pinus densiflora) bark extract, Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 1-8
26. Hajhashemi V, Zolfaghari B, Amin P, 2021.Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroalcoholic extract and essential oil of Pinus eldarica in animal models. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine. 11(5):494-504. doi:10.22038/AJP.2021.18038
27. Iglesias J, Pazos M, Lois S, Medina I,2010. Contribution of galloylation and polymerization to the antioxidant activity of polyphenols in fish lipid systems. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(12): 7423–7431. https://doi.org/10. 1021/jf100832z.
28. Iravani S, Zolfaghari B,2014. Phytochemical analysis of Pinus eldarica bark. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(4): 243–250.
29. Jerez M, Pinelo M, Sineiro J, Nuñez MJ,2006. Influence of extraction conditions on phenolic yields from pine bark: Assessment of procyanidins polymerization degree by thiolysis. Food Chemistry, 94: 406–414.
30. Jessberger S, Hogger P, Genest F,Salter DM, Seefried L,2017. Cellular pharmacodynamic effects of Pycnogenol® in patients with severe osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17(1): 537. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-2044-1 10.1186/s12906-017-2044-1
31. Jia XJ, Zhang C, Qiu, JF, Wang LL, Bao JL, Wang K, et al. 2015. Purification, structural characterization and anticancer activity of the novel polysaccharides from Rhynchosia minima root. Carbohydrate Polymers, 132: 67–71.
32. Kartal E, Öztürk S,2016. Pine cone as an alternative dietary fıber source and its effect on cake and cookie quality, Gıda, 41 (5): 291-297
33. Kaur C, Kapoor HC,2001. Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables - the millenium's healt. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 36:703–725.
34. Kızıl M, Kızıl G, Yavuz M, Aytekin Ç,2002. Antimicrobial activity of resins obtained from the roots and stems of Cedrus libani and Abies cilicia, Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 38: 144-146.
35. Kim NY, Jang MK, Lee DG, Yu KH, Jang H, Kim M, Kim SG, Yoo BH, Lee SH. 2010. Comparison of methods for proanthocyanidin extraction from pine (Pinus densiflora) needles and biological activities of the extracts, 4(1): 16-22. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2010.4.1.16
36. Kocabas EEH, Yesil O, Isleten M, Sukan FV,2008, Antimicrobial activity of pine bark extract and assessment of potential application in cooked red meat, Gıda, 33 (3): 123-127.
37. Kozan E, Ilhan M, Tümen I, Küpeli Akkol E,2019. The scolicidal activity of the essential oil obtained from the needles of Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe on hydatid cyst, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 235: 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.018
38. Kurlbaum M, Hogger P,2011. Plasma protein binding of polyphenols from maritime pine bark extract (USP). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 54(1): 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.038
39. Kwak CS, Moon SC, Lee MS,2006. Antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antitumor effects of pine needles (Pinus densiflora). Nutrition and Cancer, 56: 162-171.
40. Lantto TA, Dorman HJD, Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Makarov VG,Tikhonov VP, Hiltunen RAR, 2009. Chemical composition, antioxidative activityand cell viability effects of a Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) extract. Food Chemistry. 112: 936–943.
41. Liang R, Cheng S, Wang X,2018. Secondary structure changes induced by pulsedelectricfield affect antioxidant activity of pentapeptides from pine nut (Pinus koraiensis) protein. Food Chemistry, 254: 170–184
42. Maimoona, A., Naeem, I., Saddiqe, Z. and Jameel, K. 2011. A review on biological, nutraceutical and clinical aspects of French maritime pine bark extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133(2): 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.041
43. Mármol I, Quero J, Jiménez-Moreno N, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ,Ancín-Azpilicueta C,2019. A systematic review of the potential uses of pine bark in food industry and health care, Trends in Food Science & Technology 88: 558–566.
44. Meng Q,2010. Separation, purification and bioactivity of polysaccharide from pine cone of Pinus koraiensis. Master Thesis. Harbin, Heilongjiang, China: Harbin Institute of Technology.
45. Miao JN, Regenstein JM, Qiu, JQ, Zhang JQ, Zhang XP, Li HX, et al,2020. Isolation, structural characterization and bioactivities of polysaccharides and its derivatives from Auricularia-A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 150: 102–113.
46. Muchova J, Orszaghova Z, Zitnanova I, Trebaticky B, Breza J, Durackova Z,2014. The effect of natural polyphenols on the oxidative stress markers in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 75(1): S42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.795
47. Nisca A, Ștefănescu R, Stegăruș DI, Mare AD, Farczadi L, Tanase C,2021. Comparative study regarding the chemical composition and biological activity of pine (Pinus nigra and P. sylvestris) bark extracts. Antioxidants. 10(2):327. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020327
48. OhkitaM, Kiso Y, Matsumura, Y,2011. Pharmacology in health foods: Improvement of vascular endothelial function by French maritime pine bark extract (Flavangenol). Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 115(4): 461–465
49. Özer A, Akdemir R, Yılmaz S, Yılmaz Ö, Arslan, N, 2015. Çankırı’nın Orman Köylerinde Odun Dışı Orman Ürünlerinin (ODOÜ) Geleneksel (Etnobotanik) Kullanımının Belirlenmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi. İç Anadolu Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü.
50. Qu H, Gao X, ZhaoHT, Wang ZY, Yi JJ,2019. Structural characterization andin vitrohepatoprotective activity ofpolysaccharide from pine nut (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.), Carbohydrate Polymers, 223: 115056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115056
51. Pipingas A, Silberstein RB, Vitetta L, Rooy CV, Harris EV, Young JM, ... Nastasi J,2008. Improved cognitive performance after dietary supplementation with a Pinus radiata bark extract formulation. Phytotherapy Research, 22(9): 1168–1174. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2388.
52. Roberfroid M,2002. Functional food concept and its application to prebiotics. Digestive and Liver Disease, 34(2): 105–110.
53. Rohdewald P, 2002. A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 40(4): 158–168.
54. Ross SM,2016. Allergic rhinitis: A proprietary extract of Pinus pinaster Aiton (Pycnogenol) is found to improve the symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis. Holistic Nursing Practice, 30(5): 301–304. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.
55. Sadeghi M, Zolfaghari B, Jahanian-Najafabadi A, Abtahi SR,2016. Anti-pseudomonas activity of essential oil, total extract, and proanthocyanidins of Pinus eldarica Medw. bark. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(1): 58–64.
56. Sezik A, Ustun O, Demirci B, Başer KHC,2010 Composition of the essential oils of Pinus nigra Arnold from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 34: 313–325.
57. Shahidi F,2004. Functional foods: Their role in health promotion and disease prevention. Journal of Food Science, 69(5): 146–149.
58. Sharma A, Goyal R, Sharma L,2016. Potential biological efficacy of Pinus plant species against oxidative, inflammatory and microbial disorders. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1011-6 10.
59. Shimada T, Tokuhara, D, Tsubata M, Kamiya T, Kamiya-Sameshima M, Nagamine R, ... Aburada M,2012. Flavangenol (Pine bark extract) and its major component procyanidin B1 enhance fatty acid oxidation in fat-loaded models. European Journal of Pharmacology, 677(1–3): 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.034
60. Smith E, Williamson E, Zloh M, Gibbons S,2005. Isopimaric acid from Pinus nigra shows activity against multidrug-resistant and EMRSA strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Phytotherapy Research. 19, 538–542.
61. Stuard S, Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Ricci A, Dugall M, Cornelli U, ... Rohdewald PJ,2010. Kidney function in metabolic syndrome may be improved with Pycnogenol®. Panminerva Medica, 52(2 Suppl. 1): 27–32 R41102518
62. Su, X.-Y., Wang, Z.-Y. and Liu, J.-R. 2009. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity ofPinus koraiensis seed extract containing phenolic compounds. Food Chemistry,117(4): 681–686
63. Suntar I, Tumen I, Ustun O, Keles H, Akkol EK,2012. Appraisal on the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils obtained from the cones and needles of Pinus species by in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 139: 533–540.
64. Theadom A, Mahon, S., Barker-Collo, S., McPherson, K., Rush, E., Vandal, A. C., et al. 2013. Enzogenol for cognitive functioning in traumatic brain injury: A pilot placebo- controlled RCT. European Journal of Neurology, 20(8): 1135–1144. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12099.
65. Touriño S, Selga A, Jimenez A, Julia L, Lozano C, LizarragaD, ... Torres JL,2005. Procyanidin fractions from pine (Pinus pinaster) bark: Radical scavenging power in solution, antioxidant activity in emulsion, and antiproliferative effect in melanoma cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(12): 4728–4735. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050262q
66. Tumen I, Hafizoglu H, Kilic A, Dönmez IE, Sivrikaya H, Reunanen M,2010. Yields and Constituents of Essential Oil from Cones of Pinaceae spp. Natively Grown in Turkey. Molecules, 15: 5797-5806
67. Ustun O, Sezik E., Kurkcuoglu M. and Baser K. H. C. 2006. Study Of The Essentıal Oil Composition Of Pinus sylvestris From Turkey. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Vol. 42, No. 1
68. Valls RM, Llaurado E, Fernandez-Castillejo S, Puiggros F, Sola R, Arola L, et al, 2016. Effects of low molecular weight procyanidin rich extract from French maritime pine bark on cardiovascular disease risk factors in stage-1 hypertensive subjects: Randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled intervention trial. Phytomedicine, 23(12): 1451–1461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2016.08.007
69. Vuorela S, Salminen H, Makela M, Kivikari R, Karonen M, Heinonen M,2005. Effect of plant phenolics on protein and lipid oxidation in cooked pork meat patties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(22): 8492–8497. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050995a.
70. Wang T, Hong M,2016. Solid-state NMR investigations of cellulose structure and interactions with matrix polysaccharides in plant primary cell walls. Journal of Experimental Botany, 67(2): 503–514.
71. Willcox JK, Ash, S. L. and Catignani, G. L. 2004. Antioxidants and prevention of chronic disease. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44(4), 275–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690490468489
72. Xu Z, Wang HD, Wang BL, Fu L, Yuan M, Liu J, et al, (2016). Characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from the leaves of Lilium lancifolium Thunb. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 92: 148–155.
73. Yen GC, Duh PD, Huang DW, Hsu CL, Fu TY, 2008. Protective effect of pine (Pinus morrisonicola Hay.) needle on LDL oxidation and its anti-inflammatory action by modulation of iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(1): 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.07.012
74. Yesil Celiktas O, Isleten M, Vadar-Sukan F, Oyku C,2010. In vitro release kinetics of pine bark extract enriched orange juice and the shelf stability. British Food Journal, 112: 1063–1076
75. Yesil-Celiktas O, Ganzera M, Akgun I, Sevimli C, Korkmaz KS, Bedir E, 2009. Determination of polyphenolic constituents and biological activities of bark extracts fromdifferent Pinus species. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(8): 1339–1345.
76. Yi J, Qu H, Wu YZ, Wang ZY, Wang L,2017. Study on antitumor, antioxidant and immunoregulatory activities of the purified polyphenols from pinecone of Pinus koraiensis on tumor-bearing S180 mice in vivo. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 94 (PartA): 735–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.071
77. Zhang H., Zou,P., Zhao, H., Qiu,J., Mac Regenstein, J. and Yang, X. 2021. Isolation, purification, structure and antioxidant activity of polysaccharidefrom pinecones of Pinus koraiensis, Carbohydrate Polymers, 251: 117078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117078
78. Zhang H, Zhao HT, Yao L, Yang X, Shen SY, et al, 2017. Isolation, physicochemical properties, and in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides extracted from different parts of Pinus koraiensis. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 37(1–3): 225–240, https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2016.1272125
79. Zhang Z, Xiao, H., Jiao, C. X. and Liu, G. M. 2010. Studies on chemical constituents from Pinus armandi Franch. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 38(24): 13258–13259,
80. Zou P, Yang X, Huang WW, Zhao HT, Wang J, Xu RB, et al,2013. Characterization and bioactivity of polysaccharides obtained from pine cones of Pinus koraiensis by graded ethanol precipitation. Molecules, 18(8): 9933–9948. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089933.