Effect of Some Heavy Metals on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth in Fodder Turnip (Brassica rapa L. var. rapa)

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 71 - 76, 30.09.2018

Cennet Özay

https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.458578

Abstract

In this study, effect of some heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd ve Mn) in the form of nitrate salt at different

concentrations (0.5, 1, 3, 5 ve 7.0 mM) on seed germination and root-shoot growth in Brassica rapa L. var. rapa

(fodder turnip) were investigated. After surface sterilization, the seeds were allowed to inflate in 5 ml solutions at

the determined concentrations of heavy metals, while the control group was inflated in distilled water for 6 hours.

At the end of this period, the seeds taken from the swelling medium were sown on the double layer rough filter

papers, which were soaked in 5 ml of swelling medium liquid in 9 cm plastic petri-dishes, with 25 seeds on each

dishes. Immediately after sowing, the petri-dishes were covered and kept into plant growth cabinet to germinate in

the dark at 23 ± 1 ºC for 72h. The germination rates of seeds were determined at the end of 72 hours on the basis of

radicula formation. At the end of the period, root and shoot lengths of the germinated seeds in each group were also

measured and recorded. It has been determined that seed germination and root-shoot growth decrease in parallel with

the increase in applied heavy metal concentrations. Detection of the highest germination percentage of fodder turnip

(known as Pb-tolerant) in Pb treatment after Mn proves that the toxicity threshold value of this species is high.

Keywords

Heavy metal, Brassica rapa L. var. rapa, germination, root-shoot growth

Bazı Ağır Metallerin Yem Şalgamı’nda (Brassica rapa L. var. rapa) Tohum Çimlenmesi ve Fide Büyümesi Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Brassicaceae familyasına ait olan yem şalgamının (Brassica rapa L. var. rapa) tohumlarına

farklı konsantrasyonlarda (0.5, 1, 3, 5 ve 7.0 mM) nitrat tuzu şeklinde uygulanan bazı ağır metallerin (Pb, Cu, Cd

ve Mn) tohum çimlenmesi ve kök-gövde gelişimi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Tohumlar yüzey sterilizasyonu

sonrası, ağır metallerin belirlenen konsantrasyonlardaki 5 ml’lik çözeltilerinde, kontrol grubu ise distile su içerisinde

6 saat şişirilmeye bırakılmıştır. Bu süre sonunda şişme ortamından alınan tohumlardan, 9 cm’lik plastik petriler

içerisindeki 5 ml şişme ortamı sıvısıyla ıslatılmış çift katlı kaba filtre kağıtlarının üzerine, her bir petriye 25’er

tohum gelecek şekilde ekim yapılmıştır. Ekimden hemen sonra kapağı kapatılan petriler bitki büyüme kabinine

kaldırılmış ve 72 sa süreyle 23±1 ºC’de karanlık ortamda çimlenmeye bırakılmıştır. Radikula belirimi esasına göre

tohumların çimlenme oranları 72 saat sonunda tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca süre sonunda her bir gruptaki tohumların kök

ve gövde uzunlukları da ölçülerek kaydedilmiştir. Tohum çimlenmesi ile kök ve gövde büyümesinin, uygulanan

ağır metal konsantrasyonlarındaki artışa paralel olarak azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Pb’ye toleranslı olduğu bilinen yem

şalgamının tohumlarında Mn’dan sonra en yüksek çimlenme yüzdesinin Pb uygulamasında görülmesi, bu türün

toksisite eşik değerinin yüksek olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır.

Keywords

Ağır metal, Brassica rapa L. var. rapa, çimlenme, kök-gövde gelişimi

References

• Ali B., Qian P., Jin R., Ali S., Khan M., Aziz R., et al. (2014). Physiological and ultra-structural changes in Brassica napus seedlings induced by cadmium stress. Biologia Plantarum, 58 131–138.
• Baker AJM, Brooks RR, 1989. Terrestrial Higher Plants Which Hyperaccumulate Metallic Elements–A Review of Their Distribution, Ecology and Phytochemistry. Biorecovery, 1: 81-126.
• Cenkci S, Cigerci IH, Yıldız M, Özay C, Bozdag A, Terzi H, 2010. Lead contamination reduces chlorophyll biosynthesis and genomic template stability in Brassica rapa L. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 67(3): 467- 473. Chaturvedi I, 2004. Phytotoxicity of cadmium and its effect on two genotypes of Brassica juncea L. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 16(2): 01-08. Cunningham SD, Ow DW, 1996. Promises and prospects of phytoremediation. Plant Physiology, 110: 715-719.
• Fargasova A, 1994. Effect of Pb, Cd, Hg, As and Cr on germination and root growth of Sinapis alba seeds. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 52: 452-456.
• Gill RA, Zang L, Ali B, Farooq MA, Cui P, Yang S, Ali S, Zhou W, 2015. Chromium-induced physio- chemical and ultrastructural changes in four cultivars of Brassica napus L. Chemosphere, 120: 154-164.
• Jadia CD, Fulekar MH, 2008. Phytoremediation: The application of vermicompost to remove zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel and lead by sunflower plant. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 7(5): 547-558.
• Jiang WS, Liu DH, 1999. Effects of Pb2+ on root growth, cell division and nucleolus of Brassica juncea L. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 47: 153-156.
• Kıran Y, Şahin A, 2005. Kurşunun Lens Culınarıs Medik. Tohumlarının Çimlenmesi, Kök Gelişimi Ve Kök Ucu Hücreleri Üzerindeki Mitotik Etkileri. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(1): 17-25.
• Kranner I, Colville L, 2011. Metals and seeds: Biochemical and molecular implications and their significance for seed germination. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 72: 93-105.
• Kuriakose SV, Prasad MNV, 2008. Cadmium stres affects seed germination and seedling growth in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench by changing the activities of hydrolyzing enzymes. Plant Growth Regulation, 54: 143-156.
• Li WQ, Khan MA, Yamaguchi S, Kamiya Y, 2005. Effects of heavy metals on seed germination and early seedling growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Growth Regulation, 46: 45-50.
• Market B, 2003. Element concentration in ecosystems. International Institute of Advanced Ecological and Economic Studies, Zittau, Germany. Memon AR, Schröder P, 2009. Implications of metal accumulation mechanisms to phytoremediation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16(2): 162-175.
• Munzuroğlu O, Geçkil H, 2002. Effects of metals on seed germination, root elongation, and coleoptile and hypocotyl growth in Triticum aestivum and Cucumis sativus. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43: 203-213.
• Nanda-Kumar PBA, Dushenkov V, Motto H, Raskin I, 1995. Phytoextraction: the use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils. Environmental Science and Technology, 29: 1232-1238.
• Özay C, Mammadov R, 2013. Ağır Metaller ve Süs Bitkilerinin Fitoremediasyonda Kullanılabilirliği. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15: 67-76.
• Peralta-Videa JR, Rosa G, Gonzalez JH, Gardea-Torresdey JL, 2004. Effects of The Growth Stage on The Heavy Metal Tolerance of Alfalfa Plants. Advances in Environmental Research, 8: 679-685.
• Sen A, Shukla KK, Singh S, Tejovathi G, 2013. Impact of heavy Metals on Root and Shoot Length of Indian Mustard: An Initial Approach for Phytoremediation. Science Secure Journal of Biotechnology, 2(2): 48-55.
• Sharma P, Dubey RS, 2005. Lead toxicity in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 17(1): 35-52.
• Siddiqui AH, Tabrez S, Ahmad M, 2011. Validation of plant based bioassays for the toxicity testing of Indian waters. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 179: 241-253.
• Siddiqui MM, Abbasi BH, Ahmad N, Ali M, Mahmood T, 2014. Toxic effects of heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) on seed germination and growth and DPPH-scavenging activity in Brassica rapa var. turnip. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 30(3): 238-249.
• Tang YT, Qiu RL, Zeng XW, Ying RR, Yu FM, Zhou XY, 2009. Lead, zinc, cadmium hyperaccumulation and stimulation in Arabis paniculata Franch. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 66: 126-134.
• Verma S, Dubey RS, 2003. Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Science, 164: 645-655.
• Xiong ZT, 1998. Lead Uptake and Effects on Seed Germination and Plant Growth in a Pb Hyperaccumulator Brassica pekinensis Rupr. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 60: 285-291.