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Konuşmacıları Kadın, Erkek ve Çocuk Olarak Sınıflandırmada Veri Artırmanın Performansa Etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 974 - 987, 01.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1505349

Abstract

Derin öğrenme alanındaki gelişmeler daha doğru sınıflandırıcıların oluşturulmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Ancak yüksek genelleme yeteneğine sahip derin öğrenme modellerinin oluşturulabilmesi için büyük miktarda etiketli veri kümelerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Veri artırma bu ihtiyacın karşılanmasında yaygın olarak kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada konuşmacıların yaş ve cinsiyetlerine göre sınıflandırılmasında farklı veri artırma yöntemlerinin sınıflandırma performansı üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada yetişkin konuşmacılar erkek ve kadın olarak, çocuklar ise cinsiyet ayrımı yapılmadan tek bir sınıf olarak değerlendirilmiş ve toplamda üç (kadın, erkek ve çocuk) sınıflı bir sınıflandırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda gürültü ekleme, zaman uzatma ve perde kaydırma olmak üzere üç veri artırma yöntemi farklı kombinasyonlarda kullanılarak yedi farklı model oluşturulmuş ve her birinin performans ölçümleri yapılmıştır. aGender veri kümesinden rastgele seçilen 5760 konuşma verisi ile geliştirilen bu modeller arasında en yüksek performans artışı üç veri artırma yönteminin birlikte kullanıldığı modelle sağlanmıştır. Bu model sınıflandırma doğruluğunu %84.583’den % 87.523’e çıkararak %3’e yakın performans artışı sağlarken veri artırmanın kullanıldığı diğer modellerde de %1 ile %2.3 arasında performans artışı sağlanmıştır.

References

  • Arakawa, R., Takamichi, S., & Saruwatari, H. (2019). Implementation of DNN-based real-time voice conversion and its improvements by audio data augmentation and mask-shaped device. In: Proc. ISCA Workshop Speech Synthesis, (pp. 93–98). Vienna, Austria.
  • Bhatt, D., Patel, C., Talsania, H., Patel, J., Vaghela, R., Pandya, S., ... & Ghayvat, H. (2021). CNN variants for computer vision: History, architecture, application, challenges and future scope. Electronics, 10(20), 2470.
  • Bishop, C. M. (1995). Training with noise is equivalent to Tikhonov regularization. Neural Computation, 7(1), 108–116.
  • Chai, J., Zeng, H., Li, A., & Ngai, E. W. (2021). Deep learning in computer vision: A critical review of emerging techniques and application scenarios. Machine Learning with Applications, 6, 100134.
  • Gerosa, M., Giuliani, D., & Brugnara, F. (2005). Speaker adaptive acoustic modeling with mixture of adult and children's speech. In Interspeech, (pp. 2193-2196). Lisbon, Portugal.
  • Dehak, N., Kenny, P.J., Dehak, R., Dumouchel, P., & Ouellet, P. (2011). Front-End Factor Analysis for Speaker Verification. IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang, 19, 788–798.
  • Ertam, F. (2019)An effective gender recognition approach using voice data via deeper LSTM networks. Appl. Acoust., 156, 351–358.
  • Gupta, A., Harrison, P. J., Wieslander, H., Pielawski, N., Kartasalo, K., Partel, G., ... & Wählby, C. (2019). Deep learning in image cytometry: a review. Cytometry Part A, 95(4), 366-380.
  • Ioffe, S., & Szegedy, C. (2015). Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift. In International Conference on Machine Learning, (pp 448-456). Lille France.
  • Issa, D., Demirci, M. F., & Yazici, A. (2020). Speech emotion recognition with deep convolutional neural networks. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 59, 101894.
  • Jasuja, L., Rasool, A., Hajela, G. (2020) Voice Gender Recognizer Recognition of Gender from Voice using Deep Neural Networks. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC), (pp. 319–324). Trichy, India.
  • Kwasny, D., & Hemmerling, D. (2021). Gender and age estimation methods based on speech using deep neural networks. Sensors, 21(14), 4785.
  • Kockmann, M., Burget, L., & Cernocký, J. (2010). Brno university of technology system for interspeech 2010 paralinguistic challenge. In Interspeech, (pp. 2822-2825). Makuhari, Chiba, Japan.
  • Levitan, S. I., Mishra, T., & Bangalore, S. (2016). Automatic identification of gender from speech. In Proceeding of speech prosody, (pp. 84-88). Boston, USA.
  • Li, M., Han, K. J., & Narayanan, S. (2013). Automatic speaker age and gender recognition using acoustic and prosodic level information fusion. Computer Speech & Language, 27(1), 151-167.
  • Lingenfelser, F., Wagner, J., Vogt, T., Kim, J., & André, E. (2010). Age and gender classification from speech using decision level fusion and ensemble based techniques. In Eleventh Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, (pp. 2798-2801). Makuhari, Chiba, Japan.
  • Liu, X., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, F., & Hu, S. (2022). Towards efficient data-centric robust machine learning with noise-based augmentation, arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.03810.
  • Lou, G., & Shi, H. (2020). Face image recognition based on convolutional neural network. China communications, 17(2), 117-124.
  • Mahmoodi, D., Marvi, H., Taghizadeh, M., Soleimani, A., Razzazi, F. & Mahmoodi, M. (2011, July). Age Estimation Based on Speech Features and Support Vector Machine. In Proceedings of the 2011 3rd Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Conference (CEEC), (pp. 60–64). Colchester, UK.
  • Mavaddati, S. (2024). Voice-based Age, Gender, and Language Recognition Based on ResNet Deep model and Transfer learning in Spectro-Temporal Domain. Neurocomputing, (580), 127429.
  • Miliaresi, I., Poutos, K., & Pikrakis, A. (2021). Combining acoustic features and medical data in deep learning networks for voice pathology classification. In 2020 28th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), (pp. 1190-1194). Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  • Nanthini, K., Sivabalaselvamani, D., Chitra, K., Gokul, P., KavinKumar, S., & Kishore, S. (2023). A Survey on Data Augmentation Techniques. In 2023 7th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC), (pp. 913-920). Erode, India.
  • Nugroho, K., & Noersasongko, E. (2022). Enhanced Indonesian ethnic speaker recognition using data augmentation deep neural network. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 34(7), 4375-4384.
  • Nusrat, I., & Jang, S.B. (2018). A comparison of regularization techniques in deep neural networks. Symmetry, 10(11):648.
  • Potamianos, A., & Narayanan, S. (2003). Robust recognition of children's speech. IEEE Transactions on speech and audio processing, 11(6), 603-616.
  • Qureshi, M. F., Mushtaq, Z., ur Rehman, M. Z., & Kamavuako, E.N. (2022) Spectral image-based multiday surface electromyography classification of hand motions using CNN for human–computer interaction. IEEE Sens. J., 22, 20676–20683.
  • Sánchez-Hevia, H. A., Gil-Pita, R., Utrilla-Manso, M., & Rosa-Zurera, M. (2022). Age group classification and gender recognition from speech with temporal convolutional neural networks. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 81(3), 3535-3552.
  • Sarker, I. H. (2021). Deep learning: a comprehensive overview on techniques, taxonomy, applications and research directions. SN Computer Science, 2(6), 420.
  • Srivastava, N., Hinton, G., Krizhevsky, A,, Sutskever, I., & Salakhutdinov, R. (2014). Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 15(1):1929-1958.
  • Tursunov, A., Mustaqeem, Choeh, J. Y., & Kwon, S. (2021). Age and gender recognition using a convolutional neural network with a specially designed multi-attention module through speech spectrograms. Sensors, 21(17), 5892.
  • Uddin, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Pathan, R. K., & Biswas, M. (2020). Gender Recognition from Human Voice using Multi-Layer Architecture. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on INnovations in Intelligent SysTems and Applications (INISTA), (pp. 1–7).Novi Sad, Serbia.
  • Vlaj, D., & Zgank, A. (2022). Acoustic Gender and Age Classification as an Aid to Human–Computer Interaction in a Smart Home Environment. Mathematics, 11(1), 169.
  • Wei, S., Sun, Z., Wang, Z., Liao, F., Li, Z., & Mi, H. (2023). An efficient data augmentation method for automatic modulation recognition from low-data imbalanced-class regime. Applied Sciences, 13(5), 3177.
  • Yamashita, R., Nishio, M., Do, R. K. G., & Togashi, K. (2018). Convolutional neural networks: an overview and application in radiology. Insights into imaging, 9, 611-629.
  • Yücesoy, E., & Nabiyev, V. V. (2016). A new approach with score-level fusion for the classification of a speaker age and gender. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 53, 29-39.
  • Zhang X., Chen A., Zhou G., Zhang Z., Huang X.,& Qiang X. (2019). Spectrogram-frame linear network and continuous frame sequence for bird sound classification. Ecol. Inform., 54, 101009.

Effect of Data Augmentation on Performance in Classifying Speakers as Female, Male, and Child

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 974 - 987, 01.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1505349

Abstract

Developments in the field of deep learning have enabled the creation of more accurate classifiers. However, large amounts of labeled datasets are needed to create deep learning models with high generalization ability. Data augmentation is a widely used method to address the need for more data. This study investigates the effects of different data augmentation methods on the classification performance of speakers based on their age and gender. In this study, adult speakers are classified as male or female, while children are classified as a single group without gender discrimination, resulting in a total of three classes (female, male, and child). For this purpose, seven different models are created using combinations of three data augmentation methods: noise addition, time stretching, and pitch shifting. The performance of each model is then evaluated. Among these models, which were developed with 5760 speech data randomly selected from the aGender dataset, the highest performance increase is achieved with the model where three data augmentation methods are used together. This model increases the classification accuracy from 84.583% to 87.523%, providing a performance increase of nearly 3%, while other models using data augmentation provide a performance increase of 1% to 2.3%.

References

  • Arakawa, R., Takamichi, S., & Saruwatari, H. (2019). Implementation of DNN-based real-time voice conversion and its improvements by audio data augmentation and mask-shaped device. In: Proc. ISCA Workshop Speech Synthesis, (pp. 93–98). Vienna, Austria.
  • Bhatt, D., Patel, C., Talsania, H., Patel, J., Vaghela, R., Pandya, S., ... & Ghayvat, H. (2021). CNN variants for computer vision: History, architecture, application, challenges and future scope. Electronics, 10(20), 2470.
  • Bishop, C. M. (1995). Training with noise is equivalent to Tikhonov regularization. Neural Computation, 7(1), 108–116.
  • Chai, J., Zeng, H., Li, A., & Ngai, E. W. (2021). Deep learning in computer vision: A critical review of emerging techniques and application scenarios. Machine Learning with Applications, 6, 100134.
  • Gerosa, M., Giuliani, D., & Brugnara, F. (2005). Speaker adaptive acoustic modeling with mixture of adult and children's speech. In Interspeech, (pp. 2193-2196). Lisbon, Portugal.
  • Dehak, N., Kenny, P.J., Dehak, R., Dumouchel, P., & Ouellet, P. (2011). Front-End Factor Analysis for Speaker Verification. IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang, 19, 788–798.
  • Ertam, F. (2019)An effective gender recognition approach using voice data via deeper LSTM networks. Appl. Acoust., 156, 351–358.
  • Gupta, A., Harrison, P. J., Wieslander, H., Pielawski, N., Kartasalo, K., Partel, G., ... & Wählby, C. (2019). Deep learning in image cytometry: a review. Cytometry Part A, 95(4), 366-380.
  • Ioffe, S., & Szegedy, C. (2015). Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift. In International Conference on Machine Learning, (pp 448-456). Lille France.
  • Issa, D., Demirci, M. F., & Yazici, A. (2020). Speech emotion recognition with deep convolutional neural networks. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 59, 101894.
  • Jasuja, L., Rasool, A., Hajela, G. (2020) Voice Gender Recognizer Recognition of Gender from Voice using Deep Neural Networks. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC), (pp. 319–324). Trichy, India.
  • Kwasny, D., & Hemmerling, D. (2021). Gender and age estimation methods based on speech using deep neural networks. Sensors, 21(14), 4785.
  • Kockmann, M., Burget, L., & Cernocký, J. (2010). Brno university of technology system for interspeech 2010 paralinguistic challenge. In Interspeech, (pp. 2822-2825). Makuhari, Chiba, Japan.
  • Levitan, S. I., Mishra, T., & Bangalore, S. (2016). Automatic identification of gender from speech. In Proceeding of speech prosody, (pp. 84-88). Boston, USA.
  • Li, M., Han, K. J., & Narayanan, S. (2013). Automatic speaker age and gender recognition using acoustic and prosodic level information fusion. Computer Speech & Language, 27(1), 151-167.
  • Lingenfelser, F., Wagner, J., Vogt, T., Kim, J., & André, E. (2010). Age and gender classification from speech using decision level fusion and ensemble based techniques. In Eleventh Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, (pp. 2798-2801). Makuhari, Chiba, Japan.
  • Liu, X., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, F., & Hu, S. (2022). Towards efficient data-centric robust machine learning with noise-based augmentation, arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.03810.
  • Lou, G., & Shi, H. (2020). Face image recognition based on convolutional neural network. China communications, 17(2), 117-124.
  • Mahmoodi, D., Marvi, H., Taghizadeh, M., Soleimani, A., Razzazi, F. & Mahmoodi, M. (2011, July). Age Estimation Based on Speech Features and Support Vector Machine. In Proceedings of the 2011 3rd Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Conference (CEEC), (pp. 60–64). Colchester, UK.
  • Mavaddati, S. (2024). Voice-based Age, Gender, and Language Recognition Based on ResNet Deep model and Transfer learning in Spectro-Temporal Domain. Neurocomputing, (580), 127429.
  • Miliaresi, I., Poutos, K., & Pikrakis, A. (2021). Combining acoustic features and medical data in deep learning networks for voice pathology classification. In 2020 28th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), (pp. 1190-1194). Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  • Nanthini, K., Sivabalaselvamani, D., Chitra, K., Gokul, P., KavinKumar, S., & Kishore, S. (2023). A Survey on Data Augmentation Techniques. In 2023 7th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC), (pp. 913-920). Erode, India.
  • Nugroho, K., & Noersasongko, E. (2022). Enhanced Indonesian ethnic speaker recognition using data augmentation deep neural network. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 34(7), 4375-4384.
  • Nusrat, I., & Jang, S.B. (2018). A comparison of regularization techniques in deep neural networks. Symmetry, 10(11):648.
  • Potamianos, A., & Narayanan, S. (2003). Robust recognition of children's speech. IEEE Transactions on speech and audio processing, 11(6), 603-616.
  • Qureshi, M. F., Mushtaq, Z., ur Rehman, M. Z., & Kamavuako, E.N. (2022) Spectral image-based multiday surface electromyography classification of hand motions using CNN for human–computer interaction. IEEE Sens. J., 22, 20676–20683.
  • Sánchez-Hevia, H. A., Gil-Pita, R., Utrilla-Manso, M., & Rosa-Zurera, M. (2022). Age group classification and gender recognition from speech with temporal convolutional neural networks. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 81(3), 3535-3552.
  • Sarker, I. H. (2021). Deep learning: a comprehensive overview on techniques, taxonomy, applications and research directions. SN Computer Science, 2(6), 420.
  • Srivastava, N., Hinton, G., Krizhevsky, A,, Sutskever, I., & Salakhutdinov, R. (2014). Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 15(1):1929-1958.
  • Tursunov, A., Mustaqeem, Choeh, J. Y., & Kwon, S. (2021). Age and gender recognition using a convolutional neural network with a specially designed multi-attention module through speech spectrograms. Sensors, 21(17), 5892.
  • Uddin, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Pathan, R. K., & Biswas, M. (2020). Gender Recognition from Human Voice using Multi-Layer Architecture. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on INnovations in Intelligent SysTems and Applications (INISTA), (pp. 1–7).Novi Sad, Serbia.
  • Vlaj, D., & Zgank, A. (2022). Acoustic Gender and Age Classification as an Aid to Human–Computer Interaction in a Smart Home Environment. Mathematics, 11(1), 169.
  • Wei, S., Sun, Z., Wang, Z., Liao, F., Li, Z., & Mi, H. (2023). An efficient data augmentation method for automatic modulation recognition from low-data imbalanced-class regime. Applied Sciences, 13(5), 3177.
  • Yamashita, R., Nishio, M., Do, R. K. G., & Togashi, K. (2018). Convolutional neural networks: an overview and application in radiology. Insights into imaging, 9, 611-629.
  • Yücesoy, E., & Nabiyev, V. V. (2016). A new approach with score-level fusion for the classification of a speaker age and gender. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 53, 29-39.
  • Zhang X., Chen A., Zhou G., Zhang Z., Huang X.,& Qiang X. (2019). Spectrogram-frame linear network and continuous frame sequence for bird sound classification. Ecol. Inform., 54, 101009.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Computer Software
Journal Section Bilgisayar Mühendisliği / Computer Engineering
Authors

Ergün Yücesoy 0000-0003-1707-384X

Early Pub Date August 27, 2024
Publication Date September 1, 2024
Submission Date June 26, 2024
Acceptance Date July 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 14 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yücesoy, E. (2024). Konuşmacıları Kadın, Erkek ve Çocuk Olarak Sınıflandırmada Veri Artırmanın Performansa Etkisi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 14(3), 974-987. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1505349
AMA Yücesoy E. Konuşmacıları Kadın, Erkek ve Çocuk Olarak Sınıflandırmada Veri Artırmanın Performansa Etkisi. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. September 2024;14(3):974-987. doi:10.21597/jist.1505349
Chicago Yücesoy, Ergün. “Konuşmacıları Kadın, Erkek Ve Çocuk Olarak Sınıflandırmada Veri Artırmanın Performansa Etkisi”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 14, no. 3 (September 2024): 974-87. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1505349.
EndNote Yücesoy E (September 1, 2024) Konuşmacıları Kadın, Erkek ve Çocuk Olarak Sınıflandırmada Veri Artırmanın Performansa Etkisi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 14 3 974–987.
IEEE E. Yücesoy, “Konuşmacıları Kadın, Erkek ve Çocuk Olarak Sınıflandırmada Veri Artırmanın Performansa Etkisi”, J. Inst. Sci. and Tech., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 974–987, 2024, doi: 10.21597/jist.1505349.
ISNAD Yücesoy, Ergün. “Konuşmacıları Kadın, Erkek Ve Çocuk Olarak Sınıflandırmada Veri Artırmanın Performansa Etkisi”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 14/3 (September 2024), 974-987. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1505349.
JAMA Yücesoy E. Konuşmacıları Kadın, Erkek ve Çocuk Olarak Sınıflandırmada Veri Artırmanın Performansa Etkisi. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2024;14:974–987.
MLA Yücesoy, Ergün. “Konuşmacıları Kadın, Erkek Ve Çocuk Olarak Sınıflandırmada Veri Artırmanın Performansa Etkisi”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, vol. 14, no. 3, 2024, pp. 974-87, doi:10.21597/jist.1505349.
Vancouver Yücesoy E. Konuşmacıları Kadın, Erkek ve Çocuk Olarak Sınıflandırmada Veri Artırmanın Performansa Etkisi. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2024;14(3):974-87.