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ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING OF NFT ASSETS: A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT PRACTICES

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 141 - 158, 30.06.2025

Abstract

With the advancements in blockchain technology, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) have increasingly become recognized as unique digital assets and alternative investment instruments, particularly in the fields of art, media, gaming, and collectibles. Although there is a broad literature and regulatory framework on cryptocurrency assets, the topic of NFTs remains insufficiently explored. This study examines the accounting, valuation, and financial reporting processes of NFTs within the framework of both national and international accounting standards. A comparative document analysis was conducted to explore the approaches of standard-setting and regulatory bodies, including the Public Oversight Authority (KGK), IASB, FASB, IAASB, AICPA, and SEC. In the research, publicly available financial reports of companies that disclose NFT assets in their financial statements were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. These documents were systematically coded according to themes such as classification, valuation, and footnote disclosures related to NFT assets. Purposeful sampling was used to select leading companies in the field, enabling an in-depth examination of current reporting practices. The findings reveal significant variations in practices, particularly in valuation methods, classification preferences, and disclosure requirements. These results underscore the need for clearer, more consistent, and comprehensive accounting standards to guide the integration of NFTs into financial reporting systems. This study aims to contribute to both theoretical discourse and practical guidance for accounting professionals and policymakers.

References

  • Akin, I., & Akın, M. (2024). Valuation, accounting principles, and classification of assets in the metaverse. Journal of Metaverse, 4(1), 43-53.
  • Akpan, M., & Ukwu, H. U. (2023). Comprehensive analysis of non-fungible tokens valuation and accounting under IFRS: Challenges and artificial intelligence implications. Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets & Institutions, 13(3), 8-21.
  • Alataş, A. (2024). Kripto Varlıkların Raporlanmasında Yeni Dönem: BOBİ FRS 2021 Güncellenmesinin Analizi. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (104), 27-52.
  • Alıcı, M., & Yanık, S. (2022). Kripto Varlıkların Muhasebeleştirilmesi. Muhasebe Bilim Dünyası Dergisi, 24(Modavıca Özel Sayısı), 256-297.
  • Ante, L. (2023). Non-fungible token (NFT) markets on the Ethereum blockchain: Temporal development, cointegration and interrelations. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 32(8), 1216-1234.
  • Aslan, Ü. (2020). Kripto Para Muhasebesi Üzerine Yapılan Tartışmalar Ve Finansal Raporlama Üzerindeki Etkileri. Tide Academia Research, 2(2), 257-286.
  • Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40.
  • Chowdhury, E. K., Stasi, A., & Pellegrino, A. (2023). Blockchain Technology in Financial Accounting: Emerging Regulatory Issues. Review of Economics and Finance, 21, 862-868. https://doi.org/10.55365/1923.x2023.21.94
  • Deloitte (2022a). Digital assets policy primer: Fall 2022. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/risk/us-rfa-digital-assets-policy-primer-fall-2022.pdf
  • Deloitte (2022b). The Metaverse — Accounting Considerations Related to Nonfungible Tokens. 22 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde https://dart.deloitte.com/USDART/home/publications/deloitte/accounting-spotlight/2022/metaverse-accounting-considerations adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Dowling, M. (2022). Fertile LAND: Pricing non-fungible tokens. Finance Research Letters, 44, 102096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102096
  • Dragolea, L. (2024). Accounting aspects of cryptocurrency and NFT transactions. In Simpozion Ştiinţific al Tinerilor Cercetători (pp. 134-138).
  • EY (2022). Technical Line Accounting for digital assets, including crypto assets. https://www.ey.com/content/dam/ey-unified-site/ey-com/en-us/technical/accountinglink/documents/ey-tl16494-221us-06-30-2022.pdf
  • EY (2023). Five legal considerations for businesses taking a lead on NFTs. https://www.ey.com/en_se/insights/tax/five-legal-considerations-for-businesses-taking-a-lead-on-nfts
  • FASB (2023). Digital Assets Project – Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
  • Fridgen, G., Kräussl, R., Papageorgiou, O., & Tugnetti, A. (2025). Pricing dynamics and herding behaviour of NFTs. European Financial Management, 31(2), 670-710.
  • Gazioğlu, A., & Özen, A. (2022). NFT’nin gelişimi ve vergilendirilmesi üzerine genel değerlendirme. İzmir Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 23-33.
  • Hoepfl, M. C. (1997). Choosing qualitative research: A primer for technology education researchers. Journal of Technology Education, 9(1), 47-63.
  • IFRS Foundation (2022). IFRS: Crypto and digital assets consultation paper.
  • Jackson, A. B., & Luu, S. (2023). Accounting for digital assets. Australian Accounting Review, 33(3), 302-312.
  • Jayasuriya, D., & Sims, A. (2023). Not So New Kid on the Block: Accounting and Valuation Aspects of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 16(11), 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16110465
  • Kamu Gözetimi Kurumu. (2024). BOBİ FRS Kripto Varlıklara İlişkin Değişiklikler. https://www.kgk.gov.tr/Portalv2Uploads/files/Duyurular/v2/Kurul%20Kararlar%C4%B1/BOBIFRSKriptoVarliklaraIliskinDegisiklikler.pdf
  • Kanu, D. H. (2025). Digital Currencies Financial Reporting and Auditing: A New Concern for Accounting Professionals in the Accounting Industry. Available at SSRN 5138691.
  • Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kılıç, İ., & Alataş, A. (2023). Kripto varlıkların muhasebeleştirilmesi üzerine bir içerik analizi. Journal of Accounting and Taxation Studies, 16(1), 157-183.
  • Kıral, B. (2020). Nitel bir veri analizi yöntemi olarak doküman analizi. Siirt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 170-189.
  • Kinory, E., & Stein Smith, S. (2024). Nonfungible Tokens—Differentiated Crypto Assets in Need of Accounting and Attestation Guidelines; Analysis and Implications. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting, 21(2), 73-81.
  • KPGM (2024). Accounting for nonfungible tokens (NFTs). https://kpmg.com/kpmg-us/content/dam/kpmg/frv/pdf/2024/issues-in-depth-accounting-for-nfts.pdf
  • Nadya, N., & Putra, Y. H. S. (2023). A Literature Review of Technology NFT: Potential Investment, Safety Transaction and Regulations in Indonesia Case: English. Jurnal AKSI (Akuntansi dan Sistem Informasi), 8(1).
  • Park, S., & Kim, Y. (2022). A Metaverse: Taxonomy, components, applications, and open challenges. IEEE Access, 10, 4209–4251. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3140175
  • Procházka, D. (2018). Accounting for bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies under IFRS: A comparison and assessment of competing models. The International Journal of Digital Accounting Research, 18, 161–188.
  • PWC (2021a). NFTs and accounting: What you need to know.
  • PWC (2021b). Non-fungible tokens (NFTs): Legal Tax and Accounting considerations you need to know. PricewaterhouseCoopers. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ghosts/assets/nfts-legal-tax-accounting-considerations-dec2021.pdf
  • Raiborn, C. & Sivitanides, M. (2015). Accounting issues related to bitcoins. The Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance, 25–35.
  • Regner, F., Urbach, N., & Schweizer, A. (2019). NFTs in practice – Non-fungible tokens as core component of a blockchain-based event ticketing application. ICIS 2019 Proceedings.
  • Request (2023, 4 Aralık). A Guide to Tax & Accounting for NFTs. 22 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde https://www.request.finance/crypto-accounting/a-guide-to-tax-accounting-for-nfts adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Sak, R., Sak, İ. T. Ş., Şendil, Ç. Ö., & Nas, E. (2021). Bir araştırma yöntemi olarak doküman analizi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 4(1), 227-256.
  • Şahin, N. K. (2024). Dijital evren “metaverse” platformlarındaki işlemlerin muhasebe faaliyetlerine etkisi. Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(Sp. Issue), 54-75.
  • Travers, M. (2001). Qualitative research through case studies. SAGE Publications
  • Usul, H. (2024). Dijital Varlıklar Ve Muhasebeleştirilmesi. İzmir Dayanışma Dergisi, 7(2), 213-226.
  • Utku, M. & Kaya, Y. (2022). “NFT (Değiştirilemez Token) Varlıkların UMS/UFRS Çerçevesinde Muhasebeleştirilmesi”, International Journal of Disciplines Economics & Administrative Scienves Studies, (e-ISSN:2587- 2168), Vol:8, Issue:37; pp:44-52
  • Vashisth, A., Salako, K., & Pinto, P. (2024). Digital assets valuation and financial reporting. In Leveraging Blockchain Technology (pp. 93-114). CRC Press.
  • Wang, Q., Li, R., Wang, Q., & Chen, S. (2021). Non-fungible token (NFT): Overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.07447.
  • Yermack, D. (2017). Corporate governance and blockchains. Review of finance, 21(1), 7-31.
  • Yüksel, F. (2023). Metaverse ve Muhasebe: Sanal Ekonomide Yürütülen Faaliyetlerin Muhasebesi. Journal of Accounting and Taxation Studies, 16(2), 269-288. https://doi.org/10.29067/muvu.1191527
  • Zadorozhnyi, Z. M., Muravskyi, V., Humenna-Derij, M., & Zarudna, N. (2022). Innovative accounting and audit of the metaverse resources. Marketing i menedžment innovacij, 13(4), 10-19.

NFT VARLIKLARIN MUHASEBELEŞTİRİLMESİ VE RAPORLANMASI: FİNANSAL TABLO UYGULAMALARI ÜZERİNE BİR DOKÜMAN ANALİZİ

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 141 - 158, 30.06.2025

Abstract

Blokzincir teknolojisindeki gelişmelerle birlikte, NFT'ler (Non-Fungible Tokens) özellikle sanat, medya, oyun ve koleksiyon gibi alanlarda alternatif birer yatırım aracı olarak giderek daha fazla tanınan özgün dijital varlıklar haline gelmiştir. Kripto para varlıklar ile ile ilgili geniş bir literatür ve düzenleme altyapısı olmasına rağmen NFT konusu yeterince araştırılmış değildir. Bu çalışma, NFT'lerin muhasebeleştirilmesi, değerlemesi ve finansal raporlama süreçlerini hem ulusal hem de uluslararası muhasebe standartları çerçevesinde incelemektedir. Çalışmada, Kamu Gözetimi Kurumu (KGK), IASB, FASB, IAASB, AICPA ve SEC dahil olmak üzere standart yapıcı ve düzenleyici kurumların yaklaşımlarını incelemek amacıyla karşılaştırmalı bir döküman analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırmada, NFT varlıklarını finansal tablolarında raporlayan şirketlerin halka açık finansal raporları döküman analizi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bu belgeler, NFT varlıklarının sınıflandırılması, değerlemesi ve dipnot açıklamaları gibi temalara göre incelenmiştir. Alanında önde gelen şirketleri seçmek için amaçsal örnekleme kullanılmış, bu da mevcut raporlama uygulamalarının derinlemesine incelenmesini sağlamıştır. Bulgular, özellikle değerleme yöntemleri, sınıflandırma tercihleri ve muhasebeleştirme gerekliliklerinde önemli uygulama farklılıkları olduğunu ve NFT varlıklara özgü düzenleme eksikliklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, NFT'lerin finansal raporlama sistemlerine entegrasyonuna rehberlik edecek daha net, tutarlı ve kapsamlı muhasebe standartlarına duyulan ihtiyacın altını çizmektedir. Çalışma, muhasebe profesyonelleri ve politika yapıcılar için hem teorik söyleme hem de pratik rehberliğe katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Akin, I., & Akın, M. (2024). Valuation, accounting principles, and classification of assets in the metaverse. Journal of Metaverse, 4(1), 43-53.
  • Akpan, M., & Ukwu, H. U. (2023). Comprehensive analysis of non-fungible tokens valuation and accounting under IFRS: Challenges and artificial intelligence implications. Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets & Institutions, 13(3), 8-21.
  • Alataş, A. (2024). Kripto Varlıkların Raporlanmasında Yeni Dönem: BOBİ FRS 2021 Güncellenmesinin Analizi. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (104), 27-52.
  • Alıcı, M., & Yanık, S. (2022). Kripto Varlıkların Muhasebeleştirilmesi. Muhasebe Bilim Dünyası Dergisi, 24(Modavıca Özel Sayısı), 256-297.
  • Ante, L. (2023). Non-fungible token (NFT) markets on the Ethereum blockchain: Temporal development, cointegration and interrelations. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 32(8), 1216-1234.
  • Aslan, Ü. (2020). Kripto Para Muhasebesi Üzerine Yapılan Tartışmalar Ve Finansal Raporlama Üzerindeki Etkileri. Tide Academia Research, 2(2), 257-286.
  • Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40.
  • Chowdhury, E. K., Stasi, A., & Pellegrino, A. (2023). Blockchain Technology in Financial Accounting: Emerging Regulatory Issues. Review of Economics and Finance, 21, 862-868. https://doi.org/10.55365/1923.x2023.21.94
  • Deloitte (2022a). Digital assets policy primer: Fall 2022. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/risk/us-rfa-digital-assets-policy-primer-fall-2022.pdf
  • Deloitte (2022b). The Metaverse — Accounting Considerations Related to Nonfungible Tokens. 22 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde https://dart.deloitte.com/USDART/home/publications/deloitte/accounting-spotlight/2022/metaverse-accounting-considerations adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Dowling, M. (2022). Fertile LAND: Pricing non-fungible tokens. Finance Research Letters, 44, 102096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102096
  • Dragolea, L. (2024). Accounting aspects of cryptocurrency and NFT transactions. In Simpozion Ştiinţific al Tinerilor Cercetători (pp. 134-138).
  • EY (2022). Technical Line Accounting for digital assets, including crypto assets. https://www.ey.com/content/dam/ey-unified-site/ey-com/en-us/technical/accountinglink/documents/ey-tl16494-221us-06-30-2022.pdf
  • EY (2023). Five legal considerations for businesses taking a lead on NFTs. https://www.ey.com/en_se/insights/tax/five-legal-considerations-for-businesses-taking-a-lead-on-nfts
  • FASB (2023). Digital Assets Project – Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
  • Fridgen, G., Kräussl, R., Papageorgiou, O., & Tugnetti, A. (2025). Pricing dynamics and herding behaviour of NFTs. European Financial Management, 31(2), 670-710.
  • Gazioğlu, A., & Özen, A. (2022). NFT’nin gelişimi ve vergilendirilmesi üzerine genel değerlendirme. İzmir Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 23-33.
  • Hoepfl, M. C. (1997). Choosing qualitative research: A primer for technology education researchers. Journal of Technology Education, 9(1), 47-63.
  • IFRS Foundation (2022). IFRS: Crypto and digital assets consultation paper.
  • Jackson, A. B., & Luu, S. (2023). Accounting for digital assets. Australian Accounting Review, 33(3), 302-312.
  • Jayasuriya, D., & Sims, A. (2023). Not So New Kid on the Block: Accounting and Valuation Aspects of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 16(11), 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16110465
  • Kamu Gözetimi Kurumu. (2024). BOBİ FRS Kripto Varlıklara İlişkin Değişiklikler. https://www.kgk.gov.tr/Portalv2Uploads/files/Duyurular/v2/Kurul%20Kararlar%C4%B1/BOBIFRSKriptoVarliklaraIliskinDegisiklikler.pdf
  • Kanu, D. H. (2025). Digital Currencies Financial Reporting and Auditing: A New Concern for Accounting Professionals in the Accounting Industry. Available at SSRN 5138691.
  • Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kılıç, İ., & Alataş, A. (2023). Kripto varlıkların muhasebeleştirilmesi üzerine bir içerik analizi. Journal of Accounting and Taxation Studies, 16(1), 157-183.
  • Kıral, B. (2020). Nitel bir veri analizi yöntemi olarak doküman analizi. Siirt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 170-189.
  • Kinory, E., & Stein Smith, S. (2024). Nonfungible Tokens—Differentiated Crypto Assets in Need of Accounting and Attestation Guidelines; Analysis and Implications. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting, 21(2), 73-81.
  • KPGM (2024). Accounting for nonfungible tokens (NFTs). https://kpmg.com/kpmg-us/content/dam/kpmg/frv/pdf/2024/issues-in-depth-accounting-for-nfts.pdf
  • Nadya, N., & Putra, Y. H. S. (2023). A Literature Review of Technology NFT: Potential Investment, Safety Transaction and Regulations in Indonesia Case: English. Jurnal AKSI (Akuntansi dan Sistem Informasi), 8(1).
  • Park, S., & Kim, Y. (2022). A Metaverse: Taxonomy, components, applications, and open challenges. IEEE Access, 10, 4209–4251. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3140175
  • Procházka, D. (2018). Accounting for bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies under IFRS: A comparison and assessment of competing models. The International Journal of Digital Accounting Research, 18, 161–188.
  • PWC (2021a). NFTs and accounting: What you need to know.
  • PWC (2021b). Non-fungible tokens (NFTs): Legal Tax and Accounting considerations you need to know. PricewaterhouseCoopers. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ghosts/assets/nfts-legal-tax-accounting-considerations-dec2021.pdf
  • Raiborn, C. & Sivitanides, M. (2015). Accounting issues related to bitcoins. The Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance, 25–35.
  • Regner, F., Urbach, N., & Schweizer, A. (2019). NFTs in practice – Non-fungible tokens as core component of a blockchain-based event ticketing application. ICIS 2019 Proceedings.
  • Request (2023, 4 Aralık). A Guide to Tax & Accounting for NFTs. 22 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde https://www.request.finance/crypto-accounting/a-guide-to-tax-accounting-for-nfts adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Sak, R., Sak, İ. T. Ş., Şendil, Ç. Ö., & Nas, E. (2021). Bir araştırma yöntemi olarak doküman analizi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 4(1), 227-256.
  • Şahin, N. K. (2024). Dijital evren “metaverse” platformlarındaki işlemlerin muhasebe faaliyetlerine etkisi. Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(Sp. Issue), 54-75.
  • Travers, M. (2001). Qualitative research through case studies. SAGE Publications
  • Usul, H. (2024). Dijital Varlıklar Ve Muhasebeleştirilmesi. İzmir Dayanışma Dergisi, 7(2), 213-226.
  • Utku, M. & Kaya, Y. (2022). “NFT (Değiştirilemez Token) Varlıkların UMS/UFRS Çerçevesinde Muhasebeleştirilmesi”, International Journal of Disciplines Economics & Administrative Scienves Studies, (e-ISSN:2587- 2168), Vol:8, Issue:37; pp:44-52
  • Vashisth, A., Salako, K., & Pinto, P. (2024). Digital assets valuation and financial reporting. In Leveraging Blockchain Technology (pp. 93-114). CRC Press.
  • Wang, Q., Li, R., Wang, Q., & Chen, S. (2021). Non-fungible token (NFT): Overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.07447.
  • Yermack, D. (2017). Corporate governance and blockchains. Review of finance, 21(1), 7-31.
  • Yüksel, F. (2023). Metaverse ve Muhasebe: Sanal Ekonomide Yürütülen Faaliyetlerin Muhasebesi. Journal of Accounting and Taxation Studies, 16(2), 269-288. https://doi.org/10.29067/muvu.1191527
  • Zadorozhnyi, Z. M., Muravskyi, V., Humenna-Derij, M., & Zarudna, N. (2022). Innovative accounting and audit of the metaverse resources. Marketing i menedžment innovacij, 13(4), 10-19.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Finance and Investment (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Onur Özevin 0000-0002-1347-5027

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date May 23, 2025
Acceptance Date June 27, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özevin, O. (2025). NFT VARLIKLARIN MUHASEBELEŞTİRİLMESİ VE RAPORLANMASI: FİNANSAL TABLO UYGULAMALARI ÜZERİNE BİR DOKÜMAN ANALİZİ. Journal of Management Theory and Practices Research, 6(1), 141-158.