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Understanding Quiet Quitting: Triggers, Antecedents and Consequences

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 18, 57 - 79, 07.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.54709/jobesam.1299018

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic, which shook the whole world, has changed the traditional work behavior patterns of both employers and employees. The adaptation of organizations to new systems such as flexible working hours and working from home has brought problems such as work-life imbalance, although it is seen as in favor of employees. The concept of “quiet quitting” which means spending minimum effort and taking less responsibility in the workplace, has become an increasingly crucial agenda for employees, employers, and governments. This study aims to reveal what quiet quitting is, its similarities and differences with related concepts in the literature, and its causes and consequences theoretically. This study has provided important implications in terms of addressing the concept of quiet quitting in depth in the literature and pioneering future studies.

References

  • Addae, H. M., Praveen Parboteeah, K., & Davis, E. E. (2006). Organizational commitment and intentions to quit: An examination of the moderating effects of psychological contract breach in Trinidad and Tobago. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 14(3), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1108/19348830610823419
  • Andersson, L. M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations, 49(11), 1395-1418. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679604901102
  • Argyris. C. & Schon, D. (1978). Organizational learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
  • Bacal and Associates (2022). Toxic Organizations - Welcome to the fire of an unhealthy workplace. http://work911.com/articles/toxicorgs.htm.
  • Bagheri, G., Zarei, R., & Aeen, M. N. (2012). Organizational silence (basic concepts and its development factors). Ideal Type of Management, 1(1), 47-58.
  • Barna Group. (2018, June 6). Is Gen Z the most success oriented generation? https://www.barna.com/research/is-gen-z-the-most-success-oriented-generation/
  • Birinci, S., & Amburgey, A. (2022). The great resignation vs. the great reallocation: Industry-level evidence. Economic Synopses, (4), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.20955/es.2022.4
  • Borritz, M. (2006). Burnout in human service work-causes and consequences. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). National Institute of Occupational Health, Denmark.
  • Borry, E. L. (2017). Ethical climate and rule bending: How organizational norms contribute to unintended rule consequences. Public Administration, 95(1), 78-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12304
  • Braje, I. N. (2022). Can toxic organizational culture really cause the great resignation: In search of answers. Full Paper Proceeding Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(3), 1-9.
  • Brewer, G. A., & Walker, R. M. (2010). Explaining variation in perceptions of red tape: A Professionalism‐Marketization model. Public Administration, 88(2), 418-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.01827.x
  • Cohen, A. (2021). How to quit your job in the great post-pandemic resignation boom. Bloomberg Businessweek. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-10/quit-your-job-how-to-resign-after-covid-pandemic
  • Dean, G., & Hoff, M. (2021). Nearly three-quarters of workers are actively thinking about quitting their job, according to a recent survey. Insider. www.businessinsider.com/great-resignation-labor-shortage-workers-thinking-about-quitting-joblist-report-2021-10
  • Deloitte.com. (2022). Understanding Generation Z in the workplace. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/consumer-business/articles/understanding-generation-z-in-the-workplace.html
  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
  • Dill, K. (2021). America’s workers are leaving jobs in record numbers. The Wall Street Journal. www.wsj.com/articles/whats-driving-americas-workers-to-leave-jobs-in-record-numbers-11634312414
  • Dyne, L. V., Ang, S. & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359-1392. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00384
  • Floyd, S. W., & Wooldridge, W. (1994). Dinosaurs or dynamos? Recognizing middle management's strategic role. Academy of Management Executive, 8(4): 47-57. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4165222
  • Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues, 30 (1), 159-165 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
  • Gabrielova, K., & Buchko, A. A. (2021). Here comes generation Z: Millennials as managers. Business Horizons, 64(4), 489-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.013
  • Hackman, J. R. (1980). Work redesign and motivation. Professional Psychology, 11(3), 445–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.11.3.445
  • Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., Pillai, S. G., Park, T. E., & Balasubramanian, K. (2019). Factors affecting hotel employees’ attrition and turnover: Application of pull-push-mooring framework. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 46-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.04.003
  • Hazen, M. A., & Hazen, M. A. (2006). Silences, perinatal loss, and a postmodern perspective. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 19(2), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810610648933.
  • Hobfoll, E. S. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513.
  • Hom, P. W., Caranikas-Walker, F., Prussia, G. E., & Griffeth, R. W. (1992). A meta-analytical structural equations analysis of a model of employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(6), 890–909. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.77.6.890
  • Hsu, A. (2021). These older workers hadn’t planned to retire so soon. The pandemic sped things up. NPR. www.npr.org/2021/08/23/1028993124/these-older-workers-hadnt-planned-to-retire-so-soon-the-pandemic-sped-things-up
  • Hwang, I. & Kuo, J. (2006). Effects of job satisfaction and perceived alternative employment opportunities on turnover intention-An examination of public sector organizations. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 8(2), 254-259.
  • Hymes, K. (2021). The great resignation’ misses the point. Wired. www.wired.com/story/great-resignation-misses-the-point
  • Iorgulescu, M. C. (2016). Generation Z and its perception of work. Cross-Cultural Management Journal, 18(1), 47-54. https://seaopenresearch.eu/Journals/articles/CMJ2016_I1_6.pdf
  • Issac, A. C., Issac, T. G., Baral, R., Bednall, T. C. & Thomas, T. S. (2021). Why you hide what you know: Neuroscience behind knowledge hiding. Knowledge and Process Management, 28 (3), 266-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1677
  • Jaros, S. J. (1997). An assessment of Meyer and Allen's (1991) three-component model of organizational commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51(3), 319–337. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1995.1553
  • Jenkins, S. R., & Maslach, C. (1994). Psychological health and involvement in interpersonally demanding occupations: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(2), 101-127. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030150202
  • Kanter, D. L., & Mirvis, P. H. (1991). Cynicism: The new American malaise. Business and Society Review, 91(77).
  • Kaplan, J. (2021). The psychologist who coined the phrase ‘Great Resignation’ reveals how he saw it coming and where he sees it going. ‘Who we are as an employee and as a worker is very central to who we are. Insider. www.businessinsider.com/why-everyone-is-quitting-great-resignation-psychologist-pandemic-rethink-life-2021-10
  • Karsh, B., & Templin, C. (2013). Manager 3.0: A millennial’s guide to rewriting the rules of management. New York, NY: AMACOM.
  • Kmieciak, R. (2022). Alexithymia, social inhibition, affectivity, and knowledge hiding. Journal of Knowledge Management, 26(11), 461-485. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10-2021-0782
  • Kudhail, P. (2022, August 31). Quiet quitting: The workplace trend taking over TikTok. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62638908
  • Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., Sablynski, C. J., Burton, J. P., & Holtom, B. C. (2004). The Effects of Job Embeddedness on Organizational Citizenship, Job Performance, Volitional Absences, and Voluntary Turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 47(5), 711–722. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159613
  • Levitt, B., & March, J. G. (1988). Organizational learning. Annual Review of Sociology, 319-340. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.14.080188.001535
  • Lu, L., Lu, A. C. C., Gursoy, D., & Neale, N. R. (2016). Work engagement, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: A comparison between supervisors and line level employees. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28, 737–761. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2014- 0360.
  • Lukianoff, G., & Haidt, J. (2019). The coddling of the American mind: How good intentions and bad ideas are setting up a generation for failure. London, UK: Penguin Books
  • Malmendier, U. (2021). Exposure, experience, and expertise: Why personal histories matter in economics. Journal of the European Economic Association, 19(6), 2857-2894. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvab045
  • March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2634940
  • Maslach, C. (1976). Burned-out. Human Behavior, 5(9), 16-22
  • McGinley, S., O’Neill, J., Damaske, S., & Mattila, A. S. (2014). A grounded theory approach to developing a career change model in hospitality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 38, 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.01.003.
  • Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W. & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don’t communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1453- 1476. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00387.
  • Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B, & Lampel J. (1998). Strategy Safari. London: Prentice Hall.
  • Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 706–725. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.3707697
  • Nafei, W. A. (2016). Organizational silence: Its devastating role of organizational success. Case Studies Journal 5(8), 144-164.
  • Ng, E., Schweitzer, L., & Lyons, S. (2010). New generation, great expectations: A field study of the millennial generation. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 281-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9159-4
  • O'Leary, M. (2003). From paternalism to cynicism: Narratives of a newspaper company. Human Relations, 56(6), 685-704. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267030566003
  • Papathanasiou, I. V. (2015). Work-related mental consequences: Implications of burnout on mental health status among health care providers. Acta Informatica Medica, 23(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.5455/aim.2015.23.22-28
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Sessiz İstifayı Anlamak: Tetikleyicileri, Öncülleri ve Sonuçları

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 18, 57 - 79, 07.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.54709/jobesam.1299018

Abstract

Tüm dünyayı sarsan COVID-19 pandemisi, hem işverenlerin hem de çalışanların geleneksel çalışma davranış kalıplarını değiştirmiştir. Örgütlerin esnek çalışma saatleri ve evden çalışma gibi yeni sistemlere uyum sağlaması, çalışanların lehine görülse de iş-yaşam dengesizliği gibi sorunları da beraberinde getirmiştir. İş yerinde minimum çaba harcamak ve daha az sorumluluk almak anlamına gelen “sessiz istifa” kavramı, çalışanlar, işverenler ve hükümetler için önemi giderek artan bir gündem haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı sessiz istifanın ne olduğunu, literatürdeki ilgili kavramlarla benzerlik ve farklılıklarını, nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını teorik olarak ortaya koymaktır. Bu çalışma sessiz istifa kavramının literatürde derinlemesine ele alınması ve gelecek çalışmalara öncülük etmesi açısından önemli çıkarımlar sağlamıştır.

References

  • Addae, H. M., Praveen Parboteeah, K., & Davis, E. E. (2006). Organizational commitment and intentions to quit: An examination of the moderating effects of psychological contract breach in Trinidad and Tobago. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 14(3), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1108/19348830610823419
  • Andersson, L. M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations, 49(11), 1395-1418. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679604901102
  • Argyris. C. & Schon, D. (1978). Organizational learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
  • Bacal and Associates (2022). Toxic Organizations - Welcome to the fire of an unhealthy workplace. http://work911.com/articles/toxicorgs.htm.
  • Bagheri, G., Zarei, R., & Aeen, M. N. (2012). Organizational silence (basic concepts and its development factors). Ideal Type of Management, 1(1), 47-58.
  • Barna Group. (2018, June 6). Is Gen Z the most success oriented generation? https://www.barna.com/research/is-gen-z-the-most-success-oriented-generation/
  • Birinci, S., & Amburgey, A. (2022). The great resignation vs. the great reallocation: Industry-level evidence. Economic Synopses, (4), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.20955/es.2022.4
  • Borritz, M. (2006). Burnout in human service work-causes and consequences. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). National Institute of Occupational Health, Denmark.
  • Borry, E. L. (2017). Ethical climate and rule bending: How organizational norms contribute to unintended rule consequences. Public Administration, 95(1), 78-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12304
  • Braje, I. N. (2022). Can toxic organizational culture really cause the great resignation: In search of answers. Full Paper Proceeding Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(3), 1-9.
  • Brewer, G. A., & Walker, R. M. (2010). Explaining variation in perceptions of red tape: A Professionalism‐Marketization model. Public Administration, 88(2), 418-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.01827.x
  • Cohen, A. (2021). How to quit your job in the great post-pandemic resignation boom. Bloomberg Businessweek. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-10/quit-your-job-how-to-resign-after-covid-pandemic
  • Dean, G., & Hoff, M. (2021). Nearly three-quarters of workers are actively thinking about quitting their job, according to a recent survey. Insider. www.businessinsider.com/great-resignation-labor-shortage-workers-thinking-about-quitting-joblist-report-2021-10
  • Deloitte.com. (2022). Understanding Generation Z in the workplace. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/consumer-business/articles/understanding-generation-z-in-the-workplace.html
  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
  • Dill, K. (2021). America’s workers are leaving jobs in record numbers. The Wall Street Journal. www.wsj.com/articles/whats-driving-americas-workers-to-leave-jobs-in-record-numbers-11634312414
  • Dyne, L. V., Ang, S. & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359-1392. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00384
  • Floyd, S. W., & Wooldridge, W. (1994). Dinosaurs or dynamos? Recognizing middle management's strategic role. Academy of Management Executive, 8(4): 47-57. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4165222
  • Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues, 30 (1), 159-165 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
  • Gabrielova, K., & Buchko, A. A. (2021). Here comes generation Z: Millennials as managers. Business Horizons, 64(4), 489-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.013
  • Hackman, J. R. (1980). Work redesign and motivation. Professional Psychology, 11(3), 445–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.11.3.445
  • Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., Pillai, S. G., Park, T. E., & Balasubramanian, K. (2019). Factors affecting hotel employees’ attrition and turnover: Application of pull-push-mooring framework. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 46-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.04.003
  • Hazen, M. A., & Hazen, M. A. (2006). Silences, perinatal loss, and a postmodern perspective. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 19(2), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810610648933.
  • Hobfoll, E. S. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513.
  • Hom, P. W., Caranikas-Walker, F., Prussia, G. E., & Griffeth, R. W. (1992). A meta-analytical structural equations analysis of a model of employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(6), 890–909. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.77.6.890
  • Hsu, A. (2021). These older workers hadn’t planned to retire so soon. The pandemic sped things up. NPR. www.npr.org/2021/08/23/1028993124/these-older-workers-hadnt-planned-to-retire-so-soon-the-pandemic-sped-things-up
  • Hwang, I. & Kuo, J. (2006). Effects of job satisfaction and perceived alternative employment opportunities on turnover intention-An examination of public sector organizations. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 8(2), 254-259.
  • Hymes, K. (2021). The great resignation’ misses the point. Wired. www.wired.com/story/great-resignation-misses-the-point
  • Iorgulescu, M. C. (2016). Generation Z and its perception of work. Cross-Cultural Management Journal, 18(1), 47-54. https://seaopenresearch.eu/Journals/articles/CMJ2016_I1_6.pdf
  • Issac, A. C., Issac, T. G., Baral, R., Bednall, T. C. & Thomas, T. S. (2021). Why you hide what you know: Neuroscience behind knowledge hiding. Knowledge and Process Management, 28 (3), 266-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1677
  • Jaros, S. J. (1997). An assessment of Meyer and Allen's (1991) three-component model of organizational commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51(3), 319–337. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1995.1553
  • Jenkins, S. R., & Maslach, C. (1994). Psychological health and involvement in interpersonally demanding occupations: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(2), 101-127. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030150202
  • Kanter, D. L., & Mirvis, P. H. (1991). Cynicism: The new American malaise. Business and Society Review, 91(77).
  • Kaplan, J. (2021). The psychologist who coined the phrase ‘Great Resignation’ reveals how he saw it coming and where he sees it going. ‘Who we are as an employee and as a worker is very central to who we are. Insider. www.businessinsider.com/why-everyone-is-quitting-great-resignation-psychologist-pandemic-rethink-life-2021-10
  • Karsh, B., & Templin, C. (2013). Manager 3.0: A millennial’s guide to rewriting the rules of management. New York, NY: AMACOM.
  • Kmieciak, R. (2022). Alexithymia, social inhibition, affectivity, and knowledge hiding. Journal of Knowledge Management, 26(11), 461-485. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10-2021-0782
  • Kudhail, P. (2022, August 31). Quiet quitting: The workplace trend taking over TikTok. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62638908
  • Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., Sablynski, C. J., Burton, J. P., & Holtom, B. C. (2004). The Effects of Job Embeddedness on Organizational Citizenship, Job Performance, Volitional Absences, and Voluntary Turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 47(5), 711–722. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159613
  • Levitt, B., & March, J. G. (1988). Organizational learning. Annual Review of Sociology, 319-340. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.14.080188.001535
  • Lu, L., Lu, A. C. C., Gursoy, D., & Neale, N. R. (2016). Work engagement, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: A comparison between supervisors and line level employees. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28, 737–761. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2014- 0360.
  • Lukianoff, G., & Haidt, J. (2019). The coddling of the American mind: How good intentions and bad ideas are setting up a generation for failure. London, UK: Penguin Books
  • Malmendier, U. (2021). Exposure, experience, and expertise: Why personal histories matter in economics. Journal of the European Economic Association, 19(6), 2857-2894. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvab045
  • March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2634940
  • Maslach, C. (1976). Burned-out. Human Behavior, 5(9), 16-22
  • McGinley, S., O’Neill, J., Damaske, S., & Mattila, A. S. (2014). A grounded theory approach to developing a career change model in hospitality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 38, 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.01.003.
  • Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W. & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don’t communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1453- 1476. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00387.
  • Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B, & Lampel J. (1998). Strategy Safari. London: Prentice Hall.
  • Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 706–725. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.3707697
  • Nafei, W. A. (2016). Organizational silence: Its devastating role of organizational success. Case Studies Journal 5(8), 144-164.
  • Ng, E., Schweitzer, L., & Lyons, S. (2010). New generation, great expectations: A field study of the millennial generation. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 281-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9159-4
  • O'Leary, M. (2003). From paternalism to cynicism: Narratives of a newspaper company. Human Relations, 56(6), 685-704. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267030566003
  • Papathanasiou, I. V. (2015). Work-related mental consequences: Implications of burnout on mental health status among health care providers. Acta Informatica Medica, 23(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.5455/aim.2015.23.22-28
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There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Behaviour-Personality Assessment in Psychology
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Esra Öztürk 0000-0001-7463-088X

Özgür Uğur Arıkan 0000-0003-1402-1761

Metin Ocak

Early Pub Date July 8, 2023
Publication Date July 7, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 18

Cite

APA Öztürk, E., Arıkan, Ö. U., & Ocak, M. (2023). Understanding Quiet Quitting: Triggers, Antecedents and Consequences. Uluslararası Davranış, Sürdürülebilirlik Ve Yönetim Dergisi, 10(18), 57-79. https://doi.org/10.54709/jobesam.1299018