Diagnosis of pertussis in vaccinated children of Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan by Cough Plate Method

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

Diagnosis of pertussis in vaccinated children of Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan by Cough Plate Method

Abstract

Objectives: Pertussis or whooping cough is a communicable infection of upper respiratory tract that mainly affects children. Reports regarding resurgence of pertussis in vaccinated children mainly motivated us to document pertussis in the children. The aim of the study was to explore pertussis in vaccinated children using an alternative method for pertussis diagnosis. Materials and methods: A total of 700 clinical samples were collected during study period (2006-2009), from suspected whooping cough cases of Diphtheria-tetanus- whole cell pertussis (DTwP) vaccinated children both male and female aged from 6 months to 84 months The classical ‘Cough Plate Method\' instead of Nasopharyngeal Swab was used for sampling to find out its potential in diagnosis of pertussis. Results: Present study reports the presence of pertussis in vaccinated children using Cough Plate Method. The method successfully isolated Bordetella pertussis from suspected patients of pertussis. A total of 28 culture confirmed cases were detected among 700 samples tested. (Total Isolation rate: 4%).The peak incidence age under risk was 48 months. However, pertussis was detected in children aged as young as 6 and 12 months. Conclusion: The ‘Cough plate\' method used for isolation proved successful and simple instead of nasopharyngeal swabs that is difficult to perform and children may be reluctant to this sampling method when tried.

Keywords

• B.pertussis
• Whooping cough
• Vaccination
• Children

References

1. WHO 2008, immunization, vaccines and biologicals IVB top- ics.
2. Bass J W, Stephenson R. The return of pertussis. Pediatr In- fect Dis J 1987; 6:141-144.
3. Ahmed F, Calder MA. Isolation of B.pertussis benefits of us- ing both Bordet- Gengou and Charcoal media. J Clin Pathol 1984; 37: 1071-1072.
4. World Health Organization Informal consultation on control of pertussis with whole cell and acellular vaccine. 1998; Ge- neva Switzerland (18-19 May).
5. Kendrick P, Eldering G. Cough plate examination for B.pertussis. Am J Pub Heal 1934; 309-318.
6. Bordet J, Gengou O. Le microbe de la coqueluche. Ann Inst Pasteur, 1906; 20: 731-741.
7. Manclark CR, Cowell JL. Pertussis. In bacterial vaccines. 1984, Edited by Germanier R. London. Academic Press 69- 106.
8. Onorato IM, Wassilak L. Laboratory diagnosis of pertussis: the state of the art. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6:145-151.

9. WHO/UNICEF estimate of national immunization coverage 1980–2008, Pakistan. Geneva, World Health Organiza- tion, 2009 (http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/ en/globalsummary/timeseries/tswucoveragebycountry. cfm?country=PAK, accessed 24 April 2010).
10. Bukhari H, Said F, Syed A, Mughal A, Kazi YF, Huavelman K, Mooi FR. Whooping cough in Pakistan: Bordetella pertussis vs Bordetella parapertussis in 2005–2009. Sc J Inf Dis 2011; 43: 818-820.
11. Marcon MJ, Bordetella. In: Murray PA, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiol- ogy, 6th ed. Washington DC. 234-238, 2005.
12. Wirsing Von K, Hoppe JE, Tacken A, Finger H. Detection of Bordetella pertussis in clinical specimens, p. 315-321, In Manclarck CR (ed.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Pertussis. 1990; Department of Health and Human Services publication no. 90-1164. Public Health Ser- vice, Bethesda, Md.
13. Glare E, Paton J, Premier R, Lawrence A, Nisbet IT. Analy- sis of a repetitive DNA sequence from Bordetella pertussis and its application to the diagnosis of pertussis using the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:1982- 1987.
14. Charles IG, L. Li J, Strugnell R, et al. Repeat sequence mo- tifs constitute the immunodominent regions of P.9 protein, pertactin, from Bordetella pertussis: comparison with repeat sequences from Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica, 1990; 136-140. In C. R. Manclark (ed.), Pro- ceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Pertussis Department of Health and Human Services publication no. 90- 1164. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.
15. King AJ, van Gorkom T, Pennings JL, et al. Comparative ge- nomic profiling of Dutch clinical Bordetella pertussis isolates using DNA micro arrays: Identification of genes absent from epidemic strains. BMC Genomics 2008; 9: 311-316.
16. Cassiday P, Sanden G, Heuvelman K, Mooi FR, Bisgard M, Popovic T. Polymorphism in Bordetella pertussis pertactin and pertussis toxin virulence factors in the United States 1935–1999. J Infec Dis 2000; 182 1402–1408.
17. De Melker HE, Schellekens JF, Neppelenbroek SE, Mooi FR, Rumke HC, Conynvan M. The emergence of pertus- sis in the highly vaccinated population of The Netherlands: observations on surveillance data. Emerg Infect Dis 2000; 6:348-357.
18. Guris D, Strebel PM, Bardenheier B, et al. Changing epi- demiology of pertussis in the United States: increase in re- ported incidence among adolescents and adults, 1990-1996. Clin Infec Dis 1999; 28:1230-1237.
19. Mooi FR, HvanOirschot H, Heuvelman K, ban der Heide H, Gaastra W, Williams R. Polymorphism in the B.pertussis virulence factors P.69/pertactin and pertussis toxin in The Netherlands: temporal trends and evidence for vaccine-driv- en evolution. Infect Immun 1998; 66:670-675.
20. Gzyl A, Augustynowicz E, Rabczenko D, Gniadek G, Slusarc- zyk J. Pertussis in Poland. Inter J Epidemiol 2004; 33:358– 365.
21. Poynten M, McIntyre P, Mooi FR, Heuvelman KJ, Gilbert G. Temporal trends in circulating Bordetella pertussis strains in Australia. Epidemiol & Infec 2004; 132:185-193.
22. Tanaka M, Vitek CR, Pascual FB, Bisgard M, Tate JE, Murphy T. Trends in pertussis among infants in the United States,1980-1999. JAMA 2003; 290:2968-2975.
23. Weber C, Boursaux-Eude C, Coralie G, Caro V, Guiso N. Polymorphism of Bordetella Pertussis isolates circulating for the last 10 years in France, where a single effective whole- cell vaccine has been used for more than 30 years J Clin Microbiol 2000; 39:4396-4403.
24. Elomaa A, Abdolreza A, DonnellyDet al. Strain variation among Bordetella pertussis isolates in Finland, where the whole-Cell pertussis vaccine has been used for 50 years. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 3681-3687.