Atık Sulardan Ağır Metal Giderimi

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1684 - 1704, 01.12.2024

Nurhayat Atasoy

https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1431006

Abstract

Ağır metaller, toksisiteleri, atmosferde uzun ömürleri ve biyokonsantrasyon yoluyla insan vücudunda birikebilmeleri nedeniyle iyi bilinen çevre kirleticilerdir. Ağır metallerin çoğu doğal olarak oluşur, ancak bazıları antropojenik kaynaklardan elde edilir. Ağır metaller büyük atom ağırlıklarına sahiptir ve canlı organizmalar için oldukça toksiktir. Birçok ağır metal çevre ve hava kirliliğine neden olabilir ve insanlar için ölümcül olabilir. Ağır metaller su, toprak ve hava gibi çeşitli çevresel unsurlarla karıştığında oldukça zehirlidir ve insanlar ve diğer organizmalar besin zinciri yoluyla ağır metallere maruz kalabilir. Birikim sonucu, canlıların bünyesinde yoğunlaşan bu metaller, tiroit, nörolojik, otizm ve kısırlık gibi hastalıklara neden olabilirler. Temiz bir çevre ve insan sağlığı açısından ağır metal iyonlarının atık sulardan uzaklaştırılması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Sanayileşme, iklim değişikliği ve kentleşme nedeniyle su ortamındaki ağır metal kirliliği artıyor. Kirlilik kaynakları arasında madencilik atıkları, çöp sızıntıları, belediye ve endüstriyel atık sular, kentsel akıntılar ve volkanik patlamalar, hava koşulları ve kaya aşınması gibi doğal olaylar yer alır. Ağır metal iyonları toksiktir, potansiyel olarak kanserojendir ve biyolojik sistemlerde biyolojik olarak birikebilir. Çeşitli atık su kaynaklarından ağır metal iyonlarının uzaklaştırılması için farklı yöntemler vardır. Bu yöntemler adsorpsiyon, kimyasal, elektrokimyasal ayırma işlemleri, iyon değişimi, çökeltme, nanofiltrasyon, ultrafiltrasyon, ters ozmoz vb. işlemler olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Genel olarak son yıllardaki çalışmaların çoğunun adsorpsiyon teknikleri üzerine yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Kimyasal ve membran yöntemleri pratik olmasına rağmen, büyük hacimli çamur oluşumu ve arıtma sonrası gereksinimler, kimyasal teknikler için çözülmesi gereken hayati konulardır. Gelecekteki araştırma çalışmaları çevre dostu olmalı, uygun maliyetli ve sürdürülebilir malzeme ve yöntemlere odaklanmalıdır. Bu derleme, ağır metallerin uzaklaştırılması için su arıtımına ilişkin multidisipliner araştırmalar dikkate alınarak, ağır metallerin uzaklaştırılması için kullanılan ana teknolojiler ve malzemeler hakkında, ağır metallerin atık sulardan nasıl giderildiğini incelenmeyi amaçlamıştır.

Keywords

Ağır metaller, Adsorpsiyon teknikleri, Kimyasal ve membran yöntemleri, Nanomateryaller

Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater

Abstract

Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, long lifetime in the atmosphere, and ability to accumulate in the human body through bioconcentration. Most heavy metals occur naturally, but some are obtained from anthropogenic sources. Heavy metals have large atomic weights and are highly toxic to living organisms. Heavy metal ions are potentially carcinogenic and can bioaccumulate in biological systems. Many heavy metals can cause environmental and air pollution and harm humans. Heavy metals are highly toxic when mixed with various ecological elements such as water, soil and air, and humans and other organisms can be exposed to heavy metals through the food chain. As a result of accumulation, these metals concentrate on living things and can cause diseases such as thyroid, neurological, autism and infertility. Removing heavy metal ions from wastewater is of great importance for a clean environment and human health. Heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment is increasing due to industrialization, climate change and urbanization. Sources of pollution include mining waste, garbage spills, municipal and industrial wastewater, urban runoff, and natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, weathering, and rock weathering. There are different methods for removing heavy metal ions from various wastewater sources. These methods are adsorption, chemical and electrochemical separation processes, ion exchange, precipitation, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, etc. can be classified as transactions. In general, it seems that most of the studies in recent years have focused on adsorption techniques. Although chemical and membrane methods are practical, large-volume sludge generation and post-treatment requirements are vital issues to be solved for chemical techniques. Future research efforts should be environmentally friendly, focusing on cost-effective and sustainable materials and methods. This review aims to examine how heavy metals are removed from wastewater, about the main technologies and materials used for the removal of heavy metals, taking into account multidisciplinary research on water treatment for the removal of heavy metals

Keywords

Heavy metals, Adsorption techniques, Chemical and membrane methods, Nanomaterials

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