Research Article
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Year 2020, , 1680 - 1697, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.850980

Abstract

References

  • Abramson, A. S. (1962). The vowels and tones of Standard Thai: Acoustical measurements and experiments. Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore and Linguistics, publication no. 20. Bloomington, Inc.
  • Abramson, A. S. (1975). The tone of central Thai: Some perceptual experiments. In J. G. Harris and J. R. Chamberlain, (Eds), Studies in Thai Linguistics in Honor of William J. Gedney (pp.1-16). Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language Office of State Universities.
  • Abramson, A. S. (1997). The Thai tonal space. In A. S. Abramson (Ed.), Southeast Asian linguistics studies in honor of Vichin Panupong (pp.1-10). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
  • Akkharasena, K. (2015). Production of Bangkok Thai tones by native speakers of Burmese and Urdu. Vacana Journal of Language and Linguistics, 3(2), 1–23.
  • Baker, E. & McLeod, S. (2004). Evidence-based management of phonological impairment in children. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 20, 265–285.
  • Chen, M., S., S. Mao & Y. Liu. (2014). Big data: A survey. Mobile networks and applications. Retrieved June 19, 2018 from 19. 10.1007/s11036-013-0489-0.
  • Chicharoen, S. (2011). Tonal diversion practice exercises for Thai language learners as a foreign language. An Unpublished M.Ed. Thesis, Graduate School, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok.
  • Crosbie, S., A. Holm, & B. Dodd. (2005). Intervention for children with severe speech disorder: A comparison of two approaches. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 40, 467–491.
  • Dean, E. & J. Howell. (1986). Developing linguistic awareness: A theoretically based approach to phonological disorders. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 21, 223–238.
  • Dodd, B., S. Crosbie, B. McIntosh, A. Holm, C. Harvey, M. Liddy, K. Fontyne, B. Pinchin & H. Rigby. 2008. The impact of selecting different contrasts in phonological therapy. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 10(5), 334-345.
  • Dong, Y, Y. Tsubota & M. Dantsuji. (2013). Difficuties in perception and pronunciation of Madarin Chinese Disyllabic word tone acquisition: A study of some Japanese university students. PACLIC-27 (pp.143-152). 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation.
  • Gafni, R. A., D. B. Achituv & G. J. Rachmani. (2017). Learning foreign languages using mobile applications. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 16, 301-317.
  • Gandour, J. T. & R. Dardarananda. (1989). A case study of abnormal phonological development in Thai. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 12, 156-185.
  • Gandour, J. T., A. Tumtavitikul & N. Satthamnuwong. (1999). Effects of speaking rate on the Thai tones. Phonetica, 56, 123-134.
  • Guo, L. & L. Tao. (2008). Tone production in Mandarin Chinese by American students: A case study. Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20), 1, 123-138.
  • Haggag, H. (2018). Teaching Phonetics using a mobile-based application in an EFL Context. European Scientific Journal. Retrieved March 3, 2019 from 14.10.19044/esj.2018.v14n14.
  • Intajamornrak, C. (2017). Thai tones produced by tonal and non-tonal language speakers: An acoustic study. Manusya 20(2), 1-26.
  • Kaan, E., C. Barkley, M. Bao & R. Wayland. 2008. Thai lexical tone perception in native speakers of Thai, English and Mandarin Chinese: An event-related potentials training study. BMC neuroscience, 9, 1-17.
  • Khouw, E. & V. Ciocca. (2007). Perceptual correlates of Cantonese tones. Journal of Phonetics, 35(1), 104–117.
  • Kim, H. S. (2013). Emerging mobile apps to improve English listening skills. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 16(2), 11-30.
  • Kumar, R. (2014). Research Methodology. London: SAGE Pub.
  • Luangthongkham, T. (2015). A Teacher’s Handbook on Thai Pronunciation Practice Model Conducted Under the Electronic Research and Development Training Project for Solving the Problems of Pronunciation and Spoken Thai Language. Bangkok: Phabpim Printing House.
  • L-Thongkum, T. (1991). An instrumental study of Chong registers. In J. H. C. S Davidson (Ed.), Austroasiatic Languages Essays in Honour of H. L. Shorto. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
  • Meesat, P. (2015). Somatically-enhanced approach (SEA) in intensive Thai course for academic purposes. An Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis of the University of Canberra, Canberra.
  • Nasanee, K. (2003). Thai tones pronounced by speakers using Trachea-Esophageal: Phonetic analysis and perception testing. An Unpublished M. A. Thesis, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
  • Pittayaporn, P. (2007). Directionality of tone change. In J. Trouvain and W. J. Barry (Eds). Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phontic Sciences (ICPhS XVI) (pp. 1421-1424). Saarbrücken, Germany: Saarland University.
  • Panpraneet, P. & C. Onsuwan. (2013). Perception of lexical tones in Thai children of different age group. The 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (SEALS), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Potisuk, S., J. T. Gandour & M. Harper. (1994). F0 correlates of stress in Thai. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman area, 17(2), 1-27.
  • Putthasatien, K. (2017). The development of Thai tone pronunciation exercise: A case study of Chinese student, NRRU. Journal of Language, Religion and Culture, 6(1), 1-12
  • Saisuwan, K. (2012). The development of an integrated mobile learning model using collaborative problem-solving method to enhance undergraduate students’ inquiring mind. An Unpublished M. A. Thesis Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
  • Saran, M., G. Seferoglu & K. Cagiltay. (2009). Mobile assisted language learning: English pronunciation at learners’ fingertips. Egitim Arastirmalari-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 34, 97-114.
  • Schaefer, V. & I. Darey. (2013). Cross-linguistic perception of Thai tones is shaped by the functional prominence of lexically-contrastive pitch in L1. Paper presented at New Sounds 2013, Montreal, Quebec Canada.
  • Schaefer, V. & I. Darey. (2014). Pitch prominence matters: perception of Thai tones by Seoul Korean and Kyungsang Korean speakers. Concordia Working Papers in Applied Linguistics 5. Proceeding of the International Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech: 597-611.
  • Shadiev, R., W-Y. Hwang & Y-M. Huang. (2017). Review of research on mobile language learning in authentic environments. Computer Assisted Language Learning. Retrieved April 2, 2019 from 10.1080/09588221.2017.1308383.
  • Srisunthornthai, J. (2013). The effect of the mother tongue on Thai writing skill of the Chinese students. Language and Linguistics, 32(1), 90-121.
  • Suvanich, R. (2010). Thai tone perception in deaf adults who use cochlear implants. An Unpublished M. A. Thesis, Mahidol University, Bangkok.
  • Suwantarathip, O. & W. Orawiwatnakul. (2015). Using mobile-assisted exercises to support students vocabulary skill development. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 14(1), 163-171.
  • Tantibundhit, C., C. Onsuwan, N. Klangpornkun, P. Phienphanich, N. Saimai, T. Saimai, P. Pitathawatchai & C. Wutiwiwatchai. (2013). Lexical tone perception in Thai normal-hearing adults and those using hearing aids: a case study. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (InterSpeech), Lyon, France.
  • Teeranon, P. (2002). Rhythmic units and tonal variation in Thai. Manusya: Journal of Humanities, 5(2), 16-29.
  • Teeranon, P. (2007). The change of Standard Thai high tone: An acoustic study and a perceptual experiment. SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 4.3. Retrieved June 10, 2008 from http://www.skase.sk/Volumes/ JTL10/pdf_doc/1.pdf.
  • Teeranon, P. (2015). Thai phonetic characteristics and tonal recognition of foreign learners. Unpublished Research Report by the Office of the National Higher Education Commission.
  • Teeranon, P. & T. Detchanarat. (2015). An acoustic analysis of Thai tones produced by normal and hearing loss children. Journal of Liberal Arts, 15, 213-231.
  • Thavisak, A. (2004). F0 behavior of vowels influenced by aspirated and unaspirated initials in Southeast Asian Languages: implications for Tonogenesis theories. In S. Burusphat (Ed.), Papers from the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (pp.721-730). Tempe Arizona, Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies.
  • Tingsabadh, K. & D. Deeprasert. (1997). Tones in Standard Thai connected speech. In A. S. Abramson (Ed.), Southeast Asian Linguistics Studies in Honour of Vichin Panupong. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
  • Tumtavitikul, A. (1992). Consonant onsets and tones in Thai. An Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
  • Tumtavitikul, A. (2013a). Read and Write Thai. https://research.rdi.ku.ac.th/ forest/Search.aspx?keyword=learn%20to%20read%20and%20write%20Thai
  • Tumtavitikul, A. (2013b). Thai Speech Tablet. https://play.google.com/ store/apps/details?id=com.simple.thaisoundtablet&hl=en
  • Wang, Y., M., M. Spence, A. Jongman & J. A. Sereno. (1999). Training American listeners to perceive Mandarin tone. J. Acoust Soc Ame, 106, 3649-3658.
  • Watkins, J. (2002). The Phonetics of Wa: Experimental Phonetics, Phonology, Orthography and Sociolinguistics. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
  • Wayland R. & S. Guion. (2004). Training native English and native Chinese speakers to perceive Thai tones. Lang Learn, 54, 681-712.
  • Yang, L. & Y. Wongpinunwatana. (n.d). Thai language errors in speaking of Chinese students in Thailand. Retrieved February 20, 2012 from http://ebookbrowse.com/download-thai-language-errors-in-speaking-of-chinese-students-in-thailand-pdf-d336724808.
  • Zhang, F. (2006). The teaching of Mandarin prosody: A somatically-enhanced approach for second language learners. An Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis of the University of Canberra, Canberra.
  • Zsiga, E. C. & R. Nitisaroj. (2007). Tone features, tone perception, and peak alignment in Thai. Language and Speech, 50(3), 343383.

An acoustic and perception test of Chinese learning Thai with the Thai tone application

Year 2020, , 1680 - 1697, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.850980

Abstract

This study investigates the acoustic characteristics of Thai tones produced by Chinese students learning Thai through the “Tone Application”, and conducts an attitude test towards the use of the Tone Application. A comparison of Thai tones pronounced by the participants with 40 native Thai speakers was also conducted. The acoustic characteristics studied in this research were the fundamental frequencies analyzed with the Praat program version 6.0.9. Statistical analysis such as mean, standard deviation, and t-test were used. The findings revealed that the Tone Application (a mobile phone application for practicing listening and speaking Thai) can partially promoted better tone pronunciation in Chinese students learning Thai as a foreign language. After utilizing the Thai Tone Application with the Chinese students, they could pronounce the mid, the low, the high, and the rising tones. However, the application failed to enhance falling tone which is linguistically classified as the problematic tone for Chinese students. In other words, the application helped expedite contour tones such as the high tone and the rising tone, but not the falling tone. It is questionable whether the application can replace the instructor or not. This study to also show another perspective on the acoustic study of Thai tones issues and another angle of students’ attitude towards the use of a language application.

References

  • Abramson, A. S. (1962). The vowels and tones of Standard Thai: Acoustical measurements and experiments. Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore and Linguistics, publication no. 20. Bloomington, Inc.
  • Abramson, A. S. (1975). The tone of central Thai: Some perceptual experiments. In J. G. Harris and J. R. Chamberlain, (Eds), Studies in Thai Linguistics in Honor of William J. Gedney (pp.1-16). Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language Office of State Universities.
  • Abramson, A. S. (1997). The Thai tonal space. In A. S. Abramson (Ed.), Southeast Asian linguistics studies in honor of Vichin Panupong (pp.1-10). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
  • Akkharasena, K. (2015). Production of Bangkok Thai tones by native speakers of Burmese and Urdu. Vacana Journal of Language and Linguistics, 3(2), 1–23.
  • Baker, E. & McLeod, S. (2004). Evidence-based management of phonological impairment in children. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 20, 265–285.
  • Chen, M., S., S. Mao & Y. Liu. (2014). Big data: A survey. Mobile networks and applications. Retrieved June 19, 2018 from 19. 10.1007/s11036-013-0489-0.
  • Chicharoen, S. (2011). Tonal diversion practice exercises for Thai language learners as a foreign language. An Unpublished M.Ed. Thesis, Graduate School, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok.
  • Crosbie, S., A. Holm, & B. Dodd. (2005). Intervention for children with severe speech disorder: A comparison of two approaches. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 40, 467–491.
  • Dean, E. & J. Howell. (1986). Developing linguistic awareness: A theoretically based approach to phonological disorders. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 21, 223–238.
  • Dodd, B., S. Crosbie, B. McIntosh, A. Holm, C. Harvey, M. Liddy, K. Fontyne, B. Pinchin & H. Rigby. 2008. The impact of selecting different contrasts in phonological therapy. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 10(5), 334-345.
  • Dong, Y, Y. Tsubota & M. Dantsuji. (2013). Difficuties in perception and pronunciation of Madarin Chinese Disyllabic word tone acquisition: A study of some Japanese university students. PACLIC-27 (pp.143-152). 27th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation.
  • Gafni, R. A., D. B. Achituv & G. J. Rachmani. (2017). Learning foreign languages using mobile applications. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 16, 301-317.
  • Gandour, J. T. & R. Dardarananda. (1989). A case study of abnormal phonological development in Thai. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 12, 156-185.
  • Gandour, J. T., A. Tumtavitikul & N. Satthamnuwong. (1999). Effects of speaking rate on the Thai tones. Phonetica, 56, 123-134.
  • Guo, L. & L. Tao. (2008). Tone production in Mandarin Chinese by American students: A case study. Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20), 1, 123-138.
  • Haggag, H. (2018). Teaching Phonetics using a mobile-based application in an EFL Context. European Scientific Journal. Retrieved March 3, 2019 from 14.10.19044/esj.2018.v14n14.
  • Intajamornrak, C. (2017). Thai tones produced by tonal and non-tonal language speakers: An acoustic study. Manusya 20(2), 1-26.
  • Kaan, E., C. Barkley, M. Bao & R. Wayland. 2008. Thai lexical tone perception in native speakers of Thai, English and Mandarin Chinese: An event-related potentials training study. BMC neuroscience, 9, 1-17.
  • Khouw, E. & V. Ciocca. (2007). Perceptual correlates of Cantonese tones. Journal of Phonetics, 35(1), 104–117.
  • Kim, H. S. (2013). Emerging mobile apps to improve English listening skills. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 16(2), 11-30.
  • Kumar, R. (2014). Research Methodology. London: SAGE Pub.
  • Luangthongkham, T. (2015). A Teacher’s Handbook on Thai Pronunciation Practice Model Conducted Under the Electronic Research and Development Training Project for Solving the Problems of Pronunciation and Spoken Thai Language. Bangkok: Phabpim Printing House.
  • L-Thongkum, T. (1991). An instrumental study of Chong registers. In J. H. C. S Davidson (Ed.), Austroasiatic Languages Essays in Honour of H. L. Shorto. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
  • Meesat, P. (2015). Somatically-enhanced approach (SEA) in intensive Thai course for academic purposes. An Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis of the University of Canberra, Canberra.
  • Nasanee, K. (2003). Thai tones pronounced by speakers using Trachea-Esophageal: Phonetic analysis and perception testing. An Unpublished M. A. Thesis, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
  • Pittayaporn, P. (2007). Directionality of tone change. In J. Trouvain and W. J. Barry (Eds). Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phontic Sciences (ICPhS XVI) (pp. 1421-1424). Saarbrücken, Germany: Saarland University.
  • Panpraneet, P. & C. Onsuwan. (2013). Perception of lexical tones in Thai children of different age group. The 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (SEALS), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Potisuk, S., J. T. Gandour & M. Harper. (1994). F0 correlates of stress in Thai. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman area, 17(2), 1-27.
  • Putthasatien, K. (2017). The development of Thai tone pronunciation exercise: A case study of Chinese student, NRRU. Journal of Language, Religion and Culture, 6(1), 1-12
  • Saisuwan, K. (2012). The development of an integrated mobile learning model using collaborative problem-solving method to enhance undergraduate students’ inquiring mind. An Unpublished M. A. Thesis Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
  • Saran, M., G. Seferoglu & K. Cagiltay. (2009). Mobile assisted language learning: English pronunciation at learners’ fingertips. Egitim Arastirmalari-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 34, 97-114.
  • Schaefer, V. & I. Darey. (2013). Cross-linguistic perception of Thai tones is shaped by the functional prominence of lexically-contrastive pitch in L1. Paper presented at New Sounds 2013, Montreal, Quebec Canada.
  • Schaefer, V. & I. Darey. (2014). Pitch prominence matters: perception of Thai tones by Seoul Korean and Kyungsang Korean speakers. Concordia Working Papers in Applied Linguistics 5. Proceeding of the International Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech: 597-611.
  • Shadiev, R., W-Y. Hwang & Y-M. Huang. (2017). Review of research on mobile language learning in authentic environments. Computer Assisted Language Learning. Retrieved April 2, 2019 from 10.1080/09588221.2017.1308383.
  • Srisunthornthai, J. (2013). The effect of the mother tongue on Thai writing skill of the Chinese students. Language and Linguistics, 32(1), 90-121.
  • Suvanich, R. (2010). Thai tone perception in deaf adults who use cochlear implants. An Unpublished M. A. Thesis, Mahidol University, Bangkok.
  • Suwantarathip, O. & W. Orawiwatnakul. (2015). Using mobile-assisted exercises to support students vocabulary skill development. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 14(1), 163-171.
  • Tantibundhit, C., C. Onsuwan, N. Klangpornkun, P. Phienphanich, N. Saimai, T. Saimai, P. Pitathawatchai & C. Wutiwiwatchai. (2013). Lexical tone perception in Thai normal-hearing adults and those using hearing aids: a case study. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (InterSpeech), Lyon, France.
  • Teeranon, P. (2002). Rhythmic units and tonal variation in Thai. Manusya: Journal of Humanities, 5(2), 16-29.
  • Teeranon, P. (2007). The change of Standard Thai high tone: An acoustic study and a perceptual experiment. SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 4.3. Retrieved June 10, 2008 from http://www.skase.sk/Volumes/ JTL10/pdf_doc/1.pdf.
  • Teeranon, P. (2015). Thai phonetic characteristics and tonal recognition of foreign learners. Unpublished Research Report by the Office of the National Higher Education Commission.
  • Teeranon, P. & T. Detchanarat. (2015). An acoustic analysis of Thai tones produced by normal and hearing loss children. Journal of Liberal Arts, 15, 213-231.
  • Thavisak, A. (2004). F0 behavior of vowels influenced by aspirated and unaspirated initials in Southeast Asian Languages: implications for Tonogenesis theories. In S. Burusphat (Ed.), Papers from the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (pp.721-730). Tempe Arizona, Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies.
  • Tingsabadh, K. & D. Deeprasert. (1997). Tones in Standard Thai connected speech. In A. S. Abramson (Ed.), Southeast Asian Linguistics Studies in Honour of Vichin Panupong. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
  • Tumtavitikul, A. (1992). Consonant onsets and tones in Thai. An Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
  • Tumtavitikul, A. (2013a). Read and Write Thai. https://research.rdi.ku.ac.th/ forest/Search.aspx?keyword=learn%20to%20read%20and%20write%20Thai
  • Tumtavitikul, A. (2013b). Thai Speech Tablet. https://play.google.com/ store/apps/details?id=com.simple.thaisoundtablet&hl=en
  • Wang, Y., M., M. Spence, A. Jongman & J. A. Sereno. (1999). Training American listeners to perceive Mandarin tone. J. Acoust Soc Ame, 106, 3649-3658.
  • Watkins, J. (2002). The Phonetics of Wa: Experimental Phonetics, Phonology, Orthography and Sociolinguistics. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
  • Wayland R. & S. Guion. (2004). Training native English and native Chinese speakers to perceive Thai tones. Lang Learn, 54, 681-712.
  • Yang, L. & Y. Wongpinunwatana. (n.d). Thai language errors in speaking of Chinese students in Thailand. Retrieved February 20, 2012 from http://ebookbrowse.com/download-thai-language-errors-in-speaking-of-chinese-students-in-thailand-pdf-d336724808.
  • Zhang, F. (2006). The teaching of Mandarin prosody: A somatically-enhanced approach for second language learners. An Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis of the University of Canberra, Canberra.
  • Zsiga, E. C. & R. Nitisaroj. (2007). Tone features, tone perception, and peak alignment in Thai. Language and Speech, 50(3), 343383.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Phanintra Teeranon This is me

Publication Date December 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Teeranon, P. (2020). An acoustic and perception test of Chinese learning Thai with the Thai tone application. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(4), 1680-1697. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.850980
AMA Teeranon P. An acoustic and perception test of Chinese learning Thai with the Thai tone application. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. December 2020;16(4):1680-1697. doi:10.17263/jlls.850980
Chicago Teeranon, Phanintra. “An Acoustic and Perception Test of Chinese Learning Thai With the Thai Tone Application”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 16, no. 4 (December 2020): 1680-97. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.850980.
EndNote Teeranon P (December 1, 2020) An acoustic and perception test of Chinese learning Thai with the Thai tone application. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 16 4 1680–1697.
IEEE P. Teeranon, “An acoustic and perception test of Chinese learning Thai with the Thai tone application”, Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1680–1697, 2020, doi: 10.17263/jlls.850980.
ISNAD Teeranon, Phanintra. “An Acoustic and Perception Test of Chinese Learning Thai With the Thai Tone Application”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 16/4 (December 2020), 1680-1697. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.850980.
JAMA Teeranon P. An acoustic and perception test of Chinese learning Thai with the Thai tone application. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2020;16:1680–1697.
MLA Teeranon, Phanintra. “An Acoustic and Perception Test of Chinese Learning Thai With the Thai Tone Application”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, vol. 16, no. 4, 2020, pp. 1680-97, doi:10.17263/jlls.850980.
Vancouver Teeranon P. An acoustic and perception test of Chinese learning Thai with the Thai tone application. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2020;16(4):1680-97.