Research Article
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EFL Students’ Self-Regulated Online Learning in Post-Pandemic Hybrid Education

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 425 - 443, 23.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1243447

Abstract

This study measured self-regulated online learning skills of English language learners in post-pandemic hybrid education. A quantitative survey design was adopted and students majoring in English Language and Literature at a state university in Türkiye in 2021-2022 academic year constituted the population of the research. The Self-Regulated Online Learning Scale was administered to the students of three active grades in the department (preparatory, first and second grades). As a result of statistical analyses, the findings demonstrated that the students’ self-regulated online learning skills were at a moderate level both in general and with respect to self-regulation dimensions. Additionally, no significant difference was observed in students’ reported self-regulated learning across groups of gender, years of education and perceived foreign language levels whereas significant differences were revealed for the variable of frequency of attendance to online classes. The results are discussed and some recommendations are provided.

References

  • Anthonysamy, L., Koo, A. C., & Hew, S. H. (2020). Self-regulated learning strategies in higher education: Fostering digital literacy for sustainable lifelong learning. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 2393-2414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10201-8
  • Barnard, L., Lan, W. Y., To, Y. M., Paton, V. O., & Lai, S. L. (2009). Measuring self-regulation in online and blended learning environments. The internet and Higher Education, 12, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.10.005
  • Blau, I., Shamir-Inbal, T., & Avdiel, O. (2020). How does the pedagogical design of a technology-enhanced collaborative academic course promote digital literacies, self-regulation, and perceived learning of students? The internet and Higher Education, 45, 100722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2019.100722
  • Bradley, R. L., Browne, B. L., & Kelley, H. M. (2017). Examining the influence of self-efficacy and self-regulation in online learning. College Student Journal, 51(4), 518-530.
  • Cerezo, R., Bogarín, A., Esteban, M., & Romero, C. (2020). Process mining for self-regulated learning assessment in e-learning. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 32, 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-019-09225-y
  • Chien, C. W. (2019). Taiwanese EFL undergraduates’ self-regulated learning with and without technology. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 13, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2016.1264076 Cho, M. H., & Shen, D. (2013). Self-regulation in online learning. Distance Education, 34, 290-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2013.835770
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th Ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Do, M. H. (2022). EFL students’ self-regulated learning strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) 2nd Special Issue on Covid 19. https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/covid2.2 Doğan, Y. (2022). Higher education EFL learners’ online self-regulated learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Relationships of some variables with self-regulation. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 16(2), 16–35.
  • Dornyei, Z. (2001). Teaching and researching motivation. Longman.
  • Dornyei, Z., & Ushioda, E. (2011). Teaching and researching: Motivation. Longman.
  • Erdel, D. (2022). Student reflections on experiences in a social learning network: The Edmodo use of EFL learners. In R. E Demirbatır. Advances in education science. (pp. 51-69). Duvar Publishing.
  • Hall, T. (2002). Differentiated instruction. National Center on Accessing the General Curriculum.
  • Hodges, C. B., Moore, S., Lockee, B. B., Trust, T., & Bond, M. A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning, Educause Review (March 27, 2020).
  • https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning
  • Jansen, R. S., Van Leeuwen, A., Janssen, J., Kester, L., & Kalz, M. (2017). Validation of the self-regulated online learning questionnaire. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 29(1), 6-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-016-9125-x
  • Kara, M., Kukul, V., & Çakır, R. (2021). Self-regulation in three types of online interaction: How does it predict online pre-service teachers’ perceived learning and satisfaction? The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 30, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-020-00509-x
  • Karacan, C. G., Yıldız, M., & Atay, D. (2022). The Relationship between self-regulated learning and EFL achievement in synchronous online language education. Mextesol Journal, 46(3). https://www.mextesol.net/journal/index.php?page=journal&id_article=46367
  • Kizilcec, R. F., Pérez-Sanagustín, M., & Maldonado, J. J. (2017). Self-regulated learning strategies predict learner behavior and goal attainment in Massive Open Online Courses. Computers & Education, 104, 18-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.10.001
  • Kulusaklı, E. (2022). Exploring self-regulated online learning skills of EFL learners in distance education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 23(1), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1050356
  • Li, Y., Li, X., Su, Y., Peng, Y., & Hu, H. (2020). Exploring the role of EFL learners’ online self-regulation profiles in their social regulation of learning in wiki-supported collaborative reading activities. Journal of Computers in Education, 7, 575-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-020-00168-3
  • Lien, T. T. N. (2022). E-learning and learner autonomy in an EFL class in Vietnam. Language Teaching Research Quarterly, 27, 9-23. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1343901.pdf
  • Meşe, E., & Mede, E. (2022). Using digital differentiation to improve EFL achievement and self-regulation of tertiary learners: the Turkish context. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2022.2043872
  • Oxford, R., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal, 78(1), 12-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/329249
  • Öner, C. (2022). Exploring intermediate and upper-intermediate learners’ self-regulated online learning in an English language preparatory program [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Bahçesehir University, Istanbul.
  • Pintrich, P. R. (1999). The role of motivation in promoting and sustaining self-regulated learning. International Journal of Educational Research, 31, 459-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-0355(99)00015-4 Pintrich, P. R. (2004). A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students. Educational Psychology Review, 16, 385-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-004-0006-x
  • Su, Y., Li, Y., Liang, J. C., & Tsai, C. C. (2019). Moving literature circles into wiki-based environment: the role of online self-regulation in EFL learners’ attitude toward collaborative learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32, 556-586. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2018.1527363
  • Su, Y., Zheng, C., Liang, J. C., & Tsai, C. C. (2018). Examining the relationship between English language learners’ online self-regulation and their self-efficacy. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 34. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.3548
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson. van Alten, D. C., Phielix, C., Janssen, J., & Kester, L. (2020). Effects of self-regulated learning prompts in a flipped history classroom. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106318
  • Viriya, C. (2022). Exploring the impact of synchronous, asynchronous, and bichronous online learning modes on EFL students’ self-regulated and perceived English language learning. rEFLections, 29(1), 88-111. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/reflections/article/view/260525
  • Vygotsky, L. S., (1978). Mind in society: Development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
  • Wijaya, K. (2022). The important role of self-regulation in worldwide EFL learning contexts. Acuity: Journal of English Language Pedagogy, Literature and Culture, 7, 65-76. https://doi.org/10.35974/acuity.v7i1.2578 Winne, P. H., & Hadwin, A. F. (1998). Studying as self-regulated learning. In D. J. Hacker & J. Dunlosky (Eds.), Metacognition in educational theory and practice (pp. 277–304). The Educational Psychology Series. Erlbaum.
  • Xu, Q., Wu, J., & Peng, H. (2022). Chinese EFL university students’ self-efficacy for online self-regulated learning: Dynamic features and influencing factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.912970
  • Yavuzalp, N., & Özdemir, Y. (2020). Öz-düzenlemeli çevrimiçi öğrenme ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışması [Adaptation of the self-regulated online learning questionnaire (SOL-Q)]. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 10(3), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.19.512415
  • Yukselturk, E., & Bulut, S. (2007). Predictors for student success in an online course. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 10(2), 71-83. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.10.2.71
  • Zheng, C., Liang, J. C., Li, M., & Tsai, C. C. (2018). The relationship between English language learners’ motivation and online self-regulation: A structural equation modelling approach. System, 76, 144-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.05.003
  • Zheng, L., Li, X., & Chen, F. (2018). Effects of a mobile self-regulated learning approach on students’ learning achievements and self-regulated learning skills. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 55(6), 616-624. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2016.1259080
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into Practice, 41, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2008). Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects. American Educational Research Journal, 45(1), 166-183. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831207312909
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2015). Self-regulated learning: Theories, measures, and outcomes. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 21, 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.26060-1
Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 425 - 443, 23.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1243447

Abstract

References

  • Anthonysamy, L., Koo, A. C., & Hew, S. H. (2020). Self-regulated learning strategies in higher education: Fostering digital literacy for sustainable lifelong learning. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 2393-2414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10201-8
  • Barnard, L., Lan, W. Y., To, Y. M., Paton, V. O., & Lai, S. L. (2009). Measuring self-regulation in online and blended learning environments. The internet and Higher Education, 12, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.10.005
  • Blau, I., Shamir-Inbal, T., & Avdiel, O. (2020). How does the pedagogical design of a technology-enhanced collaborative academic course promote digital literacies, self-regulation, and perceived learning of students? The internet and Higher Education, 45, 100722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2019.100722
  • Bradley, R. L., Browne, B. L., & Kelley, H. M. (2017). Examining the influence of self-efficacy and self-regulation in online learning. College Student Journal, 51(4), 518-530.
  • Cerezo, R., Bogarín, A., Esteban, M., & Romero, C. (2020). Process mining for self-regulated learning assessment in e-learning. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 32, 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-019-09225-y
  • Chien, C. W. (2019). Taiwanese EFL undergraduates’ self-regulated learning with and without technology. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 13, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2016.1264076 Cho, M. H., & Shen, D. (2013). Self-regulation in online learning. Distance Education, 34, 290-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2013.835770
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th Ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Do, M. H. (2022). EFL students’ self-regulated learning strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) 2nd Special Issue on Covid 19. https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/covid2.2 Doğan, Y. (2022). Higher education EFL learners’ online self-regulated learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Relationships of some variables with self-regulation. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 16(2), 16–35.
  • Dornyei, Z. (2001). Teaching and researching motivation. Longman.
  • Dornyei, Z., & Ushioda, E. (2011). Teaching and researching: Motivation. Longman.
  • Erdel, D. (2022). Student reflections on experiences in a social learning network: The Edmodo use of EFL learners. In R. E Demirbatır. Advances in education science. (pp. 51-69). Duvar Publishing.
  • Hall, T. (2002). Differentiated instruction. National Center on Accessing the General Curriculum.
  • Hodges, C. B., Moore, S., Lockee, B. B., Trust, T., & Bond, M. A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning, Educause Review (March 27, 2020).
  • https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning
  • Jansen, R. S., Van Leeuwen, A., Janssen, J., Kester, L., & Kalz, M. (2017). Validation of the self-regulated online learning questionnaire. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 29(1), 6-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-016-9125-x
  • Kara, M., Kukul, V., & Çakır, R. (2021). Self-regulation in three types of online interaction: How does it predict online pre-service teachers’ perceived learning and satisfaction? The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 30, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-020-00509-x
  • Karacan, C. G., Yıldız, M., & Atay, D. (2022). The Relationship between self-regulated learning and EFL achievement in synchronous online language education. Mextesol Journal, 46(3). https://www.mextesol.net/journal/index.php?page=journal&id_article=46367
  • Kizilcec, R. F., Pérez-Sanagustín, M., & Maldonado, J. J. (2017). Self-regulated learning strategies predict learner behavior and goal attainment in Massive Open Online Courses. Computers & Education, 104, 18-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.10.001
  • Kulusaklı, E. (2022). Exploring self-regulated online learning skills of EFL learners in distance education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 23(1), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1050356
  • Li, Y., Li, X., Su, Y., Peng, Y., & Hu, H. (2020). Exploring the role of EFL learners’ online self-regulation profiles in their social regulation of learning in wiki-supported collaborative reading activities. Journal of Computers in Education, 7, 575-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-020-00168-3
  • Lien, T. T. N. (2022). E-learning and learner autonomy in an EFL class in Vietnam. Language Teaching Research Quarterly, 27, 9-23. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1343901.pdf
  • Meşe, E., & Mede, E. (2022). Using digital differentiation to improve EFL achievement and self-regulation of tertiary learners: the Turkish context. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2022.2043872
  • Oxford, R., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal, 78(1), 12-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/329249
  • Öner, C. (2022). Exploring intermediate and upper-intermediate learners’ self-regulated online learning in an English language preparatory program [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Bahçesehir University, Istanbul.
  • Pintrich, P. R. (1999). The role of motivation in promoting and sustaining self-regulated learning. International Journal of Educational Research, 31, 459-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-0355(99)00015-4 Pintrich, P. R. (2004). A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students. Educational Psychology Review, 16, 385-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-004-0006-x
  • Su, Y., Li, Y., Liang, J. C., & Tsai, C. C. (2019). Moving literature circles into wiki-based environment: the role of online self-regulation in EFL learners’ attitude toward collaborative learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32, 556-586. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2018.1527363
  • Su, Y., Zheng, C., Liang, J. C., & Tsai, C. C. (2018). Examining the relationship between English language learners’ online self-regulation and their self-efficacy. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 34. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.3548
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson. van Alten, D. C., Phielix, C., Janssen, J., & Kester, L. (2020). Effects of self-regulated learning prompts in a flipped history classroom. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106318
  • Viriya, C. (2022). Exploring the impact of synchronous, asynchronous, and bichronous online learning modes on EFL students’ self-regulated and perceived English language learning. rEFLections, 29(1), 88-111. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/reflections/article/view/260525
  • Vygotsky, L. S., (1978). Mind in society: Development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
  • Wijaya, K. (2022). The important role of self-regulation in worldwide EFL learning contexts. Acuity: Journal of English Language Pedagogy, Literature and Culture, 7, 65-76. https://doi.org/10.35974/acuity.v7i1.2578 Winne, P. H., & Hadwin, A. F. (1998). Studying as self-regulated learning. In D. J. Hacker & J. Dunlosky (Eds.), Metacognition in educational theory and practice (pp. 277–304). The Educational Psychology Series. Erlbaum.
  • Xu, Q., Wu, J., & Peng, H. (2022). Chinese EFL university students’ self-efficacy for online self-regulated learning: Dynamic features and influencing factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.912970
  • Yavuzalp, N., & Özdemir, Y. (2020). Öz-düzenlemeli çevrimiçi öğrenme ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışması [Adaptation of the self-regulated online learning questionnaire (SOL-Q)]. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 10(3), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.19.512415
  • Yukselturk, E., & Bulut, S. (2007). Predictors for student success in an online course. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 10(2), 71-83. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.10.2.71
  • Zheng, C., Liang, J. C., Li, M., & Tsai, C. C. (2018). The relationship between English language learners’ motivation and online self-regulation: A structural equation modelling approach. System, 76, 144-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.05.003
  • Zheng, L., Li, X., & Chen, F. (2018). Effects of a mobile self-regulated learning approach on students’ learning achievements and self-regulated learning skills. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 55(6), 616-624. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2016.1259080
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into Practice, 41, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2008). Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects. American Educational Research Journal, 45(1), 166-183. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831207312909
  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2015). Self-regulated learning: Theories, measures, and outcomes. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 21, 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.26060-1
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Didem Erdel 0000-0002-3923-4934

Early Pub Date October 21, 2023
Publication Date October 23, 2023
Submission Date January 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Erdel, D. (2023). EFL Students’ Self-Regulated Online Learning in Post-Pandemic Hybrid Education. Dil Eğitimi Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 425-443. https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1243447

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