Evaluation of the Problem of Unpaid Care Labor for Working Women in the Covid-19 Period within the Scope of Selected Countries' Solution Mechanisms

Abstract

The virus outbreak that emerged in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei region on December 1, 2019, has turned into a public health crisis. Therefore, the Covid-19 outbreak is inherently different from previous outbreaks; It is not only a health crisis, but also an economic and social crisis. During this period, countries had to deal with a double challenge. While efforts to control the epidemic continue, various solution mechanisms have been developed to cope with the economic and social effects of the epidemic. In this process, while women experienced difficulties in economic, security, employment and income outside the household, they had to struggle with unpaid care work problems within the household. Therefore, the pandemic period for women has been a process in which they fell into an even more disadvantageous position.

In this study, the problem of unpaid care work for working women during the Covid-19 period was evaluated within the scope of the solution mechanisms of selected countries. How the global epidemics in the world affected working women and how the unpaid labor responsibility of working women differed before and during Covid-19 were comparatively examined. The solution mechanisms applied in selected countries during the Covid-19 period for the problem of unpaid care work for working women are included under the headings of parental leave, flexible and remote working arrangements, work-family harmony policies, care services and financial supports.

Keywords

• Social Policy
• Female Workforce
• Covid-19
• Gender
• Unpaid Care Work

Covid-19 Döneminde Çalışan Kadınların Ücretsiz Bakım Emeği Sorununun Seçilmiş Ülkelerin Çözüm Mekanizmaları Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

1 Aralık 2019 tarihinde Çin'in Hubei bölgesinin başkenti olan Vuhan'da ortaya çıkan virüs salgını, bir halk sağlığı krizine dönüşmüştür. Covid-19 salgını, doğası gereği önceki salgınlardan farklı bir özellik göstermektedir; sadece sağlık yönünde yaşanan bir kriz değil, aynı zamanda ekonomik ve sosyal bir krizdir. Bu dönemde ülkeler çifte zorlukla mücadele etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bir yandan salgını kontrol altına alma çabaları devam ederken diğer yandan salgının ekonomik ve sosyal etkileri ile başa çıkmak için çeşitli çözüm mekanizmaları geliştirilmiştir. Bu süreçte kadınlar hane dışında ekonomik, güvenlik, istihdam ve gelir konularında zorluklar yaşarken, hane içinde de ücretsiz bakım emeği sorunları ile mücadele etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Dolayısıyla kadınlar için pandemi dönemi daha da dezavantajlı konuma düştükleri bir süreç olmuştur. Bu çalışmada Covid-19 döneminde çalışan kadınların ücretsiz bakım emeği sorunu, seçilmiş ülkelerin çözüm mekanizmaları kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Dünyada yaşanan küresel ölçekli salgınların çalışan kadınları nasıl etkilediği ve çalışan kadınların ücretsiz emek sorumluluğunun Covid-19 öncesi ve Covid-19 sırasında hangi yönleri ile farklılık gösterdiği karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışan kadınların ücretsiz bakım emeği sorununa yönelik olarak Covid-19 döneminde seçilmiş ülkelerde uygulanan çözüm mekanizmalarına ebeveyn izni, esnek ve uzaktan çalışma düzenlemeleri, iş-aile uyumu politikaları, bakım hizmetleri ve finansal destekler başlıkları altında yer verilmiştir.

Keywords

• Sosyal Politika
• Kadın İşgücü
• Covid-19
• Toplumsal Cinsiyet
• Ücretsiz Bakım Emeği

References

1. Acemoglu, D., David, A., ve David, L. (2004). Women, war, and wages: The effect of female labor supply on the wage structure at midcentury. Journal Of Political Economy, 112(3): 497–551.
2. ASHB. (2020). Covid-19 tedbirleri. (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2021), https://covid19.ailevecalisma.gov.tr/#duyuru
3. ASHB. (2018). Kadının güçlenmesi strateji belgesi ve eylem planı 2018-2023
4. Addati, L., Cattaneo, U., Esquivel, V., ve Valarino, I. (2018). Care work and care jobs for the future of decent work. Op. Cit
5. Afyoncu, E. (2020). (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2021), https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/erhan-afyoncu/2020/03/15/dunyanin-en-buyuk-salgininda-100-milyon-kisi-olmustu
6. Ankara Valiliği. (2021). (Erişim Tarihi:10.09.2021), http://www.ankara.gov.tr/81-il-valiligine-kismi-kapanma-genelgesi-gonderildi-merkezicerik
7. Baas, T., ve Shamsfakhr, F. (2017). Times of crisis and female labor force participation-lessons from the Spanish Flu. Preprint Submitted To Elsevier, 1-61.
8. Bell, C., ve Lewis, M. (2005). Economic implications of epidemics old and new. Available At SSRN 997387.

9. Beneria, L. (1999). The enduring debate over unpaid labor, International Labour Review, 138 (3), S. 287-309.
10. Bergallo, P., Mangini, M., Magnelli, M., ve Bercovich, S. (2021). The ımpacts of covid-19 on women’s economic autonomy in Latin America And The Caribbean. Covid-19 Policy Documents Series.
11. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020). The employment situation, (Erişim Tarihi:10.03.2021), https://www.bls.gov/bls/newsrelease/empsit.htm#2020
12. Charmes, J. (2019). The unpaid care work and the labour market. An analysis of time use data based on the latest world compilation of time-use surveys. International Labour Office–Geneva: ILO.
13. Chung, H., ve T.Van Der Lippe. (2018). Flexible working, work–life balance, and gender equality: Introduction. Social Indicators Research, 1-17.
14. Deloitte. (2020). İşin geleceği: Uzaktan çalışma sisteminde organizasyonel dayanıklılığı korumak.
15. Djankov, S., ve Zhang, E. (2020). Covid-19 widens gender gap in labor force participation in some but not other advanced economies, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.03.2021). https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/covid-19-widens-gender-gap-labor-force-participation-some-not
16. Dugarova, E. (2020). Unpaid care work in times of the covid-19 crisis: Gendered impacts, emerging evidence and promising policy responses.
17. Eurostat. (2020). (Erişim Tarihi: 9.05.2021). https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=lfsi_emp_a_h&lang=en
18. Eurwork. (2019). (Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2021), https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/industrial-relations-dictionary/right-to-disconnect
19. Falco, M., Kumar, N., Wood, A., Nusser, T., Philips, T., ve Buklijas, T. (2021). From Albania to Uzbekistan, how governments have used income support measures to protect people and jobs during Covid-19. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2021), https://covidandsociety.com/albania-to-uzbekistan-how-governments-used-income-support-measures-protect-people-jobs-covid-19/
20. Fenske, J., Gupta, B., ve Yuan, S. (2020). Demographic shocks and female labour force participation: Evidence from 1918 Flu Pandemic, (Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2021), https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/macroeconomics/demographic-shocks-and-female-labour-force-participation-evidence-from-the-1918-influenza-pandemic.html
21. Financial Times. (2020). (Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2021), https://www.ft.com/content/bc5b00ca-cf63-4da3-af2e-b4a4bb2a7dfc
22. Folbre, N. (1995). Holding hands at midnight: the paradox of caring labour, Feminist Economics, 1 (1)73–92.
23. Folbre, N., ve Yoon, J. (2008). Economic development and time devoted to direct unpaid care activities. UNRISD Flagship Report On Poverty, United Nations Research Institute For Social Development, Geneva.
24. Gentilini, U., Almenfi, M., Orton, I., ve Dale, P. (2020). Social protection and jobs responses to Covid-19.
25. Hirway, I. (2015). Unpaid work and the economy: Linkages and their implications. Indian Journal Of Labour Economics, 58(1), 1-21.
26. Human Rights Watch. (2017). Neglected and unprotected: the impact of the zika outbreak on women and girls in Northeastern Brazil.
27. ILO. (2016). Women at work: Trends 2016. Geneva: ILO.
28. ILO. (2020a). The Covid-19 response: Getting gender equality right for a better future for women at work (Geneva).
29. ILO. (2020b). Policy brief: The impact of Covid-19 on women - The United Nations 9 APRIL 2020.
30. ILO. (2020c). ILO monitor Covid-19 and the world of work. Updated estimates and analysis.
31. ILO. (2020d). Impact of the Covıd-19 crisis on loss of jobs and hours among domestic workers, 15 June 2020.
32. ILO. (2020e). Covid-19 and the health sector, 11 April 2020.
33. ILO. (2021a). Dünyada istihdam ve sosyal görünüm: Eğilimler 2021.
34. ILO. (2021b). Building forward fairer: Women’s rights to work and at work at the core of the Covid-19 recovery
35. IMF. (2020). Republic of Armenıa second review under the stand-by arrangement, requests for augmentatıon of access, modification of performance criteria, and monetary polıcy consultatıon clause
36. IPSOS. (2020). (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2021), https://data.unwomen.org/features/covid-19-pandemic-has-increased-care-burden-how-much-0
37. ISSA. (2020). Norway: care allowance for parents doubled until March 2021, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2021), https://iskm.issa.int/node/14006
38. Kashen, J., Glynn, S.C., & Novello, A. (2020). How Covid-19 sent women’s workforce progress backward.
39. Koray, M. (2011). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de cinsiyet eşitliği politikaları: Sol feminist bir eleştiri. Çalışma ve Toplum, (29), 13-54.
40. Küçükşehir, E. (2020). Virüs ekonomisi, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2020), https://www.bbnhaber.com/yazi/virus-ekonomisi
41. Lewis, H. (2020). The coronavirus is a disaster for feminism: Pandemics affect men and women differently. The Atlantic, 19(03).
42. Lewis, M. (2001). The economics of epidemics. Georgetown Journal Of International Affairs. 25-31.
43. Long, H. (2020). Paid sick leave: Who gets it during the coronavirus outbreak, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2021) https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/16/paid-sick-leave-coronavirus-house-bill/
44. Martinuzzi, E. (2021). The pandemic doesn’t have to hurt women most.
45. Mckinsey&Company.(2021). Seven charts that show COVID-19’s impact on women’s employment, (Erişim Tarihi:10.11.2021) https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/seven-charts-that-show-covid-19s-impact-on-womens-employment
46. MEF. (2020). The measures introduced by the Italian government to support work, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2021) https://www.mef.gov.it/en/covid-19/the-measures-introduced-by-the-ıtalian-government-to-support-work/
47. Memiş, E., ve Özay, Ö. (2011). Ev içi uğraşlardan iktisatta karşılıksız emeğe: Türkiye üzerine yapılan çalışmalara ilişkin bir değerlendirme. Birkaç Arpa Boyu, 21, 239-268.
48. Monitorul Oficial. (2020). (Erişim Tarihi: 25.07.2020) https://legislatiamuncii.manager.ro/a/26294/legea-nr-19_2020-zile-libere-pentru-parinti-pe-perioada-cat-sunt-inchise-scolile-si-gradinitele-stare-de-urgenta.html
49. Moreira Da Silva, J. (2019). Why you should care about unpaid care work?. OECD Development Matters.
50. Morris, D. (2017). New French law bars work email after hours, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2021), https://fortune.com/2017/01/01/french-right-to-disconnect-law/
51. OECD. (2005). Babies and bosses - reconciling work and family life.
52. OECD. (2010). (Erişim Tarihi:12.03.2021), https://www.oecd.org/gender/data/time-spent-in-unpaid-paid-and-total-work-by-sex.htm
53. OECD. (2020). Women at the core of the fight against covid-19 crisis
54. OECD. (2020a). Women at work in G20 countries: Progress and policy action since 2019.
55. OECD. (2020b). (Erişim Tarihi:12.05.2021), https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=54757# https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=LFS_SEXAGE_I_R
56. OECD. (2019). (Erişim Tarihi: 09.03.2021).https://stats.oecd.org/ındex.aspx?datasetcode=lfs_sexage_ı_r#
57. Pozzan, E., & Cattaneo, U. (2020). Women health workers: Working relentlessly in hospitals and at home. Geneva: International Labour Organisation.
58. Razavi, S. (2007). The political and social economy of care in a development context: Conceptual issues, research questions and policy options, gender and development programme paper number 3 (Geneva, UNRISD).
59. Resmi Gazete. (2020). Yeni koronavirüs (COVİD-19) salgınının ekonomik ve sosyal hayata etkilerinin azaltılması hakkında kanun ile bazı kanunlarda değişiklik yapılmasına dair kanun
60. Resmi Gazete. (2021). (Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2021), https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/03/20210310-2.htm
61. Rubery, J., ve Rafferty, A. (2013). Women and recession revisited. Work, Employment And Society, 27(3), 414-432.
62. Safeguardglobal. (2021). HR alert: What you need to know about the new paternity leave in Spain, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2021), https://www.safeguardglobal.com/resources/blog/paternity-leave-in-spain
63. SGK. (2020). Eğitimli çocuk bakıcılarının teşviki yoluyla kayıtlı kadın istihdamının desteklenmesi bütünleştirici eğitimin geliştirilmesi projesi, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2021), https://uyg.sgk.gov.tr/avrupabirligivedisıliskilerprojeportali/resources/documents/educare/educarebrosur.pdf
64. TT. (2020). Media conference on Covid-19 – Monday 23rd March 2020, https://www.opm.gov.tt/media-conference-on-covid-19-monday-23rd-march-2020/
65. Türk Borçlar Kanunu. (2011). (Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2021), https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.6098-20120704.pdf
66. TÜSİAD, TÜRKONFED ve UN Women. (2020). Salgının kadın çalışanlar açısından etkileri araştırması, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2021), https://tusiad.org/tr/tum/item/10661-covid-19-salgininin-kadin-calisanlar-acisindan-etkileri-arastirmasi
67. UN Women. (2014a). (Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2021). https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2014/11/in-liberia-mobile-banking-to-help-ebola-affected-women-traders
68. UN Women. (2014b).Report of the multisector impact assessment of gender dimensions of the ebola virus disease (EVD) in Sierra Leone.
69. UN Wowen.(2020). (Erişim Tarihi: 13.03.2021).https://turkey.un.org/tr/39770-kovid-19-kadin-ve-erkekleri-sosyal-ve-ekonomik-olarak-farkli-etkiliyor
70. Uşen, Ş. (2020). Covid-19 salgını dönemı̇nde “zorunlu” evden çalışma: İş ve özel yaşama etkı̇lerı̇, İ.Ü. İktı̇sat Fakültesı̇ İnsan Kaynakları Araştırma Merkezı̇ – Aralık.2020
71. Wenham, C., Smith, J., Davies, S. E., Feng, H., Grépin, K. A., Harman, S., ve Morgan, R. (2020). Women are most affected by pandemics—Lessons From Past Outbreaks.
72. WKO. (2020). Die Wirtschaftskammer NÖ hat eine "Corona-Hotline" unter 02742-851 von 8 bis 18 Uhr eingerichtet, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.03.2021), https://news.wko.at/news/niederoesterreich/coronahotline.html
73. World Bank. (2020a). Global economic prospects, June 2020.
74. World Bank. (2020b). (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2021), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sl.srv.empl.ma.zs ve https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sl.srv.empl.fe.zs 4857 Sayılı İş Kanunu. (2003). (Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2021), https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.4857.pdf