Metaverse-Based Virtual Campus Tour for Higher Education: Insights from Development to User Experience Validation

Year 2026, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 1 - 25

Ahmad Yusuf , Rahimi Fitri Puguh Wahyu Prasetyo

Abstract

In archipelagic countries with thousands of islands separated by wide regional spans, geographic barriers often prevent prospective students from experiencing campus life before making enrollment decisions. This limitation constrains institutions' capacity to expand outreach and enhance their visibility in the higher education landscape. Metaverse platforms present significant opportunities to transform campus tours. However, most virtual tours are still constrained by static visualizations and single-user experiences. This study aims to systematically develop and evaluate a Metaverse-based virtual campus tour, addressing the limitations of existing platforms and examining its usability and user loyalty. The system was created systematically through a four-phase Discover, Blueprint, Develop, and Validate framework. This process consolidated requirements, translated them into design artifacts, and implemented them within a scalable layered architecture, ensuring usability and loyalty. Evaluation results showed that users perceived the system as both usable and recommendable. While usability varied according to familiarity and role-specific expectations, loyalty remained consistently strong across groups. These findings confirm that the system delivers meaningful value, demonstrates strong adoption potential, and offers a replicable development model for applying Metaverse technologies in higher education.

Keywords

higher education digital transformation , metaverse , usability evaluation , user loyalty of metaverse , virtual campus tour

Ethical Statement

The study complied with scientific research and publication ethics. Ethical approval was not required under the policies of Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin, Indonesia, as it involved only voluntary and anonymous survey responses. Informed consent was obtained electronically, and participants were assured of confidentiality and the right to withdraw at any time.

Supporting Institution

This research did not receive any outside funding or support. The authors report no involvement in the research by the sponsor that could have influenced the outcome of this work.ation, Science, and Technology, Republic of Indonesia

Thanks

The authors would like to thank the Informatics Engineering Study Program, Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin, Indonesia, for their continuous support in providing facilities and technical resources during the development of this project. Special appreciation is also extended to Muhammad Rizki Murtadha and Ahmad Syafii, who contributed significantly to the system development stages. The authors also acknowledge all participants involved in the evaluation process for their valuable feedback and insights. Finally, appreciation is extended to the Directorate of Science and Technology Talent Development, Directorate General of Science and Technology, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology, Republic of Indonesia, for its mentoring program that contributed to the refinement of this research.

References

• Illi, C., & Elhassouny, A. (2025). Edu-Metaverse: A Comprehensive Review of Virtual Learning Environments. IEEE Access, 13, 30186–30211. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3540944
• Pradana, M., & Elisa, H. P. (2023). Metaverse in education: A systematic literature review. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(2), 2252656. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2252656
• Teng, Z., Cai, Y., Gao, Y., Zhang, X., & Li, X. (2022). Factors Affecting Learners’ Adoption of an Educational Metaverse Platform: An Empirical Study Based on an Extended UTAUT Model. Mobile Information Systems, 2022(1), 5479215. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5479215
• Tlili, A., Huang, R., & Kinshuk. (2023). Metaverse for climbing the ladder toward ‘Industry 5.0’ and ‘Society 5.0’? The Service Industries Journal. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02642069.2023.2178644
• Tlili, A., Huang, R., Shehata, B., Liu, D., Zhao, J., Metwally, A. H. S., Wang, H., Denden, M., Bozkurt, A., Lee, L.-H., Beyoglu, D., Altinay, F., Sharma, R. C., Altinay, Z., Li, Z., Liu, J., Ahmad, F., Hu, Y., Salha, S., … Burgos, D. (2022). Is Metaverse in education a blessing or a curse: A combined content and bibliometric analysis. Smart Learning Environments, 9(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-022-00205-x
• Xiaolan, W., & Tınmaz, H. (2024). Exploring University Teachers’ Perceptions of Metaverse Integration in Higher Education: A Quantitative Study from China. Journal of Metaverse, 4(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.57019/jmv.1582429
• Qiu, Y., Isusi-Fagoaga, R., & García-Aracil, A. (2023). Perceptions and use of metaverse in higher education: A descriptive study in China and Spain. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5, 100185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100185
• İbi̇li̇, E., Ölmez, M., İbi̇li̇, A. B., Bi̇lal, F., Ci̇han, A., & Okumuş, N. (2024). Assessing the effectiveness and student perceptions of synchronous online flipped learning supported by a metaverse-based platform in medical English education: A mixed-methods study. Education and Information Technologies, 29(14), 18643–18673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12542-0
• Hwang, Y., Shin, D., & Lee, H. (2023). Students’ perception on immersive learning through 2D and 3D metaverse platforms. Educational Technology Research and Development, 71(4), 1687–1708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10238-9
• Ktoridou, D., Epaminonda, E., Efthymiou, L., & Michailidis, M. (2024). Exploring Metaverse Learning Knowledge and Acceptance: A Study of Students’ Opinions in Higher Education. 2024 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON60312.2024.10578614
• Magolda, P. M. (2000). The Campus Tour: Ritual and Community in Higher Education. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 31(1), 24–46. https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.2000.31.1.24
• Swanson, E., Kopotic, K., Zamarro, G., Mills, J. N., Greene, J. P., & W. Ritter, G. (2021). An Evaluation of the Educational Impact of College Campus Visits: A Randomized Experiment. AERA Open, 7, 2332858421989707. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858421989707
• Rocha Estrada, F. J., Ruiz-Ramírez, J. A., George-Reyes, C. E., & Glasserman-Morales, L. D. (2022). Evaluation of a Virtual Campus Adapted to Web-Based Virtual Reality Spaces: Assessments of Teachers and Students. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.918125
• Salah, M., Abdalla, A., & Abdallah, M. (2023). Evaluation of Existing Virtual Tour Studies and Their Applicability to Jordanian Universities. 2023 IEEE Jordan International Joint Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (JEEIT), 64–67. https://doi.org/10.1109/JEEIT58638.2023.10185675
• Pavlik, A. (2020). Offer virtual reality tours to attract prospects who can’t make it to campus. Enrollment Management Report, 24(3), 6–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/emt.30664
• Kim, J. (2021). A Pilot of Student-Guided Virtual Reality Tours. In S. M. Ahmed, P. Hampton, S. Azhar, & A. D. Saul (Eds.), Collaboration and Integration in Construction, Engineering, Management and Technology (pp. 251–257). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48465-1_42
• Spicer, J. i., & Stratford, J. (2001). Student perceptions of a virtual field trip to replace a real field trip. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 17(4), 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0266-4909.2001.00191.x
• Grosser, P. F., Xia, Z., Alt, J., Rüppel, U., & Schmalz, B. (2023). Virtual field trips in hydrological field laboratories: The potential of virtual reality for conveying hydrological engineering content. Education and Information Technologies, 28(6), 6977–7003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11434-5
• Garcia, M. B., Mansul, D. M. C., Pempina, E. B., Perez, M. R. L., & Adao, R. T. (2023). A Playable 3D Virtual Tour for an Interactive Campus Visit Experience: Showcasing School Facilities to Attract Potential Enrollees. 2023 9th International Conference on Virtual Reality (ICVR), 461–466. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVR57957.2023.10169768
• Rohizan, R. B., Vistro, D. M., & Puasa, M. R. B. (2019). Enhanced Visitor Experience Through Campus Virtual Tour. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1228(1), 012067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1228/1/012067
• Sim, J. K., Xu, K. W., Jin, Y., Lee, Z. Y., Teo, Y. J., Mohan, P., Huang, L., Xie, Y., Li, S., Liang, N., Cao, Q., See, S., Winkler, I., & Cai, Y. (2024). Designing an Educational Metaverse: A Case Study of NTUniverse. Applied Sciences, 14(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062559
• Salim, M., & Khalilov, S. (2024). Developing a Virtual TIU Campus Tour: Integrating 3D Visualization of University Facilities in VR. 2024 21st International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD), 540–544. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSD61670.2024.10548711
• Romli, R., Aznan, M., Xian, L., Bakhoruddin, A., Mohd Wazir, F., & Gurdial Singh, A. R. S. (2021). AR@UNIMAP: A Development of Interactive Map Using Augmented Reality. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1755, 012052. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1755/1/012052
• Nordin, N., Markom, M. A., Suhaimi, F. A., & Ishak, S. (2021). A Web-Based Campus Navigation System with Mobile Augmented Reality Intervention. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1997(1), 012038. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1997/1/012038
• Zhao, H., Frese, L., Venzin, C., Kaszás, D., Weibel, R. P., Hölscher, C., Schinazi, V. R., & Thrash, T. (2023). The time course of spatial knowledge acquisition for different digital navigation aids. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 103, 101992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2023.101992
• Ouhnni, H., Btissam, A., Meryam, B., El Bouchti, K., Seghroucheni Yassine, Z., Lagmiri, S. N., Rigalma, B., & Ziti, S. (2025). The evolution of virtual identity: A systematic review of avatar customization technologies and their behavioral effects in VR environments. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1496128
• van der Meer, N., van der Werf, V., Brinkman, W.-P., & Specht, M. (2023). Virtual reality and collaborative learning: A systematic literature review. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2023.1159905
• Wehrmann, F., & Zender, R. (2025). A Systematic Review of Cooperation in Multi-User Virtual Reality Learning Environments. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 41(5), e70112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70112
• Bönsch, A., Ehret, J., Rupp, D., & Kuhlen, T. W. (2024). Wayfinding in immersive virtual environments as social activity supported by virtual agents. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2023.1334795
• Baek, J., & Hwang, Y. (2024). Old tales, new tools: How AI chatbots and the metaverse are transforming premodern classical literature reading activities. International Journal of Educational Research, 128, 102461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102461
• Larmuseau, C., De Leersnijder, L., Rotsaert, T., Boel, C., Demanet, J., & Schellens, T. (2025). Beyond realism: Rethinking VR design for optimal learning in technical and vocational secondary education. Computers & Education: X Reality, 6, 100098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cexr.2025.100098
• Bangor, A., Kortum, P., & Miller, J. (2009). Determining what individual SUS scores mean: Adding an adjective rating scale. J. Usability Studies, 4(3), 114–123. https://doi.org/10.5555/2835587.2835589
• Seufert, E. B. (2014). Chapter 4—Freemium Metrics. In E. B. Seufert (Ed.), Freemium Economics (pp. 83–113). Morgan Kaufmann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416690-5.00004-X
• Reichheld, F. F. (2003). The one number you need to grow. Harvard Business Review, 81(12), 46–54, 124.
• Baehre, S., O’Dwyer, M., O’Malley, L., & Story, V. M. (2022). Customer mindset metrics: A systematic evaluation of the net promoter score (NPS) vs. alternative calculation methods. Journal of Business Research, 149, 353–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.04.048
• Ismail, I. E., Elisa Nalawati, R., & Putra, A. (2021). System Usability Scale and Net Promoter Score on Donation Application of Toddlers Equipment. 2021 4th International Conference of Computer and Informatics Engineering (IC2IE), 170–174. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2IE53219.2021.9649186
• Sauro, J., & Lewis, J. R. (2016). Chapter 2—Quantifying user research. In J. Sauro & J. R. Lewis (Eds.), Quantifying the User Experience (Second Edition) (pp. 9–18). Morgan Kaufmann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802308-2.00002-3
• Faulkner, L. (2003). Beyond the five-user assumption: Benefits of increased sample sizes in usability testing. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35(3), 379–383. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195514
• Othman, M. K., Nogoibaeva, A., Leong, L. S., & Barawi, M. H. (2022a). Usability evaluation of a virtual reality smartphone app for a living museum. Universal Access in the Information Society, 21(4), 995–1012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-021-00820-4
• Nielsen, J., & Landauer, T. K. (1993). A mathematical model of the finding of usability problems. Proceedings of the INTERACT ’93 and CHI ’93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.169166
• Getto, G. (2020). The Story/Test/Story Method: A Combined Approach to Usability Testing and Contextual Inquiry. Computers and Composition, 55, 102548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2020.102548
• Macefield, R. (2009). How to specify the participant group size for usability studies: A practitioner’s guide. J. Usability Studies, 5(1), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.5555/2835425.2835429
• Alroobaea, R., & Mayhew, P. J. (2014). How many participants are really enough for usability studies? 2014 Science and Information Conference, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1109/SAI.2014.6918171
• Alnuaimi, M. A., & Awad, M. (2025). VR environment of digital design laboratory: A usability study. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1566680
• Dhillon, P. K. S., & Tinmaz, H. (2024). Academic Augmentation: Analyzing Avatar Design in Educational Metaverse. Journal of Metaverse, 4(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.57019/jmv.1440122
• Anujan, A., Foroudi, P., & Palazzo, M. (2024). Rethinking digital entrepreneurship in a digital transformation era: Leveraging on brand avatars to boost brand experiences and loyal communities. European Journal of Innovation Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-03-2024-0325
• Nebel, S., Beege, M., Schneider, S., & Rey, G. D. (2020). A Review of Photogrammetry and Photorealistic 3D Models in Education From a Psychological Perspective. Frontiers in Education, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00144
• Fares, O. H., Aversa, J., Lee, S. H., & Jacobson, J. (2024). Virtual reality: A review and a new framework for integrated adoption. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 48(2), e13040. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.13040
• Abd Elkareem, N., Selim, M., & Shalaby, A. (2024). Software-Defined Metaverse (SDM) Architecture. Journal of Metaverse, 4(2), 146–156. https://doi.org/10.57019/jmv.1541821
• Pakanen, M., Alavesa, P., van Berkel, N., Koskela, T., & Ojala, T. (2022). “Nice to see you virtually”: Thoughtful design and evaluation of virtual avatar of the other user in AR and VR based telexistence systems. Entertainment Computing, 40, 100457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2021.100457
• Tinmaz, H., & Singh Dhillon, P. K. (2024). User-Centric Avatar Design: A Cognitive Walkthrough Approach for Metaverse in Virtual Education. Data Science and Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsm.2024.05.001
• Newman, M., Gatersleben, B., Wyles, K. J., & Ratcliffe, E. (2022). The use of virtual reality in environment experiences and the importance of realism. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 79, 101733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101733
• Feng, Y., & Zhao, L. (2024). Emotional design for pro-environmental life: Visual appeal and user interactivity influence sustainable consumption intention with moderating effect of positive emotion. Heliyon, 10(19), e38521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38521
• Zackoff, M. W., Rios, M., Davis, D., Boyd, S., Roque, I., Anderson, I., NeCamp, M., Gardner, A., Geis, G., & Moore, R. A. (2023). Immersive Virtual Reality Onboarding using a Digital Twin for a New Clinical Space Expansion: A Novel Approach to Large-Scale Training for Health Care Providers. The Journal of Pediatrics, 252, 7-10.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.07.031
• Tserenchimed, T., & Kim, H. (2024). Viewpoint-sharing method with reduced motion sickness in object-based VR/AR collaborative virtual environment. Virtual Reality, 28(3), 122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-024-01005-z
• McCarthy, K., Rice, S., Flores, A., Miklos, J., & Nold, A. (2023). Exploring the meaningful qualities of transactions in virtual environments for massively multiplayer online role-playing gamers. Journal of Occupational Science, 30(1), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2022.2108884
• Dunmoye, I. D., Rukangu, A., May, D., & Das, R. P. (2024). An exploratory study of social presence and cognitive engagement association in a collaborative virtual reality learning environment. Computers & Education: X Reality, 4, 100054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cexr.2024.100054
• Barreda-Ángeles, M., Horneber, S., & Hartmann, T. (2023). Easily applicable social virtual reality and social presence in online higher education during the covid-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. Computers & Education: X Reality, 2, 100024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cexr.2023.100024
• Yousefdeh, S. A. G., & Oyelere, S. S. (2024). Investigating co-presence and collaboration dynamics in realtime virtual reality user interactions. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2024.1478481
• Zhang, Y., Zhang, B., Jang, W., & Pan, Y. (2024). Enhancing Spatial Cognition in Online Virtual Museum Environments: Integrating Game-Based Navigation Strategies for Improved User Experience. Applied Sciences, 14(10), 4163. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104163
• Xu, M., Niyato, D., Zhang, H., Kang, J., Xiong, Z., Mao, S., & Han, Z. (2023). Sparks of Generative Pretrained Transformers in Edge Intelligence for the Metaverse: Caching and Inference for Mobile Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content Services. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 18(4), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2023.3323757
• Sun, Y., Xu, Y., Cheng, C., Li, Y., Lee, C. H., & Asadipour, A. (2022). Travel with Wander in the Metaverse: An AI chatbot to Visit the Future Earth. 2022 IEEE 24th International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMSP55362.2022.9950031
• Cao, F., & Jian, Y. (2024). The Role of integrating AI and VR in fostering environmental awareness and enhancing activism among college students. Science of The Total Environment, 908, 168200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168200
• Łukasik, A., & Gut, A. (2025). From robots to chatbots: Unveiling the dynamics of human-AI interaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1569277
• Belda-Medina, J., & Kokošková, V. (2023). Integrating chatbots in education: Insights from the Chatbot-Human Interaction Satisfaction Model (CHISM). International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00432-3
• Labadze, L., Grigolia, M., & Machaidze, L. (2023). Role of AI chatbots in education: Systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00426-1
• Han, E., & Bailenson, J. (2024). Social Interaction in VR. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.1489
• Ronft, S., Beck, A.-K., & Lachmann, T. (2025). Human-centric virtual lighting: Effects of color temperature and daylight simulation in virtual environments. Applied Ergonomics, 129, 104601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104601
• Peanchitlertkajorn, S., Reynolds, P. A., Chaisawas, M., Krungthong, Y., Boonkaew, B., & Sipiyaruk, K. (2024). The impact of an online gamified virtual tour on cognitive enhancement in dental practice management. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 26975. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75128-3
• Sangamuang, S., Wongwan, N., Intawong, K., Khanchai, S., & Puritat, K. (2025). Gamification in Virtual Reality Museums: Effects on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Experiences in Cultural Heritage Learning. Informatics, 12(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics12010027
• Clark, N., Dabkowski, M., Driscoll, P. J., Kennedy, D., Kloo, I., & Shi, H. (2021). Empirical Decision Rules for Improving the Uncertainty Reporting of Small Sample System Usability Scale Scores. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 37(13), 1191–1206. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2020.1870831
• Lewis, J. (1996, May 21). Binomial Confidence Intervals for Small-Sample Usability Studies. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Applied Ergonomics. 1st International Conference on Applied Ergonomics.
• Sauro, J., & Lewis, J. R. (2005). Estimating Completion Rates from Small Samples Using Binomial Confidence Intervals: Comparisons and Recommendations. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 49(24), 2100–2103. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120504902407
• Lewis, J. R., & Sauro, J. (2018). Item benchmarks for the system usability scale. J. Usability Studies, 13(3), 158–167. https://doi.org/10.5555/3294033.3294037
• Aljamaan, F., Malki, K. H., Alhasan, K., Jamal, A., Altamimi, I., Khayat, A., Alhaboob, A., Abdulmajeed, N., Alshahrani, F. S., Saad, K., Al-Eyadhy, A., Al-Tawfiq, J. A., & Temsah, M.-H. (2024). ChatGPT-3.5 System Usability Scale early assessment among Healthcare Workers: Horizons of adoption in medical practice. Heliyon, 10(7), e28962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28962
• Khan, Q., Hickie, I. B., Loblay, V., Ekambareshwar, M., Zahed, I. U. M., Naderbagi, A., Song, Y. J., & LaMonica, H. M. (2025). Psychometric evaluation of the System Usability Scale in the context of a childrearing app co-designed for low- and middle-income countries. DIGITAL HEALTH, 11, 20552076251335413. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076251335413
• Xi, N., Chen, J., Gama, F., Riar, M., & Hamari, J. (2023). The challenges of entering the metaverse: An experiment on the effect of extended reality on workload. Information Systems Frontiers, 25(2), 659–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10244-x
• Lun, L., Zetian, D., Hoe, T. W., Juan, X., Jiaxin, D., & Fulai, W. (2024). Factors Influencing User Intentions on Interactive Websites: Insights From the Technology Acceptance Model. IEEE Access, 12, 122735–122756. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3437418
• Al-kfairy, M., Alomari, A., Al-Bashayreh, M., Alfandi, O., & Tubishat, M. (2024). Unveiling the Metaverse: A survey of user perceptions and the impact of usability, social influence and interoperability. Heliyon, 10(10), e31413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31413
• Maqbool, B., & Herold, S. (2024). Potential effectiveness and efficiency issues in usability evaluation within digital health: A systematic literature review. Journal of Systems and Software, 208, 111881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2023.111881
• Mlekus, L., Bentler, D., Paruzel, A., Kato-Beiderwieden, A.-L., & Maier, G. W. (2020). How to raise technology acceptance: User experience characteristics as technology-inherent determinants. Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO), 51(3), 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11612-020-00529-7
• Healy, D., Flynn, A., Conlan, O., McSharry, J., & Walsh, J. (2022). Older Adults’ Experiences and Perceptions of Immersive Virtual Reality: Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis. JMIR Serious Games, 10(4), e35802. https://doi.org/10.2196/35802
• Mostefai, B., Boutefara, T., Bousbia, N., Balla, A., Dhelim, S., & Hammia, A. (2025). Enhancing user experience in e-learning systems: A new user-centric RESTful web services approach. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 18, 100643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100643
• Hyzy, M., Bond, R., Mulvenna, M., Bai, L., Dix, A., Leigh, S., & Hunt, S. (2022). System Usability Scale Benchmarking for Digital Health Apps: Meta-analysis. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 10(8), e37290. https://doi.org/10.2196/37290
• Balzerkiewitz, H.-P., Abughalia, A., & Stechert, C. (2025). Enhancing VR Usability: New Testing Procedure and Industrial Case Study. Procedia CIRP, 136, 683–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2025.08.117
• Hughes, J. L., Camden, A. A., & Yangchen, T. (2016). Rethinking and updating demographic questions: Guidance to improve descriptions of research samples. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 21(3), 138–151.
• Rutter, S., Zamani, E., McKenna-Aspell, J., & Wang, Y. (2024). Embedding equality, diversity and inclusion in usability testing: Recommendations and a research agenda. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 188, 103278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103278
• Rosman, M. R. M., Rosli, N. N. I. N., Shukry, A. I. M., Razlan, N. M., & Alimin, N. A. (2023). Investigating the roles of demographic profiles on usability assessment: Case study on CiteGuru application. IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI), 12(1), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v12.i1.pp367-373
• Maudlin, L. C., McNeal, K. S., Dinon-Aldridge, H., Davis, C., Boyles, R., & Atkins, R. M. (2020). Website Usability Differences between Males and Females: An Eye-Tracking Evaluation of a Climate Decision Support System. https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0127.1
• Xiong, C., Ye, B., Mihailidis, A., Cameron, J. I., Astell, A., Nalder, E., & Colantonio, A. (2020). Sex and gender differences in technology needs and preferences among informal caregivers of persons with dementia. BMC Geriatrics, 20, 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01548-1
• Huang, Z., & Mou, J. (2021). Gender differences in user perception of usability and performance of online travel agency websites. Technology in Society, 66, 101671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101671
• Nasir, M., Ikram, N., & Jalil, Z. (2022). Usability inspection: Novice crowd inspectors versus expert. Journal of Systems and Software, 183, 111122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2021.111122
• Taylor, T. E. (2024). Users and technology: A closer look at how technology engagement affects users. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 15, 100473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100473
• Man, S. S., Wang, J., Chan, A. H. S., & Liu, L. (2025). Ageing in the digital age: What drives virtual reality technology adoption among older adults? Ergonomics, 0(0), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2025.2473685
• Schaumburg, M., Imtiaz, A., Zhou, R., Bernard, M., Wolbers, T., & Segen, V. (2025). Immersive virtual reality for older adults: Challenges and solutions in basic research and clinical applications. Ageing Research Reviews, 109, 102771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2025.102771
• Peng, W., & Robinson-Tay, K. (2025). Assessing the characteristics and outcomes of perceived usefulness and ease of use for autonomous vehicle adoption. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 111, 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2025.03.014
• Agag, G., Ali Durrani, B., Hassan Abdelmoety, Z., Mostafa Daher, M., & Eid, R. (2024). Understanding the link between net promoter score and e-WOM behaviour on social media: The role of national culture. Journal of Business Research, 170, 114303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114303
• Mecredy, P., Wright, M. J., & Feetham, P. (2018). Are promoters valuable customers? An application of the net promoter scale to predict future customer spend. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 26(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.12.001
• Agag, G., Durrani, B. A., Shehawy, Y. M., Alharthi, M., Alamoudi, H., El-Halaby, S., Hassanein, A., & Abdelmoety, Z. H. (2023). Understanding the link between customer feedback metrics and firm performance. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 73, 103301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103301
• Fadhel, M., Duhaim, A., Albahri, A. s, Al-Qaysi, Z., Aktham, M., Chyad, M., Abd Alaziz, W., Albahri, O. s, Alamoodi, A., Alzubaidi, L., Gupta, A., & Gu, Y. (2024). Navigating the metaverse: Unraveling the impact of artificial intelligence—A comprehensive review and gap analysis. Artificial Intelligence Review, 57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-10881-5
• Xiao, X., Roy, R., Omidyeganeh, M., & Furnari, F. (2025). Industrial Metaverse design methodologies: A comprehensive literature review. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0951192X.2025.2544545
• Abilkaiyrkyzy, A., Elhagry, A., Laamarti, F., & Elsaddik, A. (2023). Metaverse Key Requirements and Platforms Survey. IEEE Access, PP, 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3325844
• Nickerson, J. V., Seidel, S., Yepes, G., & Berente, N. (2022). Design Principles for Coordination in the Metaverse. Academy of Management Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2022.15178abstract
• Ramadan, Z. (2023). Marketing in the metaverse era: Toward an integrative channel approach. Virtual Reality, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-023-00783-2
• Roy, R., Rao, G. A., Pal, D., Anuradha, S., & Mukherjee, S. (2025). Metaverse-based education for sustainable development and improving the performance: Discussing the future research agenda. Sustainable Futures, 10, 101091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101091
• Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Hu, L., & Wang, Y. (2022). The metaverse in education: Definition, framework, features, potential applications, challenges, and future research topics. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1016300
• Uribe, V., Figueroa, P., & Gomez, V. (2024). The influence of metaverse environment design on the quality of experience in virtual reality classes: A comparative study. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1451859