Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Control and Path Planning for Fixed Wing Aircrafts: A Control Design Application

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 299 - 318, 25.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.51513/jitsa.1754337

Abstract

Whether unmanned-autonomous or controlled, safe flight in increasingly widespread aircraft will be possible with economical, effective and consistent control. Failure to correctly adjust flight control parameters in air systems can cause flight safety problems and accidents. Hardware costs increase the importance of control-parameter settings in such vehicles. On the other hand, experimental platform needs for control theory are occasionally evident in departments such as electronics, and mechatronics engineering. In this article, a fixed-wing and single-engine Cessna 172SP model aircraft is modeled for experimental training of control system design and a controller system is designed for its control. Dynamic and kinematic mathematical model of the aircraft is created, PID control is considered, and simulations are carried out in MATLAB Simulink environment. A case study is also performed for path planning with real-time flight simulations using X-Plane software. By comparing the results obtained for different control parameters, the effectiveness of PID control and route planning was seen and it was evaluated that the system could be used as a low-cost control design implementation tool.

References

  • Anitha, G., Saravanan, E., Murugan, J., Nagothu, SK. (2022). Software in the Loop (SITL) Simulation of Aircraft Navigation, Guidance, and Control Using Waypoints. In International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Optimization (pp. 523-543). Springer Nature Singapore.
  • Akyürek, Ş., Özden, G., Atlas, E., Kasnakoğlu, C., Kaynak, Ü. (2016). Design of a Flight Stabilizer System and Automatic Control Using HIL Test Platform. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research. 5. 10.18178/ijmerr.5.1.77-81.
  • Bouabdallah, S., Siegwart, R. (2007). Full control of a quadrotor, In: Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/RSJ International Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Oct 29-Nov, San Diego, California, USA, p.153–158.
  • Bittar, A., Figuereido, HV., Guimaraes, PA., Mendes, AC. (2014). Guidance Software-In-the-Loop simulation using X-Plane and Simulink for UAVs, 2014 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), Orlando, FL, USA, pp. 993-1002, doi: 10.1109/ICUAS.2014.6842350.
  • Canpolat, TD. (2024). Bir Quadrotorun Yörünge Takibinde Doğrusal ve Doğrusal Olmayan Kontrol Yöntemlerinin Performans Değerlendirmesi. Politeknik Dergisi, 27(5), 1923-1936, https://doi.org/ 10.2339/politeknik.1219648.
  • Cücük, SY., Durdu, A. (2024). Sabit Kanatlı İnsansız Hava Aracında Tasarım Konfigürasyon Seçimleri ve Performans Analizi. Design Configuration Selections and Performance Analysis in Fixed Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Otomatik Kontrol Ulusal Konferansı TOK 2024. pp. 477-483.
  • Durmuş, A., Duymaz, E. (2024). Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Imaging and Remote Sensing. In: Karakoc, T.H., Özbek, E. (eds) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Design and Technology. Sustainable Aviation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45321-2_11.
  • Duymaz, E., Oğuz A.E. (2024). Döner Kanat IHA Modellenmesi ve Denetimi: Bir Kontrol Tasarım Uygulaması. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 7(5), 841-848. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering. 1470214.
  • Duymaz, E., Oğuz, AE., Temeltaş, H. (2020). Exact flow of particles using for state estimations in unmanned aerial systems` navigation. PLoS ONE 15(4): e0231412. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0231412.
  • Fadlian, MF., Azhari, MB., Kusumoputro, B. (2021). Data acquisition of X-plane’s aircraft through matlab for neural network based identification system. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2376, No. 1, p. 060002). AIP Publishing LLC.
  • Horri, N., & Pietraszko, M. (2022). A tutorial and review on flight control co-simulation using matlab/simulink and flight simulators. Automation, 3(3), 486-510.
  • Korkmaz, H., Ertin, OB., Kasnakoglu, C., Kaynak, U. (2013). Design of a Flight Stabilizer System for a Small Fixed Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle using System Identification, IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 46 (25), Pages 145-149, ISSN 1474-6670, ISBN 9783902823519, https://doi.org/10.3182/20130916-2-TR-4042.00012.
  • Küçüksezer, HC., Sancaktar, İ. (2021). Mikrodenetleyicili İHA Uçuş Test Düzeneği Tasarımı. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 778-787. https://doi.org/10.35193/bseufbd.942380.
  • Kuzu, Z., Yıldız, TF. (2024). Sabit kanatlı bir İHA’nın model öngörülü kontrolü için döngüde yazılım simülasyonu. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 318-324. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1331207.
  • Lizarraga, MI., Elkaim, GH., Horn, GM., Curry, R., Dobrokhodov, V., Kaminer, I. (2009). Low Cost RaPDly Reconfigurable UAV Autopilot for Research and Development of Guidance, Navigation and Control Algorithms. ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, pp. 585-594. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
  • Nelson, R.C. (1998). Flight Stability and Automatic Control. (Second Edition) McGraw-Hill International Editions: Aerospace Science & Technology Series.
  • Nguyen, T., Quyen, V., Nguyen, V., Le, M., Tran, T. (2020). Control Algorithms for UAVs: A Comprehensive Survey, EAI Endorsed Trans. Ind. Netw. Intell. Syst. 7:23-29. e5., https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-5-2020.164586.
  • Ogata, K. (1997). Modern Control Engineering, Prentice Hall, USA.
  • Oguz, AE., Duymaz, E. (2016). Artificial Potantial Field Based Autonomus UAV Fligh in Dynamic Environment, 16th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, Jun, June 13-17, Washington DC, USA, p.1-9, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-3454.
  • Oktay, T., Özen, E. (2021). Döner Kanatlı İnsansız Hava Aracının Sistem Tasarımı ve Kontrolü. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi (27), 318-324. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.957056.
  • Rodríguez, WE., Ibarra, R., Romero, G., Lara, D. (2014). Comparison of Controllers for a UAV Type Quadrotor: Feedback Control by Bessel´s Polynomials and LQR with Kalman Filter, Appl. Mech. Mater., 555:40–48.
  • Santoso, F., Liu, M., Egan, GK. (2007). Linear Quadratic Optimal Control Synthesis for an UAV, 12th Australian International Aerospace Congress, AIAC12, Melbourne, Australia, AIAA-2002-4439.
  • Serebrenny, VV., Alkhanov, DS. (2023). Using the computing module X-Plane in the development of a mathematical model of an unmanned aircraft. In AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2833, No. 1, p. 020008. AIP Publishing LLC.
  • Stevens, BL, Lewis, FL, Johnson, EN. (2015). Aircraft control and simulation: Dynamics, controls design, and autonomous systems: Third edition.
  • Stojcsics, D., Molnar, A. (2011). Fixed-wing Small-size UAV Navigation Methods with HIL simulation for AERObot autopilot. Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY), IEEE 9th International Symp., pp.241-245.
  • Susanto, T., Bayu, SM., Jayadi, A., Rossi, F., Hamdhi, A., Persada, SJ. (2021). Application of Unmanned Aircraft PD Control System for Roll, Pitch and Yaw Stability on Fixed Wings, 2021 International Conference on Computer Science, Information Technology, and Electrical Engineering (ICOMITEE), Banyuwangi, Indonesia, 186-190, doi: 10.1109/ICOMITEE53461.2021.9650314.
  • Peet, MM. (2024). Spacecraft and Aircraft Dynamics&Motion-Lecture Notes, Illinois Institute of Technology, http://control.asu.edu/Classes/MMAE441/Aircraft/441Lecture.pdf. (and MAE313).
  • Peddle, IK., Milne, GW. (2007). Development of a Low-Cost Waypoint Navigation Autopilot for an UAV. SAI MechE R&D Journal, 23.2.

Hava ulaşım araçlarında kontrol ve yol planlaması: Sabit kanatlı hava araçları kontrol tasarımı üzerine bir durum çalışması

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 299 - 318, 25.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.51513/jitsa.1754337

Abstract

İnsansız-otonom ya da denetimli olsun, gittikçe yaygınlaşan hava araçlarında uçuşun güvenli bir şekilde yapılması ekonomik, etkin ve tutarlı bir kontrol ile mümkün olacaktır. Hava sistemlerinde uçuş kontrol parametrelerinin doğru ayarlanamaması uçuş güvenlik sorunlarına neden olabilmekte, donanım maliyetleri ise bu tür araçlarda kontrol-parametre ayarlarının önemini arttırmaktadır. Öte yandan elektronik, havacılık, mekatronik mühendisliği gibi bölümlerde kontrol teorisi için deneysel platform ihtiyaçları bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede, kontrol sistem tasarımı deneysel eğitimleri için sabit kanatlı ve tek motorlu Cessna 172SP model bir uçak modellenmiş ve denetimi için kontrolör sistemi tasarlanmıştır. Uçağın dinamik ve kinematik matematiksel modeli oluşturularak, PID kontrolü ele alınmış ve MATLAB Simulink ortamında simülasyonları gerçekleştirilmiştir. X-Plane yazılımı kullanılarak gerçek zamanlı uçuş simülasyonları ile yol planlaması için durum çalışması da yapılmıştır. Farklı kontrol-parametreleri için elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılarak PID kontrolünün ve güzergah planlamasının etkinliği görülmüş ve sistemin düşük maliyetli bir deney ortamı olduğu, kontrol tasarımı için uygulama aracı olarak kullanılmasının mümkün olduğu değerlendirilmiştir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davranıldığını beyan ederiz.

Supporting Institution

Çalışma herhangi bir destek almamıştır.

References

  • Anitha, G., Saravanan, E., Murugan, J., Nagothu, SK. (2022). Software in the Loop (SITL) Simulation of Aircraft Navigation, Guidance, and Control Using Waypoints. In International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Optimization (pp. 523-543). Springer Nature Singapore.
  • Akyürek, Ş., Özden, G., Atlas, E., Kasnakoğlu, C., Kaynak, Ü. (2016). Design of a Flight Stabilizer System and Automatic Control Using HIL Test Platform. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research. 5. 10.18178/ijmerr.5.1.77-81.
  • Bouabdallah, S., Siegwart, R. (2007). Full control of a quadrotor, In: Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/RSJ International Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Oct 29-Nov, San Diego, California, USA, p.153–158.
  • Bittar, A., Figuereido, HV., Guimaraes, PA., Mendes, AC. (2014). Guidance Software-In-the-Loop simulation using X-Plane and Simulink for UAVs, 2014 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), Orlando, FL, USA, pp. 993-1002, doi: 10.1109/ICUAS.2014.6842350.
  • Canpolat, TD. (2024). Bir Quadrotorun Yörünge Takibinde Doğrusal ve Doğrusal Olmayan Kontrol Yöntemlerinin Performans Değerlendirmesi. Politeknik Dergisi, 27(5), 1923-1936, https://doi.org/ 10.2339/politeknik.1219648.
  • Cücük, SY., Durdu, A. (2024). Sabit Kanatlı İnsansız Hava Aracında Tasarım Konfigürasyon Seçimleri ve Performans Analizi. Design Configuration Selections and Performance Analysis in Fixed Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Otomatik Kontrol Ulusal Konferansı TOK 2024. pp. 477-483.
  • Durmuş, A., Duymaz, E. (2024). Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Imaging and Remote Sensing. In: Karakoc, T.H., Özbek, E. (eds) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Design and Technology. Sustainable Aviation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45321-2_11.
  • Duymaz, E., Oğuz A.E. (2024). Döner Kanat IHA Modellenmesi ve Denetimi: Bir Kontrol Tasarım Uygulaması. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 7(5), 841-848. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering. 1470214.
  • Duymaz, E., Oğuz, AE., Temeltaş, H. (2020). Exact flow of particles using for state estimations in unmanned aerial systems` navigation. PLoS ONE 15(4): e0231412. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0231412.
  • Fadlian, MF., Azhari, MB., Kusumoputro, B. (2021). Data acquisition of X-plane’s aircraft through matlab for neural network based identification system. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2376, No. 1, p. 060002). AIP Publishing LLC.
  • Horri, N., & Pietraszko, M. (2022). A tutorial and review on flight control co-simulation using matlab/simulink and flight simulators. Automation, 3(3), 486-510.
  • Korkmaz, H., Ertin, OB., Kasnakoglu, C., Kaynak, U. (2013). Design of a Flight Stabilizer System for a Small Fixed Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle using System Identification, IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 46 (25), Pages 145-149, ISSN 1474-6670, ISBN 9783902823519, https://doi.org/10.3182/20130916-2-TR-4042.00012.
  • Küçüksezer, HC., Sancaktar, İ. (2021). Mikrodenetleyicili İHA Uçuş Test Düzeneği Tasarımı. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 778-787. https://doi.org/10.35193/bseufbd.942380.
  • Kuzu, Z., Yıldız, TF. (2024). Sabit kanatlı bir İHA’nın model öngörülü kontrolü için döngüde yazılım simülasyonu. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 318-324. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1331207.
  • Lizarraga, MI., Elkaim, GH., Horn, GM., Curry, R., Dobrokhodov, V., Kaminer, I. (2009). Low Cost RaPDly Reconfigurable UAV Autopilot for Research and Development of Guidance, Navigation and Control Algorithms. ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, pp. 585-594. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
  • Nelson, R.C. (1998). Flight Stability and Automatic Control. (Second Edition) McGraw-Hill International Editions: Aerospace Science & Technology Series.
  • Nguyen, T., Quyen, V., Nguyen, V., Le, M., Tran, T. (2020). Control Algorithms for UAVs: A Comprehensive Survey, EAI Endorsed Trans. Ind. Netw. Intell. Syst. 7:23-29. e5., https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-5-2020.164586.
  • Ogata, K. (1997). Modern Control Engineering, Prentice Hall, USA.
  • Oguz, AE., Duymaz, E. (2016). Artificial Potantial Field Based Autonomus UAV Fligh in Dynamic Environment, 16th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, Jun, June 13-17, Washington DC, USA, p.1-9, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-3454.
  • Oktay, T., Özen, E. (2021). Döner Kanatlı İnsansız Hava Aracının Sistem Tasarımı ve Kontrolü. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi (27), 318-324. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.957056.
  • Rodríguez, WE., Ibarra, R., Romero, G., Lara, D. (2014). Comparison of Controllers for a UAV Type Quadrotor: Feedback Control by Bessel´s Polynomials and LQR with Kalman Filter, Appl. Mech. Mater., 555:40–48.
  • Santoso, F., Liu, M., Egan, GK. (2007). Linear Quadratic Optimal Control Synthesis for an UAV, 12th Australian International Aerospace Congress, AIAC12, Melbourne, Australia, AIAA-2002-4439.
  • Serebrenny, VV., Alkhanov, DS. (2023). Using the computing module X-Plane in the development of a mathematical model of an unmanned aircraft. In AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2833, No. 1, p. 020008. AIP Publishing LLC.
  • Stevens, BL, Lewis, FL, Johnson, EN. (2015). Aircraft control and simulation: Dynamics, controls design, and autonomous systems: Third edition.
  • Stojcsics, D., Molnar, A. (2011). Fixed-wing Small-size UAV Navigation Methods with HIL simulation for AERObot autopilot. Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY), IEEE 9th International Symp., pp.241-245.
  • Susanto, T., Bayu, SM., Jayadi, A., Rossi, F., Hamdhi, A., Persada, SJ. (2021). Application of Unmanned Aircraft PD Control System for Roll, Pitch and Yaw Stability on Fixed Wings, 2021 International Conference on Computer Science, Information Technology, and Electrical Engineering (ICOMITEE), Banyuwangi, Indonesia, 186-190, doi: 10.1109/ICOMITEE53461.2021.9650314.
  • Peet, MM. (2024). Spacecraft and Aircraft Dynamics&Motion-Lecture Notes, Illinois Institute of Technology, http://control.asu.edu/Classes/MMAE441/Aircraft/441Lecture.pdf. (and MAE313).
  • Peddle, IK., Milne, GW. (2007). Development of a Low-Cost Waypoint Navigation Autopilot for an UAV. SAI MechE R&D Journal, 23.2.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Autonomous Vehicle Systems
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Erol Duymaz 0000-0002-3428-6807

Abdullah Ersan Oğuz 0000-0003-3413-7876

Early Pub Date October 22, 2025
Publication Date October 25, 2025
Submission Date August 4, 2025
Acceptance Date October 16, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Duymaz, E., & Oğuz, A. E. (2025). Hava ulaşım araçlarında kontrol ve yol planlaması: Sabit kanatlı hava araçları kontrol tasarımı üzerine bir durum çalışması. Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri Ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 8(2), 299-318. https://doi.org/10.51513/jitsa.1754337