THE APPLICATION AND ACCOUNTING OF INTEREST FREE FINANCIAL BOND SUKUK

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 167 - 194, 30.04.2020

Recep Yılmaz , Rabia Bölükbaşı

https://doi.org/10.22139/jobs.661614

Cited By: 2

Abstract

With the prohibition of interest in the Islamic religion, muslims have been able to valorize their inert fund by considering the interest-free investment vehicles. One of these investment vehicles is known as rental-certificates sukuk. Sukuk is issued in accordance with the rules of Islamic law. Sukuk issuance is a transaction between three parties, an asset leasing company, investor and clients in need of financing.
The party that has a project or wants to invest applies to the participation bank in order to fulfill his/her need for financing. The participation bank approves the issuance of sukuk after inspecting the compliance of the asset project or investment to the Islamic rules. Through the participation bank, the sukuk to investors is issued by the asset leasing company. The collected funds in exchange for the issued sukuk are given to the financial institution. While the investors have the property right on the asset or investment, for the generated profit they only have the right to take a share.
Sukuk is issued by participation banks in accordance to Islamic rules. Sukuk is similar to the bond, one of the forms of investment in traditional banks. Despite having some similarities, they also have many differences. There are standards issued by The AAOIFI (Accounting and Supervisory Board of Islamic Financial Institutions). One of those is related to sukuk (Investment Certificates). In Turkey also, the institution with authority in the field of capital market regulation and supervision is the Capital Markets Board. The standard introduced by the Capital Markets Board in Turkish will be implemented in participation banks as of 01.01.2020. There are 14 types of sukuk varieties accepted by AAOIFI. The equivalent of each of these is not available in Turkey. In this study, the characteristics of the most used types of sukuk are mentioned. These are ‘’murabaha sukuk’’, ‘’mudaraba sukuk’’, ‘’muşaraka sukuk’’, ‘’icara sukuk’’, ‘’selem sukuk’’, ‘’istisna sukuk’’. Each of the uses and models are mentioned in this study. Sukuk is classified according to different methods. According to the way of financing it is based on, sukuk types and sukuk types according to their use purposes are examined under two main headings. According to the way of financing it is based on, the types of sukuk are divided into three itself. These include a project-based sukuk, asset-based sukuk, balance sheet index sukuk. The project-based sukuk is issued to provide financing for any project. Asset-based sukuk is a sukuk model issued by the asset rental company to provide investors with a right to profit. The balance sheet index sukuk refers to the issued sukuk in order to provide support for multiple projects. There are six types of sukuk depending on their usage area. These are: mudaraba sukuk, muşaraka sukuk, murabaha sukuk, icara sukuk, selem sukuk, istisna sukuk.
Mudaraba sukuk is a partnership by which one side put in the labor effort and the other side the capital. The investor supplies capital as rabbülmal. The issuer manages the capital based on his knowledge and experience as an intervention. It is a model used by venture capital method to provide financing needs for the realization of major projects.
The müşareke sukuk is similar to mudarebe sukuk as a sukuk structure. While in the muşaraka sukuk one side put in his labor effort and the other side put in the capital, in the müşareke sukuk, both partners put in both the labor effort and the capital. Profit from the investment is distributed within the predetermined rate, while the loss is distributed in proportion to the capital ratio invested. The müşareke sukuk model is more used in industrial financing and trade.
Murabaha sukuk means selling with profit. This is the sale of a good or a service that are in accordance with the needs of the customer of the participation bank by adding profits to the customer in terms of futures and sales. The participation bank tends to buy from the seller after conducting detailed research on the goods and services requested by the customer. It is important to determine the profit rate added by the participation bank on the sale price. This added profit is known to the customer. The participation bank frequently resorts to murabaha sukuk. The high risk of low profitability increases demand by murabaha method.
Icara sukuk means rental, the source is the model that the company has, the lease subject to the issuance of the asset rental company or the private vehicle to the company and leases it back. The return of the issued sukuk is made in the form of paying the rent to the investors. In 2010, it was exported in Turkey with the Notice of Lease Certificates. It is the most widely used sukuk model in the world.
Selem sukuk means buying in later date. The selem sukuk issuance is made based on the seller's payment of a specified asset in advance and delivered on the later date. Funds are provided by savers with the issued sukuk by asset rental company or private intermediary company. The funds received are paid to the seller by agreeing that a certain asset will be received at a later date. This profit is distributed to investors at the specified rate. The exception is the model that bears a resemblance to the selem sukuk. As with the selem sukuk, the exception is an agreement on a commodity that is not yet available. While in the in selem sukuk payment is made in advance, in the istisna sukuk it is made later. This type of sukuk is mostly used in construction and contracting projects. In the application part of this study, Yilmaz Construction Company's sorority dormitory construction tender was discussed, and the price of the tender was realized by issuing sukuk by the Company's asset rental company. The partnership share of the contract is determined as 50%, while the annual return rate of the certificate is set at 8%. It is also envisaged that coupon payments will be made every three months for rental certificates. Based on this example, the work was completed by making accounting records of the Şen investor, Yilmaz Construction Company and Bölükbaşı rental company. While the uniform chart of accounts was considered in the accounting process, accounting records were made by VKŞ within the scope of TFRS 9.

Keywords

Investment tool, Sukuk, Accounting, TMS/TFRS

FAİZSİZ FİNANSMAN BONOSU SUKUK UYGULAMASI VE MUHASEBELEŞTİRİLMESİ

Abstract

Amaç: İslam hukuku açısından faiz gelirinin yasaklanması nedeniyle faiz yerine kâr payı veya kira getirisi sağlayan ihraca konu olan mal veya hizmetler üzerinde mülkiyet hakkı sağlayan sukuk, dünyada ve özellikle ülkemizde katılım bankaları tarafından oldukça sık kullanılan yeni bir yatırım aracı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Çalışma da bankalar arasında kullanılan muhasebe kayıt sistemleri incelenerek çalışmada verilen örneğe ilişkin muhasebe kayıtları yapılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışma da yatırım aracı olan sukuk irdelenerek muhasebeleştirilmesine dair literatüre katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışmada uygulama bölümünde verilen örnek doğrultusunda muhasebe kayıtları yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle sukukun tanımı, çeşitleri, avantajları ve dezavantajları, riskleri ve bono ile farklılıkları açıklanmıştır. Son olarak uygulamaya yer verilmiş, kaynak kuruluş, varlık kiralama şirketi ve yatırımcı açısından Muhasebe Sistemi Uygulama Genel Tebliği doğrultusunda Tek Düzen Hesap Planı ve TMS/TFRS esas alınarak muhasebe kayıtları yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Geleneksel bankalar ve katılım bankaları yatırım araçlarında farklı muhasebe kayıt sistemini kullanmaktadırlar.
Sonuç: Yapılan bu çalışma yatırım araçlarından biri olan Sukukun kaynak kuruluş, varlık kiralama şirketi ve yatırımcılar tarafından muhasebeleştirilmesine yöneliktir.

Keywords

Kira sertifikası, sukuk, kar payı

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