Avrupa Istakozu (Homarus gammarus Linnaeus, 1758) Larva ve Jüvenillerinin Kapalı Devre Sistemde Büyüme ve Hayatta Kalmaları

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, H. gammarus larva ve jüvenillerinin büyüme ve hayatta kalma oranları 2 farklı çalışma ile araştırılmıştır. İlk denemede yumurtadan yeni çıkmış ıstakoz larvaları biyolojik filtrasyon içeren kapalı devre bir sisteme entegre 100 litre hacminde 3 adet silindir-konik tank kullanılmıştır. Her bir tanka 150 adet yumurtadan yeni çıkmış larvanın kullanıldığı bu çalışmada (toplam 450 larva) larvaların büyüme ve hayatta kalma oranları IV evre sonuna kadar tespit edilmiş ve deneme larvalar IV. evreye ulaşınca sona erdirilmiştir. İkinci denemede farklı yemlerin jüvenil ıstakoz büyümesi ve hayatta kalması üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Büyüme denemesine larvalar bentik aşamaya geçtikleri IV. evreden sonra başlanmıştır. Bu amaçla mollusk (M) veya crustacea (C) içeren 2 farklı yaş yem ile ticari levrek yemi (L) olmak üzere toplam 3 farklı yem kullanılmıştır. Her bir uygulama için 45 adet olmak üzere toplamda 135 adet ıstakoz kullanılmıştır. Larval yetişiricilik denemesinde IV. evre larvalarının ortalama karapaks uzunluğu ve toplam uzunluğu sırasıyla 5,255±0,052 mm ve 13,027±0,486 mm olarak tespit edilmiş ve tanklar arasında karapaks boyu ve toplam boy bakımından istatistiksel açıdan önemli bir fark bulunmamıştır (p>0,05) ve ortalama hayatta kalma oranı %13,11 olarak bulunmuştur. Istakoz jüvenillerinin büyütme denemesinde en büyük karapaks boyu 1,371±0,023 cm ile C ile beslenen grupta bulunurken, M ve L ile beslenen gruplarda karapaks uzunluğu sırasıyla, 1,251±0,039 cm ve 1,187±0,095 cm arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. 102 gün süren besleme çalışması sonucunda jüvenil ıstakozların ortalama hayatta kalma oranları, C yemiyle beslenenlerde %98,7, M yemiyle beslenenlerde %80 ve L yemiyle beslenenlerde %53,3 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular, H. gammarus larva ve jüvenillerinin yetiştiricilik şartları altında hayatta kalma ve büyüme oranlarının arttırılmasına yönelik katkı sağlamaktadır.

Keywords

• Homarid ıstakoz
• Decapod
• Kanibalizm
• Zoea larvası
• Yaş yemler

The Growth and Survival of the European Lobster (Homarus gammarus Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae and Juveniles in a Recirculating System

Abstract

In this study, the growth and survival of H. gammarus larvae and juveniles were investigated in two different consecutive trials. In the first trial, newly hatched lobster larvae were raised in 100 liter cylindro-conical tanks in triplicate. Each tank was stocked with 150 lobster larvae (a total of 450 larvae) and the growth and survival of larvae at the end of stage IV were determined. In the second trial, the growth and survival of juvenile lobsters fed on three different diets were determined for a period of 102 days using an integrated recirculating system with 10% daily water renewal. For this purpose, a total of 3 different diets including a mollusk based (M), a crustacean based (C) and a commercial seabass diet (L) were prepared. A total of 135 juvenile lobsters, 45 for each treatment were used for the juvenile growth trial. At the end of the larval growth experiment, the mean carapace and total length of Stage IV larvae were 5.255±0.052 mm and 13.027±0.486 mm, respectively, with no significant differences within tanks (p>0.05) and the mean survival rate of lobsters was 13.11%. In the juvenile growth trial, the highest carapace length was 1.371±0.023 cm in treatment C, followed by 1.251±0.039 cm and 1.187±0.095 cm in treatment M and L, respectively. At the end of 102 days, the mean survival rates of juvenile lobsters were %98.7, %80 and %53.3 in treatments C, M and L, respectively. The most successful diet for juvenile lobsters, with respect to growth and survival, was the crustacean based diet. The findings of this study provide information to help improve the growth and survival rates of larval and juvenile H. gammarus in captivity.

Keywords

• Homarid lobster
• decapoda
• cannibalism
• zoea larvae
• wet diets

References

1. Agnalt, A-L., Jørstad, K. E., Kristiansen,T. S., Nøstvold, E., Farestveit, E., Næss, H., & Paulsen, O. I. (2004). Enhancing the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) stock at Kvitsøy Islands; Perspectives of rebuilding Norwegian stocks. In K. M. Leber, S. Kitada, H. L. Blankenship, and T. Svåsand (Eds.), Stock Enhancement and Sea Ranching: Developments, Pitfalls and Opportunities, (pp. 415–426). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
2. Agnalt, A.L., Grefsrud E.S., Farestveit E., Larsen M., & Keulder F. (2013). Deformities in larvae and juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus) exposed to lower pH at two different temperatures. Biogeosciences, 10, 7883–7895.
3. Ali, Y.O., & Wickins, J.F. (1994). The use of fresh food supplements to ameliorate moulting difficulties in lobsters, Homarus gammarus (L.), destined for release to the sea. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 25, 483-496. Anonymus, Turkish Statistical Institute TÜİK (https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=97& locale=tr) accessed 10.07.2023).
4. Bannister, R. C. A., Addison, J. T., & Lovewell, S. R. J. (1994). Growth, movement, recapture rate and survival of hatchery-reared lobsters (Homarus gammarus, L.) released into the wild on the English east coast. Crustaceana, 67, 156–172.
5. Beard, T. W., P. R. Richards, & Wickins, J. F. (1985). The techniques and practicability of year-round production of lobsters, Homarus gammarus, in laboratory recirculation systems. Minist. Agric., Fish., Food, Directorate Fish. Res., Lowestoft, Engl., Fish. Res. Tech. Rep. 79, 1–22.
6. Conklin, D. E., Devers, K., & Shleser. R.A. (1975). Initial Development of Artificial Diets for the Lobster, Homarus americanus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 6, (1-4), 235-248.
7. Daniels, C.L, Wills, B., Ruiz-Perez, M., Miles, Wilson, R.W., & Boothroyd, D. (2015). Development of sea based container culture for rearing European lobster (Homarus gammarus) around South West England. Aquaculture, 448, 186-195.
8. Drengstig, A., & Bergheim, A. (2013). Commercial land-based farming of European lobster (Homarus gammarus L.) in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) using a single cage approach. Aquacultural Engineering, 53, 14-18.

9. Ellis, C. D., Hodgson, D. J., Daniels, C. L., Boothroyd, D. P., Bannister, R. C. A., & Griffiths, A. G. F. (2015). European lobster stocking requires comprehensive impact assessment to determine fishery benefits. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72, 35–48.
10. Fiore, D. R., & Tlusty, M. F. (2005). Use of commercial Artemia replacement diets in culturing larval American lobsters (Homarus americanus). Aquaculture, 243, 291-303.
11. Goncalves, R., Lund, I., Gesto, M., & Skov, P.V. (2020). The effect of dietary protein, lipid, and carbohydrate levels on the performance, metabolic rate and nitrogen retention in juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus, L.). Aquaculture, 525, 735334.
12. Goncalves, R., Lund, I., & Gesto, M. (2021). Interactions of temperature and dietary composition on juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus, L.) energy metabolism and performance. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 260, 111019.
13. Goncalves, R., Lund, I., Sousa, D., & Skov, P.V. (2022). Shrimp waste meal (Pandalus borealis) as an alternative ingredient in diets for juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus, L.). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 294, 115478.
14. Hinchcliffe, J., Powell, A., Langeland, M., Vidakovic, A., Undeland, I., Sundell, K., & Eriksson, S.P. (2020). Comparative survival and growth performance of European lobster Homarus gammarus post-larva reared on novel feeds. Aquaculture Research, 51, 102–113.
15. Hinchcliffe, J., Agnalt, A.Lisbeth, Daniels C. L., Drengstig, A., Lund, I., McMinn, J., & Powell, A. (2022). European lobster Homarus gammarus aquaculture: Technical developments, opportunities and requirements. Reviews in Aquaculture, 14, 919–937.
16. Jørstad, K. E., Kristiansen, T. S., Farestveit, E., Agnalt, A-L., Prodöhl, P. A., Hughes, M., & Ferguson, A. (2009). Survival of laboratory-reared juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus) from three brood sources in southwestern Norway. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 43(1), 59-68.
17. Juinio. M.A.R., & Cobb, J.S. (1992). Natural diet and feeding habits of the postlarval lobster Homarus americanus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 85, 83-91.
18. MacKenzie, B.R, & Kiørboe, T. (2000). Larval fish feeding and turbulence: a case for the downside. Limnology and Oceanography, 45,1–10.
19. Middlemiss, K.L., Daniels, C.L., Urbina, M.A., & Wilson, R. W. (2015). Combined effects of UV irradiation, ozonation, and the probiotic Bacillus spp. on growth, survival, and general fitness in European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Aquaculture, 444, 99-107.
20. Nicosia, F., & Lavalli, K. (1999). Homarid Lobster Hatcheries: Their History and Role in Research and Aquaculture. Marine Fisheries Reviews, 61(2), 1-57.
21. Niu, J., Lin, H.Z., Jiang, S.G., Chen, X., Wu, K.C., Liu, Y.J., Wang, S., & Tian, L.X. (2013). Comparison of effect of chitin, chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharide and N-acetyld-glucosamine on growth performance, antioxidant defenses and oxidative stress status of Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture 372–375 (6), 1–8.
22. No, H.K., & Meyers, S.P. (1995). Preparation and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan - A Review. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 4(2), 27-52.
23. Önal, U., & Baki, H. (2021). The Growth and Survival of the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) Larvae in Pseudo-Green Water and Clear Water under Low Density Conditions. COMU Journal of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, 4(2), 202-207.
24. Powell, A., & Rowley, A.F. (2007). The effect of dietary chitin supplementation on the survival and immune reactivity of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. - A Mol. Integr. Physiol., 147, 122–128.
25. Powell, A., Hinchcliffe, J., Sundell, K., Carlsson, N., & Eriksson, S.P. (2017). Comparative survival and growth performance of European lobster larvae, Homarus gammarus, reared on dry feed and conspecifics. Aquaculture Research, 48(2), 1-11.