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A Survey on the Visibility of Mosaic Heritage on the UNESCO World Heritage List

Year 2025, Issue: 18, 15 - 36, 11.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1813648

Abstract

World Heritage Programme was launched under the auspices of UNESCO by adopting the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1972. 1223 cultural, natural, and mixed properties have been inscribed on the World Heritage List (WHL) from 1978 to 2024 to ensure international consideration and assistance in their preservation as patrimony of humanity. This paper offers an insight into the visibility of mosaic heritage in this corpus through a survey of references to mosaics in the Statements of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) on the homepages of World Heritage properties at UNESCO’s website. After an introduction on the requirements for inscription on WHL, distribution of mosaics in World Heritage properties is surveyed in reference to their category, location on the globe, and setting within the property to highlight over- and under-representations, with inspiration from the current strategy of achieving a balanced representation of heritage types, chronologies-regions, and themes on WHL. Then selected “exceptions” in terms of mosaic types, locations, and periods are presented to contribute in increasing their visibility, followed by “highlights” in whose Statements of OUV the word “mosaic” is most repeated. Adopting the wholistic approach recommended in the World Heritage Programme, both sections aim to contextualise the selected examples in the overall corpus and mosaic heritage as an element forming and representing their attributes of OUV. After observing the thus exemplified variety in the mosaic heritage so far inscribed on WHL, concluding remarks highlight areas of further research to deepen the presented visibility analysis.

References

  • Bibliography – Kaynaklar
  • Arletti - Fiori - Vandini 2010 R. Arletti - C. Fiori - M. Vandini, “The study of glass tesserae from mosaics in the monasteries of Daphni and Hosios Loukas (Greece)”, Archaeometry 52, 5:796-815.
  • Erbudak 2023 M. Erbudak, “Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments”, JMR 16, 145-156.
  • Friedman 2015 Z. Friedman, “The Ship Depicted on the North Colonnade of the Great Mosque at Damascus: A Nilotic Theme or the Representation of Paradise?”, JMR 8, 17-31.
  • Gonzàlez 2013 G. Gonzàlez, “Los mosaicos de la Ciudad Universitaria y su valor patrimonial”, Accessed February 12, 2024. http://www.ucv.ve/organizacion/rectorado/direcciones/direccion-de-informacion-y-comunic-dic/detalle-noticias-dic/article/los-mosaicos-de-la-ciudad-universitaria-y-su-valor-patrimonial.html.
  • Greenhalgh 2008 M. Greenhalgh, “Islamic Re-use of Antique Mosaic Tesserae”, JMR 1, 55-81.
  • Ha’obsh 2008 M. Ma’moun Ha’obsh, “Um Er-Rasas (Um Al-Rasas): Preservation of the Mosaics at a New World Heritage Site in Jordan”, B. Khader - A. Ben Abed - M. Demas - T. Roby (eds.), Lessons Learned: Reflecting on the Theory and Practice of Mosaic Conservation: Proceedings of the 9th ICCM Conference, Hammamet, Tunisia, Los Angeles, 144-150, 175-176.
  • ICOMOS 2005 J. Jokilehto - H. Cleere - S. Denyer - M. Petzet, “Monuments and Sites XII: The World Heritage List: Filling the Gaps – an Action Plan for the Future. ICOMOS, Paris. https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/433/1/Monuments_and_Sites_12_Gaps.pdf (Accessed February 8, 2025).
  • Kamran - Awan - Gulzar 2016 M. Kamran - M.Y. Awan - S. Gulzar, “History of Conservation of Shish Mahal in Lahore-Pakistan”, International Journal of Research in Chemical, Metallurgical and Civil Engineering (IJRCMCE) 3, 1, 126-130.
  • Ladouceur 2018 J. Ladouceur, “Christians and Pagans in Roman Nea Paphos: Contextualizing the ‘House of Aion’ Mosaic”, UCLA Historical Journal 29, 1, 49-64.
  • Lindbergh 2017 J. Lindbergh, “Floor Mosaics from the Greco-Roman Theatre at Nea Paphos”, D. Michaelides - A.M. Guimier-Sorbets (eds.), Managing Archaeological Sites with Mosaics: From Real Problems to Practical solutions Proceedings of the 11th ICCM Conference, Meknes, Morocco 2011, Firenze, 313-318.
  • Nassar 2015 M. Nassar, “The Geometric Mosaics at Qusayr Amra in Context”, GrRomByzSt 55, 4, 414-430.
  • Sobouti - Ebadei 2016 H. Sobouti - H. Ebadei, “Investigating Tiling Decorations of Safavid Period, A Case Study: Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque of Isfahan”, The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication – TOJDAC 6, 624-630.
  • Tsihlias 1996 G. Tsihlias, “Victor Horta: The Maison Tassel, The Sources of Its Development”, Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies XVII (i+ii), 108-128.
  • UNESCO 2025 UNESCO World Heritage Centre, “Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention”. https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/ (Accessed Februay 8, 2025).
  • Young 1965 R. S. Young, “Early Mosaics at Gordion”, Expedition 7, 4-13.

Year 2025, Issue: 18, 15 - 36, 11.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1813648

Abstract

References

  • Bibliography – Kaynaklar
  • Arletti - Fiori - Vandini 2010 R. Arletti - C. Fiori - M. Vandini, “The study of glass tesserae from mosaics in the monasteries of Daphni and Hosios Loukas (Greece)”, Archaeometry 52, 5:796-815.
  • Erbudak 2023 M. Erbudak, “Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments”, JMR 16, 145-156.
  • Friedman 2015 Z. Friedman, “The Ship Depicted on the North Colonnade of the Great Mosque at Damascus: A Nilotic Theme or the Representation of Paradise?”, JMR 8, 17-31.
  • Gonzàlez 2013 G. Gonzàlez, “Los mosaicos de la Ciudad Universitaria y su valor patrimonial”, Accessed February 12, 2024. http://www.ucv.ve/organizacion/rectorado/direcciones/direccion-de-informacion-y-comunic-dic/detalle-noticias-dic/article/los-mosaicos-de-la-ciudad-universitaria-y-su-valor-patrimonial.html.
  • Greenhalgh 2008 M. Greenhalgh, “Islamic Re-use of Antique Mosaic Tesserae”, JMR 1, 55-81.
  • Ha’obsh 2008 M. Ma’moun Ha’obsh, “Um Er-Rasas (Um Al-Rasas): Preservation of the Mosaics at a New World Heritage Site in Jordan”, B. Khader - A. Ben Abed - M. Demas - T. Roby (eds.), Lessons Learned: Reflecting on the Theory and Practice of Mosaic Conservation: Proceedings of the 9th ICCM Conference, Hammamet, Tunisia, Los Angeles, 144-150, 175-176.
  • ICOMOS 2005 J. Jokilehto - H. Cleere - S. Denyer - M. Petzet, “Monuments and Sites XII: The World Heritage List: Filling the Gaps – an Action Plan for the Future. ICOMOS, Paris. https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/433/1/Monuments_and_Sites_12_Gaps.pdf (Accessed February 8, 2025).
  • Kamran - Awan - Gulzar 2016 M. Kamran - M.Y. Awan - S. Gulzar, “History of Conservation of Shish Mahal in Lahore-Pakistan”, International Journal of Research in Chemical, Metallurgical and Civil Engineering (IJRCMCE) 3, 1, 126-130.
  • Ladouceur 2018 J. Ladouceur, “Christians and Pagans in Roman Nea Paphos: Contextualizing the ‘House of Aion’ Mosaic”, UCLA Historical Journal 29, 1, 49-64.
  • Lindbergh 2017 J. Lindbergh, “Floor Mosaics from the Greco-Roman Theatre at Nea Paphos”, D. Michaelides - A.M. Guimier-Sorbets (eds.), Managing Archaeological Sites with Mosaics: From Real Problems to Practical solutions Proceedings of the 11th ICCM Conference, Meknes, Morocco 2011, Firenze, 313-318.
  • Nassar 2015 M. Nassar, “The Geometric Mosaics at Qusayr Amra in Context”, GrRomByzSt 55, 4, 414-430.
  • Sobouti - Ebadei 2016 H. Sobouti - H. Ebadei, “Investigating Tiling Decorations of Safavid Period, A Case Study: Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque of Isfahan”, The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication – TOJDAC 6, 624-630.
  • Tsihlias 1996 G. Tsihlias, “Victor Horta: The Maison Tassel, The Sources of Its Development”, Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies XVII (i+ii), 108-128.
  • UNESCO 2025 UNESCO World Heritage Centre, “Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention”. https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/ (Accessed Februay 8, 2025).
  • Young 1965 R. S. Young, “Early Mosaics at Gordion”, Expedition 7, 4-13.

Year 2025, Issue: 18, 15 - 36, 11.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1813648

Abstract

References

  • Bibliography – Kaynaklar
  • Arletti - Fiori - Vandini 2010 R. Arletti - C. Fiori - M. Vandini, “The study of glass tesserae from mosaics in the monasteries of Daphni and Hosios Loukas (Greece)”, Archaeometry 52, 5:796-815.
  • Erbudak 2023 M. Erbudak, “Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments”, JMR 16, 145-156.
  • Friedman 2015 Z. Friedman, “The Ship Depicted on the North Colonnade of the Great Mosque at Damascus: A Nilotic Theme or the Representation of Paradise?”, JMR 8, 17-31.
  • Gonzàlez 2013 G. Gonzàlez, “Los mosaicos de la Ciudad Universitaria y su valor patrimonial”, Accessed February 12, 2024. http://www.ucv.ve/organizacion/rectorado/direcciones/direccion-de-informacion-y-comunic-dic/detalle-noticias-dic/article/los-mosaicos-de-la-ciudad-universitaria-y-su-valor-patrimonial.html.
  • Greenhalgh 2008 M. Greenhalgh, “Islamic Re-use of Antique Mosaic Tesserae”, JMR 1, 55-81.
  • Ha’obsh 2008 M. Ma’moun Ha’obsh, “Um Er-Rasas (Um Al-Rasas): Preservation of the Mosaics at a New World Heritage Site in Jordan”, B. Khader - A. Ben Abed - M. Demas - T. Roby (eds.), Lessons Learned: Reflecting on the Theory and Practice of Mosaic Conservation: Proceedings of the 9th ICCM Conference, Hammamet, Tunisia, Los Angeles, 144-150, 175-176.
  • ICOMOS 2005 J. Jokilehto - H. Cleere - S. Denyer - M. Petzet, “Monuments and Sites XII: The World Heritage List: Filling the Gaps – an Action Plan for the Future. ICOMOS, Paris. https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/433/1/Monuments_and_Sites_12_Gaps.pdf (Accessed February 8, 2025).
  • Kamran - Awan - Gulzar 2016 M. Kamran - M.Y. Awan - S. Gulzar, “History of Conservation of Shish Mahal in Lahore-Pakistan”, International Journal of Research in Chemical, Metallurgical and Civil Engineering (IJRCMCE) 3, 1, 126-130.
  • Ladouceur 2018 J. Ladouceur, “Christians and Pagans in Roman Nea Paphos: Contextualizing the ‘House of Aion’ Mosaic”, UCLA Historical Journal 29, 1, 49-64.
  • Lindbergh 2017 J. Lindbergh, “Floor Mosaics from the Greco-Roman Theatre at Nea Paphos”, D. Michaelides - A.M. Guimier-Sorbets (eds.), Managing Archaeological Sites with Mosaics: From Real Problems to Practical solutions Proceedings of the 11th ICCM Conference, Meknes, Morocco 2011, Firenze, 313-318.
  • Nassar 2015 M. Nassar, “The Geometric Mosaics at Qusayr Amra in Context”, GrRomByzSt 55, 4, 414-430.
  • Sobouti - Ebadei 2016 H. Sobouti - H. Ebadei, “Investigating Tiling Decorations of Safavid Period, A Case Study: Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque of Isfahan”, The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication – TOJDAC 6, 624-630.
  • Tsihlias 1996 G. Tsihlias, “Victor Horta: The Maison Tassel, The Sources of Its Development”, Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies XVII (i+ii), 108-128.
  • UNESCO 2025 UNESCO World Heritage Centre, “Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention”. https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/ (Accessed Februay 8, 2025).
  • Young 1965 R. S. Young, “Early Mosaics at Gordion”, Expedition 7, 4-13.

Mozaik Mirasının UNESCO Dünya Miras Listesinde Görünürlüğü Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2025, Issue: 18, 15 - 36, 11.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1813648

Abstract

Dünya Miras Programı, UNESCO çatısı altında Dünya Kültürel ve Doğal Mirasın Korunması Sözleşmesinin 1972 yılında yürürlüğe girmesiyle başlatıldı. İnsanlığın mirası olarak korunmalarına uluslararası dikkat ve destek sağlamak amacıyla, 1978’den 2024’ye kadar 1223 kültürel, doğal ve karma varlık Dünya Miras Listesi’ne (DML) kaydedildi. Bu yazı, DML’ye kayıtlı varlıkların UNESCO’nun Dünya Mirası Sözleşmesi internet sitesindeki ana sayfalarında yayınlanan Üstün Evrensel Değer (ÜED) Beyanlarında mozaiklere yapılan referansların incelenmesi yoluyla, mozaik mirasının bu külliyattaki görünürlüğüne ilişkin bir fikir sunmayı amaçlıyor. DML’ye başvuru şartları üzerine bir girişin ardından; miras türleri, dönemleri-bölgeleri ve temalarının DML’de dengeli temsiline yönelik güncel stratejiden ilhamla, fazla ve az temsillere işaret etmek üzere; Dünya Mirası varlıklarda yer alan mozaiklerin türlerine, dünya üzerindeki yerlerine ve varlık içindeki konumlarına göre dağılımı inceleniyor. Ardından, görünürlüklerini artırmaya katkı sağlamak amacıyla, mozaik türleri, konumları ve dönemlerine göre “istisnalar”, ardından da ÜED Beyanlarında “mozaik” sözcüğünün en çok tekrarı ile “öne çıkanlar” sunuluyor. Dünya Mirası Programında önerilen bütüncül yaklaşımın benimsendiği her iki bölüm, seçilmiş örnekleri genel külliyat içinde ve mozaik miraslarını ÜED özniteliklerini oluşturan ve temsil eden bir unsur olarak bağlamsallaştırmayı amaçlıyor. Sonuç bölümü, şimdiye kadar DML’ye kaydedilen mozaik mirasının bu şekilde örneklenen çeşitliliği gözlemledikten sonra, sunulan görünürlük analizinin daha kapsamlı araştırmalar yoluyla nasıl derinleştirilebileceğine odaklanıyor.

References

  • Bibliography – Kaynaklar
  • Arletti - Fiori - Vandini 2010 R. Arletti - C. Fiori - M. Vandini, “The study of glass tesserae from mosaics in the monasteries of Daphni and Hosios Loukas (Greece)”, Archaeometry 52, 5:796-815.
  • Erbudak 2023 M. Erbudak, “Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments”, JMR 16, 145-156.
  • Friedman 2015 Z. Friedman, “The Ship Depicted on the North Colonnade of the Great Mosque at Damascus: A Nilotic Theme or the Representation of Paradise?”, JMR 8, 17-31.
  • Gonzàlez 2013 G. Gonzàlez, “Los mosaicos de la Ciudad Universitaria y su valor patrimonial”, Accessed February 12, 2024. http://www.ucv.ve/organizacion/rectorado/direcciones/direccion-de-informacion-y-comunic-dic/detalle-noticias-dic/article/los-mosaicos-de-la-ciudad-universitaria-y-su-valor-patrimonial.html.
  • Greenhalgh 2008 M. Greenhalgh, “Islamic Re-use of Antique Mosaic Tesserae”, JMR 1, 55-81.
  • Ha’obsh 2008 M. Ma’moun Ha’obsh, “Um Er-Rasas (Um Al-Rasas): Preservation of the Mosaics at a New World Heritage Site in Jordan”, B. Khader - A. Ben Abed - M. Demas - T. Roby (eds.), Lessons Learned: Reflecting on the Theory and Practice of Mosaic Conservation: Proceedings of the 9th ICCM Conference, Hammamet, Tunisia, Los Angeles, 144-150, 175-176.
  • ICOMOS 2005 J. Jokilehto - H. Cleere - S. Denyer - M. Petzet, “Monuments and Sites XII: The World Heritage List: Filling the Gaps – an Action Plan for the Future. ICOMOS, Paris. https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/433/1/Monuments_and_Sites_12_Gaps.pdf (Accessed February 8, 2025).
  • Kamran - Awan - Gulzar 2016 M. Kamran - M.Y. Awan - S. Gulzar, “History of Conservation of Shish Mahal in Lahore-Pakistan”, International Journal of Research in Chemical, Metallurgical and Civil Engineering (IJRCMCE) 3, 1, 126-130.
  • Ladouceur 2018 J. Ladouceur, “Christians and Pagans in Roman Nea Paphos: Contextualizing the ‘House of Aion’ Mosaic”, UCLA Historical Journal 29, 1, 49-64.
  • Lindbergh 2017 J. Lindbergh, “Floor Mosaics from the Greco-Roman Theatre at Nea Paphos”, D. Michaelides - A.M. Guimier-Sorbets (eds.), Managing Archaeological Sites with Mosaics: From Real Problems to Practical solutions Proceedings of the 11th ICCM Conference, Meknes, Morocco 2011, Firenze, 313-318.
  • Nassar 2015 M. Nassar, “The Geometric Mosaics at Qusayr Amra in Context”, GrRomByzSt 55, 4, 414-430.
  • Sobouti - Ebadei 2016 H. Sobouti - H. Ebadei, “Investigating Tiling Decorations of Safavid Period, A Case Study: Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque of Isfahan”, The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication – TOJDAC 6, 624-630.
  • Tsihlias 1996 G. Tsihlias, “Victor Horta: The Maison Tassel, The Sources of Its Development”, Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies XVII (i+ii), 108-128.
  • UNESCO 2025 UNESCO World Heritage Centre, “Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention”. https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/ (Accessed Februay 8, 2025).
  • Young 1965 R. S. Young, “Early Mosaics at Gordion”, Expedition 7, 4-13.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeological Science
Journal Section Article
Authors

Zeynep Aktüre 0000-0002-0086-9078

Publication Date November 11, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 18

Cite

APA Aktüre, Z. (2025). A Survey on the Visibility of Mosaic Heritage on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Journal of Mosaic Research(18), 15-36. https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1813648
AMA Aktüre Z. A Survey on the Visibility of Mosaic Heritage on the UNESCO World Heritage List. JMR. November 2025;(18):15-36. doi:10.26658/jmr.1813648
Chicago Aktüre, Zeynep. “A Survey on the Visibility of Mosaic Heritage on the UNESCO World Heritage List”. Journal of Mosaic Research, no. 18 (November 2025): 15-36. https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1813648.
EndNote Aktüre Z (November 1, 2025) A Survey on the Visibility of Mosaic Heritage on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Journal of Mosaic Research 18 15–36.
IEEE Z. Aktüre, “A Survey on the Visibility of Mosaic Heritage on the UNESCO World Heritage List”, JMR, no. 18, pp. 15–36, November2025, doi: 10.26658/jmr.1813648.
ISNAD Aktüre, Zeynep. “A Survey on the Visibility of Mosaic Heritage on the UNESCO World Heritage List”. Journal of Mosaic Research 18 (November2025), 15-36. https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1813648.
JAMA Aktüre Z. A Survey on the Visibility of Mosaic Heritage on the UNESCO World Heritage List. JMR. 2025;:15–36.
MLA Aktüre, Zeynep. “A Survey on the Visibility of Mosaic Heritage on the UNESCO World Heritage List”. Journal of Mosaic Research, no. 18, 2025, pp. 15-36, doi:10.26658/jmr.1813648.
Vancouver Aktüre Z. A Survey on the Visibility of Mosaic Heritage on the UNESCO World Heritage List. JMR. 2025(18):15-36.

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