The Effect of Trolox on Oxidative Stress Index and Nitric Oxide Levels

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 3262 - 3268, 15.12.2021

Ahmet Harmankaya Ayla Özcan Kezban Dalgınlı Dinçer Erdağ Yeşim Aydın Dursun Büşra Güngör

https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.951122

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Free radicals, which are formed as a consequence of endogenic and exogenic factors in cells, that cause oxidative stress in living organisms can be neutralized through catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), A, E, C vitamins, glutathione, ubiquinone, and flavonoids. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), a type of vitamin E, on rabbits regarding the total oxidant and antioxidant capacity (TOC, TAC) levels together with the NO levels. In this study, 0.5 ml physiological saline and 1 µmol kg-1 trolox were given respectively to control and experiment rabbits via intraperitoneal (i.p.) route, Plasmas of blood samples, which were obtained in the 1st, 3rd, and 6th hours following injection, were separated and stored at -20 oC until to be analyzed. Plasma TOC, TAC and NO levels were determined spectrophotometrically. When the TOC, TAC, NO levels and OSI values of rabbits that were given trolox were compared to those of the control group, statistically, it was observed that the NO levels were high (p< 0,01) in the 1st, 3rd, and 6th hours; however, there was no alteration in their TAC, TOC levels and OSI values. As a result, it was concluded that trolox given as a single dose to healthy rabbits did not affect TAC TOC levels and OSI value, but the increasing levels of NO might be due to trolox's increasing activity of eNOS.

Keywords

Antioxidant capacity, Oxidant capacity, Nitric oxide, Trolox

References

• Aycicek A, Erel Ö, 2007. Total oxidant/antioxidant status in jaundiced newborns before and after phototherapy. Jornal de Pediatria, 83(4):319-322.
• Azzi A, 2007. Molecular mechanism of α-tocopherol action. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 43:16-21.
• Bai H, Liu R, Chen H-L, Zhang W, Wang X, Zhang X-D, Li W-L, Hai C-X, 2014. Enhanced antioxidant effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and Trolox in combination against radiation induced-oxidative stres. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 207:7-15.
• Balogh GT, Vukics K, Könczöl A, Kis-Varga A, Gere A, Fischera J, 2005. Nitrone derivatives of trolox as neuroprotective agents. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters ,15:3012-3015.
• Barclay LR, Vinqvist MR, 1994. Membrane peroxidation: inhibiting effects of water soluble antioxidants on phospholipids of different charge types Free Radical Biology & Medicine ,16:779-788.
• Carlotti ME, Sapino S, Vione D, Pelizzett E, Trotta M, 2004. Photostability of trolox in water/ethanol, water, and oramix CG 110 in the absence and in the presence of TiO2. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 25(2):193-207.
• Collins AR, 2005. Assays for oxidative stress and antioxidant status: applications to research into the biological effectiveness of polyphenols. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(1):261-267.
• d’Uscio LV, Milstien S, Richardson D, Smith L, Katusic ZS 2003. Long-term vitamin C treatment increases vascular tetrahydrobiopterin levels and nitric oxide synthase activity. Circulation Research, 92:88-95.
• Deveci HA, Karapehlivan M, 2018. Chlorpyrifos-induced parkinsonian model in mice: Behavior, histopathology and biochemistry. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiolology, 144:36-41.
• Deveci HA, Nur G, Alpay M, Özmerdivenli R, 2017b. Levels of paraoxonase, high density lipoprotein and total sialic acid in polycystic over syndrome, Journal of Cellular Neuroscience and Oxidative Stress, 9(2): 630-636.
• Deveci HA, Nur G, Cicek H, Karapehlivan M, 2017a. Evaluation of oxidative stress factors in patients with osteoporosis. Medicine Science, 6(3): 479-482.
• Diaz Z, Colombo M, Mann KK, Su H, Smith KN, Bohle DS, Schipper HM, Miller WH Jr, 2005. Trolox selectively enhances arsenic-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in APL and other malignant cell lines. Blood, 105(3):1237-45.
• Erel Ö, 2004. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clinical Biochemistry, 37:277-285.
• Erel Ö, 2005. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical Biochemistry, 38:1103-1111.
• Farmanzadeh D, Najafi M, 2016. Novel Trolox derivatives as antioxidants: A DFT investigation. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 81(3):277-290.
• Förstermann U, Sessa WC, 2012. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. European Heart Journal, 33(7):829-837.
• Gallego-Villar L, Perez B, Ugarte M, Desviat LR, Richard E, 2014. Antioxidants successfully reduce ROS production in propionic acidemia fibroblasts. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 452:457-461.
• Galley HF, Walker BE, Howdle PD, Webster NR, 1996. Regulation of nitric oxide synthase activity in cultured human endothelial cells: Effect of Antioxidants. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 21(1):97-101.
• Heller R, Hecker M, Stahmann N, Thiele JJ, Werner-Felmayer E, Werner ER, 2004. Alfa-tocopherol amplifies phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase at serine 1177 and its short-chain derivate trolox stabilizes tetrahydrobiopterin. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 37(5):620-631.
• Heller R, Unbehaun A, Schellenberg B, Mayer B, Werner-Felmayer E, Werner ER, 2001. L-Ascorbic acid potentiates endothelial nitric oxide synthesis via a chemical stabilization of tetrahydrobiopterin. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276:40-47.
• Huang S-W, Hopia A, Schwarz K, Frankel EN, German JB, 1996. Antioxidant activity of α- tocopherol and trolox in different lipid substrates: bulk oils vs oil-in-water emulsions, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44:444-452.
• Kaur P, Evje L, Aschner M, Syversen T, 2010. The in vitro effects of Trolox on methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity. Toxicology, 276:73-78.
• Kusano C, Ferrari B, 2008.Total Antioxidant Capacity: a biomarker in biomedical and nutritional studies. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 7(1): 1-15.
• Kükürt A, Gelen V, Başer OF, Deveci HA, Karapehlivan M, 2021. Thiols: Role in oxidative stress-related disorders IntechOpen, 1-21.
• Lee J-H, Kim B, Jin WJ, Kim J-W, Kim H-H, Ha H, Lee ZH, 2014. Trolox inhibits osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer through both PGE2-dependent and independent mechanisms. Biochemical pharmacology, 91:51-60.
• Milatovic D, Gupta RC, Yu Y, Zaja-Milatovic S, Aschner M, 2011. Protective effects of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents against manganese-induced oxidative damage and neuronal injury. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 256:219-226.
• Miller NJ, Rice-Evans CA, Davies MJ, Gopinathan V, Milner A, 1993. A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clinical Science, 84:407-412.
• Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA, 2001. A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide, 5:62-71.
• Niki E, 2010. Assessment of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 49(4):503-515.
• Ozcan A, Ogun M, 2015. Biochemistry of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, in Basic Principles and Clinical Significance of Oxidative Stress, ed. S. J. T. Gowder (London: IntechOpen) 37-58.
• Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C, 2008. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. International Journal of Biomedical Science, 4(2):89-96.
• Phaniendra A, Jestadi DB, Periyasamy L, 2015. Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 30(1):11-26.
• Rubbo H, Radi R, Anselmi D, Kirk M, Barnes S, Butler J, Eiserich JP, Freeman BA, 2000. Nitric oxide reaction with lipid peroxyl radicals spares α-tocopherol during lipid peroxidation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275(15):10812-10818.
• Sagach VF, Scrosati M, Fielding J, Rossoni G, Galli C, Visioli F, 2002. The water-soluble vitamin E analogue trolox protects against ischaemia/reperfusion damage in vitro and ex vivo. A comparison with vitamin E. Pharmacological Research, 45(6):435-439.
• Salgo MG, Pryor WA, 1996. Trolox inhibits peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat thymocytes. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 333(2):482-488.
• Sharma SS, Sayyed SG, 2006. Effects of trolox on nerve dysfunctıon, thermal hyperalgesıa and oxıdatıve stress ın experımental dıabetıc neuropathy. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology, 33:1022-1028.
• Sochor J, Ryvolova M, Krystofova O, Salas P, Hubalek J, Adam V, Trnkova L, Havel L, Beklova M, Zehnalek J, Provaznik I, Kizek R, 2010. Fully automated spectrometric protocols for determination of antioxidant activity: Advantages and disadvantages. Molecules, 15(12):8618-8640.
• Urso ML, Clarkson PM, 2003. Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation. Toxicology, 189:41-54.
• Utrera M, Estevez M, 2013. Impact of trolox, quercetin, genistein and gallic acid on the oxidative damage to myofibrillar proteins: The carbonylation pathway. Food Chemistry, 141:4000-4009.
• Yushkova YV, Chernyak EI, Gatilov YV, Vasil'ev VG, Morozov SV, Grigor'ev IA, 2018 Synthesis, structure, antioxidant activity, and water solubility of trolox ion conjugates. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 26:84-92.
• Zheng J, Payne K, Taggart JE, Jiang H, Lind SE, Ding WQ, 2012. Trolox enhances curcumin's cytotoxicity through induction of oxidative stress. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 29(3-4):353-360.