Batı Dağlık Kilikya Bölgesi Antiochia ad Cragum Kenti Büyük Hamam Yapısı Havuzlu Avlu Mekanı’nın Geometrik Mozaikleri

Year 2017, Issue: 10, 83 - 100, 30.11.2017

Birol Can

https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.357013

Abstract

Batı Dağlık Kilikya bölgesinin kıyı kenti Antiochia ad Cragum’un en sağlam yapılarından biri olan Büyük

Hamam kompleksinin şu ana kadar açılan havuzlu avlu ve apsisli mekan (frigidarium?) bölümlerinin zeminleri

mozaik döşemeyle kaplıdır. Apsisli mekan mozaiklerinin çok azı korunabilmiştir, havuzlu avlu mozaikleri

ise büyük ölçüde sağlam kalabilmiştir. Panolar ve bordürlerden oluşan bu mozaikler çok çeşitli geometrik

repertuara sahiptir. Burada görülen geometrik örüntülerle, Ortadoğu’dan İber Yarımadası’na kadar tüm

Akdeniz havzası içindeki Roma dönemi mozaiklerinde karşılaşılır. Bununla birlikte, İS 3. yüzyıla tarihli havuzlu

avlu mozaiklerinin hem motif, hem teknik açıdan en yakın benzerlerine başta Kilikya bölgesi olmak üzere

Anadolu’da rastlamak mümkündür.

Keywords

Dağlık Kilikya, Antiochia ad Cragum, hamam, mozaik, geometrik

Geometric Mosaics from the Courtyard of the Great Bath at Antiochia ad Cragum in Western Rough Cilica

Abstract

The original floors of the courtyard and room with apse (frigidarium?), recently uncovered at the Great Bath

Complex in Antiochia ad Cragum, one of the better preserved structures of the ancient city located along the

Mediterranean coast of western Rough Cilicia, are covered with mosaics. Only a few fragments of the room

with apse mosaic have been preserved, but the courtyard mosaic has remained largely intact. These mosaics,

consisting of panels and borders, contain a wide variety of geometric motifs. The geometrical patterns seen

here have been encountered in Roman mosaics throughout the entire Mediterranean basin from the Middle

East to the Iberian Peninsula. However, in terms of motif and technique, the closest similar examples of this

third century AD mosaic of the courtyard can be found in Anatolia, including in particular the region of Cilicia.

Keywords

Rough Cilicia, Antiochia ad Cragum, bath, mosaic, geometric

References

• M. F. Abraços, 2014, “The Mosaics with Geometric Patterns from the West and the East of the Roman Empire: The Hourglass Pattern and the Significance of the “Le decor geometrique de la mosaique romaine I-II”, JMR 7, 1-9.
• A. Belis, 2016, Roman Mosaics in the J. Paul Getty Museum, J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California.
• J. M. Blazquez, 2008, “Der Einfluss der Mosaiken des vorderen Orients auf hispanische Mosaiken am Ende der Antike”, JMR 1-2, 7-31.
• S. Campbell, 1998, The Mosaic of Anemurium, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto.
• B. Can, 2009, “Erzincan Altıntepe Church with Mosaic”, JMR 3, 5-13.
• B. Can, 2015, “Analogical Observations on the Mosaics of the Caucasus and Anatolia”, M. Işıklı – B. Can (eds.), International Symposium on East Anatolia - South Caucasus Cultures, Proceedings II, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 84-96.
• B. Can – M. Hoff – R. Townsend – E. Erdoğmuş – T Howe, 2015, “The Antiochia ad Cragum Archaeological Research Project: 2014 Season”, ANMED 13, 1-7.
• B. Can – M. Hoff – D. Murphy, 2016, “Ancient Water Management Systems at Antiochia ad Cragum in Rough Cilicia”, De Aquaeductu Atque Aqua Urbium Lyciae Pamphyliae Pisidiae, The Legacy of Sextus Julius Frontinus, International Congress on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, Antalya, October 31 – November 9, 2016, 79-91.
• B. Can – M. Hoff, 2014, “Antiochia ad Cragum, Batı Dağlık Kilikya’da Bir Roma Kenti ve Kazıları”, H. Kasapoğlu – M. A. Yılmaz (eds.), Anadolu’nun Zirvesinde Türk Arkeolojisinin 40 Yılı, Ankara, 373-392.
• M. Chehab, 1965, “Les Caracteristiques de la mosaique au Liban”, CMGR I, 333-339.
• F. Cimok, 2000, Antioch Mosaics: A Corpus, İstanbul, A Turizm Yayınları.
• Ö. Çelik, 2008, “2006 Yılı Hatay Müzesi Mozaik Kurtarma Kazıları”, M. Şahin (ed.), The Proceedings of IV. International Mosaic Corpus of Türkiye: The Mosaic Bridge from Past to Present, 6-10 June 2007, Gaziantep, 27-33.
• C.T. da Silva – J. Soares – L. Nunes Correia Wrench, 2011, “Les premieres mosaïques romaines découvertes á Caetobriga (Setubal, Portugal)”, M. Şahin (ed.), 11th International Colloquium on Ancient Mosaics, October 16th-20th, 2009, Bursa-Turkey, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul, 295-308.
• Décor II C. Balmelle – M. Blanchard Lemée – J. P. Darmon – S. Gozlan – M. P. Raynaud, Le Décor Géométrique De La Mosaïque Romaine II, Picard Editeur, Paris, 2002.
• K. M. D. Dunbabin, 1999, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• M. J. Duran Kremer, 2011, “Les mosaiques geometriques de la villa romaine de Abicada: leur rôle dans le contexte des mosaïques romaines de l’Algarve”, M. Şahin (ed.), 11th International Colloquium on Ancient Mosaics, October 16th-20th, 2009, Bursa-Turkey, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul, 353-361.
• M. J. Duran Kremer, 2012, “Floral and Geometrical Motives of the Pavement Mosaics in East and West. The Examples of the Roman Villa of Abicada”, JMR 5, 59-70.
• M. J. Duran Kremer, 2014, “East Meets West: The Perspective in Roman Mosaics”, JMR 7, 25-34.
• R. Ergeç, 2006, Belkıs - Zeugma ve Mozaikleri, İstanbul.
• M. E. Fuchs – S. Delbarre-Bärtschi, 2011, “Derecik, Büyükorhan, Une église pour deux mosaïques”, M. Şahin (ed.), 11th International Colloquium on Ancient Mosaics, October 16th-20th, 2009, Bursa-Turkey, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul, 405-412.
• M. Hoff – B. Can, 2013, “Antiocheia, Korsanların Kenti / The City of Pirates”, Antalya Culture & Tourism Magazine 17, 46-52.
• M. Hoff – R. F. Townsend – B. Can, 2013a, “The Antiochia ad Cragum Archaeological Research Project: 2012 Season”, ANMED 11, 154-163.
• M. Hoff – R. Townsend – E. Erdoğmuş – B. Can, 2013b, “The Antiochia ad Cragum Archaeological Research Project: 2012 Season”, 35. KST 3, 465-481.
• M. Hoff – R. Townsend – E. Erdoğmuş – B. Can, 2014a, “Antiochia ad Cragum: Excavation of a Roman era City in Western Rough Cilicia”, Journal of Archaeology and Art 145, 65-74.
• M. Hoff – R. Townsend – B. Can – E. Erdoğmuş, 2014b, “The Antiochia ad Cragum Archaeological Research Project in 2013”, ANMED 12, 6-13.
• M. Hoff – R. Townsend – E. Erdoğmuş – B. Can – T. Howe, 2015a, “Antiochia ad Cragum in Western Rough Cilicia”, S. R. Steadman – G. McMahon (eds.), The Archaeology of Anatolia: Current Work (2013-2014), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 204-229.
• M. Hoff – B. Can – R. Townsend – E. Erdoğmuş – T. Howe, 2015b, “The Antiochia ad Cragum Archaeological Research Project: 2014 Season”, 37. KST. 3, 581-594.
• B. Houix – V. Blanc-Bijon – J. Y. Breuil – J. P. Darmon – P. Linant de Bellefonds, 2011, “Mosaiques a themes mythologiques recemment decouvertes sous l’avenue Jean-Jaures a Nimes (France)”, M. Şahin (ed.), 11th International Colloquium on Ancient Mosaics, October 16th-20th, 2009, Bursa-Turkey, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul, 447-465.
• W. Jobst, 1999 “Antike Tessellatpavimente in Ephesos”, H. Friesinger – F. Krinzinger (eds.), 100 Jahre Österreichische Forschungen in Ephesos, Akten des Symposions Wien 1995, 569-580.
• W. Jobst, 2011, “Das Mosaikpaviment der frühchristlichen Basilika von Gönen/Germe in Mysien (Hellespont)”, M. Şahin (ed.), 11th. International Colloquium on Ancient Mosaics, October 16th-20th, 2009, Bursa-Turkey, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul, 483-504.
• F. Kitzinger, 1965, “Stylistic Developments in Pavement Mosaics in the Greek East from the Age of Constantine to the Age of Justinian”, CMGR I, 341-352.
• Ling 1998 R. Ling, Ancient Mosaics, London.
• L. P. Neuenfeldt, 2009, Eros and Erotes in the Late Antique Mosaics of Antioch, Unpublished MA Thesis, Florida State University.
• R. Okçu, 2009, “Prusia ad Olympum Mozaikleri”, JMR 3, 31-51.
• E. Omari, 2011, “The History and Development of Mosaics in Albania (4th / 3rd Century B.C. - 6th Century A.D.)”, M. Şahin (ed.), 11th International Colloquium on Ancient Mosaics, October 16th-20th, 2009, Bursa-Turkey, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul, 675-691.
• A. Ovadiah, 1980, Geometric and Floral Patterns in Ancient Mosaics. A Study of Their Origin in the Mosaics from the Classical Period to the Age of Augustus, Rome.
• M. Önal, 2009, “Danae Evi’nin Mozaikleri”, JMR 3, 53-69.
• A.K. Öz, 2012, “The Research and Conservation Study of the Mosaics of the Roman Bath at Metropolis”, JMR 5, 145-161.
• H. Pamir, 2015, “Antioch Mosaics”, Actual Archaeology Magazine 14, 62-73.
• D. Parrish, 2001, “An Early Byzantine Mosaic Workshop Based on Kos: Architectural Context and Pavement Design”, Antiquite Tardiva 9, 331-349.
• S. Patacı, 2011, “Paphlagonia Hadrianoupolis’i Hamam A ve A Kilisesi Mozaikleri”, JMR 4, 27-50.
• M. Romero – S. Vargas, 2011, “Mosaic Workshop Located in the Villa de la Estacion de Antequera, Malaga (Espana)”, M. Şahin (ed.), 11th International Colloquium on Ancient Mosaics, October 16th-20th, 2009, Bursa-Turkey, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul, 823-828.
• B. Salman, 2007, Orta Euphrates Mozaikleri Işığında Edessa ve Samosata Mozaikleri, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
• B. Salman, 2009, “Mozaikler Üzerinde Güneş Saati Betimli Sahneler”, JMR 3, 83-93.
• V. Scheibelreiter, 2008, “Gold from Ephesus: The Evidence of a Dionysus-Mosaic in Terrace House 2”, M. Şahin (ed.), The Proceedings of IV. International Mosaic Corpus of Türkiye: The Mosaic Bridge from Past to Present, 6-10 June 2007, Gaziantep, 141-146.
• D. Şahin, 2007, Roma Dönemi Mozaik Betilerine Göre Nereid İkonografisi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
• Ö. Şen, 2009, Allianoi Ilıcası Taban Mozaikleri, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi, Edirne.
• D. Tabanlı, 2007, Roma Dönemi Mozaiklerinin Efes Örneğinde İncelenmesi, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
• F. Tülek, 2005, Late Roman and Early Byzantine Floor Mosaics in Cilicia, Unpublished Dissertation, University of Illinois.
• L. N. C. Wrench, 2012, “Exemples du decor vegetal en quelques mosaïques romaines: Du Portugal a l’autre extreme de la Mediterranee”, JMR 5, 225-234.
• L. N. C. Wrench, 2014, “Some Geometrical Patterns and Decorative Motifs Occuring in Roman Portuguese Mosaics: A Comparative Approach with Eastern and Western Mosaics”, JMR 7, 49-59.