Building Strategic Readers: The Effects of Online Training on Comprehension
Year 2025,
Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 859 - 890, 29.10.2025
Rabia Börekci
,
Aysun Yavuz
Abstract
This study examined the effects of an 8-week online strategy training program on reading comprehension of 8th-grade EFL learners in Türkiye. The program introduced eight strategies across the pre-, during-, and post-reading stages, progressing in complexity. This single case study employed a mixed-methods approach, incorporating pre-, post-, and delayed post-tests; a topic familiarity quiz; think-aloud protocols; diaries; and interviews. The findings showed significant improvement in reading comprehension, which was sustained over time. Think-aloud protocols revealed the students' metacognitive awareness and adaptability. The diaries identified areas for improvement, such as materials, engagement, and technical challenges. Interviews provided positive feedback while suggesting enhancements, including real-life content, better timing between learning and application, and an extended duration for exam preparation. This study underscores the effectiveness of online strategy training in improving reading comprehension and highlights the need for further research to optimize its implementation.
Keywords:Reading comprehension, Strategy training,Online training, Language learner
References
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Alptekin, C., & Erçetin, G. (2011). Effects of working memory capacity and content familiarity on literal and inferential comprehension in L2 reading. TESOL Quarterly, 45(2), 235–266. https://doi.org/10.5054/tq.2011.247705
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Andrés, I. C. (2020). Enhancing reading comprehension through an intensive reading approach. HOW, 27(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.19183/how.27.1.518
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Arabmofrad, A., Badi, M., & Rajaee Pitehnoee, M. (2021). The relationship among elementary English as a foreign language learners' hemispheric dominance, metacognitive reading strategies preferences, and reading
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Beceren, S. (2020). Vocabulary size of Turkish EFL learners at the tertiary level and its’ impact on their reading and listening comprehension. Mediterranean Journal of Educational Research, 14(32), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.29329/mjer.2020.258.11
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Dermitzaki, I. (2025). Fostering elementary school students' self-regulation skills in reading comprehension: Effects on text comprehension, strategy use, and self-efficacy. Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 101.
https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020101
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Dewitz, P., & Graves, M. F. (2024). Reevaluating and restructuring comprehension strategy instruction. The Reading Teacher, 78(1), 17–26.https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.2308
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Elbro, C., & Buch-Iversen, I. (2013). Activation of background knowledge for inference making: Effects on reading comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 17(6), 435–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2013.774005
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Erten, İ. H., & Razi, S. (2009). The effects of cultural familiarity on reading comprehension. Reading in a Foreign Language, 21(1), 60–77. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ838389.pdf
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Ghaith, G., & El-Sanyoura, H. (2019). Reading comprehension: The mediating role of metacognitive strategies. Reading in a Foreign Language, 31(1), 19–43. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/66748
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Ghafournia, N., & Afghari, A. (2013). Relationship between reading proficiency, strategic competence, and reading comprehension test performance: A study of Iranian EFL learners. International Education Studies, 6(8), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v6n8p21
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Gilakjani, A., & Ahmadi, S. (2011). The relationship between l2 reading comprehension and schema theory: a matter of text familiarity. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 1(2) 142–149. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijiet.2011.v1.24
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Grabe, W. (2009). Reading in a second language: Moving from theory to practice. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139150484
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Grabe, W., & Yamashita, J. (2022). Reading in a second language: Moving from theory to practice (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108789589
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Green, S. (2016). Two for one: Using QAR to increase reading comprehension and improve test scores. The Reading Teacher, 70(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1466
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Habók, A., Oo, T. Z., & Magyar, A. (2024). The effect of reading strategy use on online reading comprehension. Heliyon, 10(2), e24281.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24281
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Hall, C., Vaughn, S., Barnes, M. A., Stewart, A. A., Austin, C. R., & Roberts, G. (2020). The effects of inference instruction on the reading comprehension of English learners with reading comprehension difficulties. Remedial and Special Education, 41(5), 259–270.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932518824983
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Building Strategic Readers: The Effects of Online Training on Comprehension
Year 2025,
Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 859 - 890, 29.10.2025
Rabia Börekci
,
Aysun Yavuz
Abstract
This study examined the effects of an 8-week online strategy training program on reading comprehension of 8th-grade EFL learners in Türkiye. The program introduced eight strategies across the pre-, during-, and post-reading stages, progressing in complexity. This single case study employed a mixed-methods approach, incorporating pre-, post-, and delayed post-tests; a topic familiarity quiz; think-aloud protocols; diaries; and interviews. The findings showed significant improvement in reading comprehension, which was sustained over time. Think-aloud protocols revealed the students' metacognitive awareness and adaptability. The diaries identified areas for improvement, such as materials, engagement, and technical challenges. Interviews provided positive feedback while suggesting enhancements, including real-life content, better timing between learning and application, and an extended duration for exam preparation. This study underscores the effectiveness of online strategy training in improving reading comprehension and highlights the need for further research to optimize its implementation.
Keywords:Reading comprehension, Strategy training, Online training, Language learner
Ethical Statement
The research adheres to ethical standards ensuring that participants are fully informed of their role as research subjects, the voluntary nature of their participation with the right to withdraw at any time, the purpose and scope of the research project, the measures taken to maintain confidentiality, and any potential risks associated with their involvement. Participants are aware that the results of the study may be presented for publication, and their informed consent is obtained before their participation.
References
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Afflerbach, P., Pearson, P. D., & Paris, S. G. (2008). Clarifying differences between reading skills and reading strategies. The Reading Teacher, 61(5), 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.61.5.1
-
Ahmadi, M. R., Ismail, H. N., & Kabilan, M. K. (2013). The importance of metacognitive reading strategy awareness in reading comprehension. English Language Teaching, 6(10), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n10p235
-
Akinyi, G. L., Oboko, R., & Muchemi, L. (2024). Learning analytics intervention using prompts and feedback for measurement of e-learners' socially-shared regulated learning. Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 22(5), 103–116.
https://doi.org/10.34190/ejel.22.5.3253
-
Albazi, S., & Shukri, N. (2016). Evaluating the effect of metacognitive strategy training on reading comprehension of female students at KAU. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 5(3), 172–183. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.5n.3p.172
-
Almalki, A., & Alzahrani, M. (2024). Facilitating L2 reading comprehension through L1 and L2 group discussions. Reading in a Foreign Language, 36(1), 1–24. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/67462
-
Alptekin, C., & Erçetin, G. (2011). Effects of working memory capacity and content familiarity on literal and inferential comprehension in L2 reading. TESOL Quarterly, 45(2), 235–266. https://doi.org/10.5054/tq.2011.247705
-
Andrés, I. C. (2020). Enhancing reading comprehension through an intensive reading approach. HOW, 27(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.19183/how.27.1.518
-
Arabmofrad, A., Badi, M., & Rajaee Pitehnoee, M. (2021). The relationship among elementary English as a foreign language learners' hemispheric dominance, metacognitive reading strategies preferences, and reading
comprehension. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 37(5), 413–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2020.1846005
-
Babayigit, Ö. (2019). Examination the metacognitive reading strategies of secondary school sixth grade students. International Journal of Progressive Education, 15(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2019.193.1
-
Baker, S. K., Kennedy, P. C., Richards, D., Nelson, N. J., Fien, H., & Doabler, C. T. (2024). Measuring instructional interactions during reading instruction for students receiving intervention in middle school. Journal of Learning
Disabilities, 57(5), 303–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194231211948
-
Beceren, S. (2020). Vocabulary size of Turkish EFL learners at the tertiary level and its’ impact on their reading and listening comprehension. Mediterranean Journal of Educational Research, 14(32), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.29329/mjer.2020.258.11
-
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
-
Crossley, S. A., Yang, H. S., & McNamara, D. S. (2014). What's so simple about simplified texts? A computational and psycholinguistic investigation of text comprehension and text processing. Reading in a Foreign Language, 26(1), 92–113. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1031308
-
Dermitzaki, I. (2025). Fostering elementary school students' self-regulation skills in reading comprehension: Effects on text comprehension, strategy use, and self-efficacy. Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 101.
https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020101
-
Dewitz, P., & Graves, M. F. (2024). Reevaluating and restructuring comprehension strategy instruction. The Reading Teacher, 78(1), 17–26.https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.2308
-
Elbro, C., & Buch-Iversen, I. (2013). Activation of background knowledge for inference making: Effects on reading comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 17(6), 435–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2013.774005
-
Erten, İ. H., & Razi, S. (2009). The effects of cultural familiarity on reading comprehension. Reading in a Foreign Language, 21(1), 60–77. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ838389.pdf
-
Ghaith, G., & El-Sanyoura, H. (2019). Reading comprehension: The mediating role of metacognitive strategies. Reading in a Foreign Language, 31(1), 19–43. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/66748
-
Ghafournia, N., & Afghari, A. (2013). Relationship between reading proficiency, strategic competence, and reading comprehension test performance: A study of Iranian EFL learners. International Education Studies, 6(8), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v6n8p21
-
Gilakjani, A., & Ahmadi, S. (2011). The relationship between l2 reading comprehension and schema theory: a matter of text familiarity. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 1(2) 142–149. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijiet.2011.v1.24
-
Grabe, W. (2009). Reading in a second language: Moving from theory to practice. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139150484
-
Grabe, W., & Yamashita, J. (2022). Reading in a second language: Moving from theory to practice (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108789589
-
Green, S. (2016). Two for one: Using QAR to increase reading comprehension and improve test scores. The Reading Teacher, 70(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1466
-
Habók, A., Oo, T. Z., & Magyar, A. (2024). The effect of reading strategy use on online reading comprehension. Heliyon, 10(2), e24281.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24281
-
Hall, C., Vaughn, S., Barnes, M. A., Stewart, A. A., Austin, C. R., & Roberts, G. (2020). The effects of inference instruction on the reading comprehension of English learners with reading comprehension difficulties. Remedial and Special Education, 41(5), 259–270.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932518824983
-
Hock, M., & Mellard, D. (2005). Reading comprehension strategies for adult literacy outcomes. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 49(3), 192–200. https://doi.org/10.1598/JAAL.49.3.3
-
Huang, H. C. (2013). Online reading strategies at work: What teachers think and what students do. ReCALL, 25(3), 340–358. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344013000153
-
Ismail, S. A. M. M., Karim, A., & Mohamed, A. R. (2018). The role of gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity in predicting ESL learners' reading comprehension. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 34(6), 457–484.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2018.1462745
-
Jääskeläinen, R. (2012). Think-aloud protocol. In Y. Gambier & L. Van Doorslaer (Eds.), Handbook of translation studies: Volume 1 (pp. 371–373). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.thi1
-
Jenkins, P. (2019). Development and evaluation of a measure of treatment knowledge in guided self-help for eating disorders in a sample of healthcare students and professionals. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on
Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity, 25(4), 833–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-019-00737-1
-
Kung, F. W. (2019). Teaching second language reading comprehension: The effects of classroom materials and reading strategy use. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 13(1), 93–104.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2017.1364252
-
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