Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 101 - 111, 30.06.2020

Abstract

References

  • Azar, O. H., (2010). Do people tip because of psychological or strategic motivations? An empirical analysis of tipping. Applied Economics, 42(23), p. 3039 — 3044.
  • Basera, V., (2018). Tourism Marketing Strategies and Domestic Tourism Demand in Kariba Resort (Zimbabwe). Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 7(2).
  • Csey, B., (2001). Tipping in New Zealand restaurants. Hospitality Management , Volume 20, pp. 219-225.
  • Gorton,M. (2000) Overcoming The Structure-Agency Divide In Small Business Research. International Journal Of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 6, pp.276–293.
  • Herle, F., (2018). The Impact of Destination Image on Tourists’ Satisfaction and Loyalty in the Context of Domestic Tourism. MID J, 1(2).
  • Jahan, N., (2018). Determinants of Tipping Behavior: Evidence from US Restaurants, South Dakota: South Dakota State University.
  • Kabote, F., Mamimine, P. W. & Muranda, Z., (2017). Domestic tourism for sustainable development in developing countries. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(2).
  • Kabote, F. & Mutsena, C., (2013). Zimbabwe policy environment and domestic tourism perfomance. International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism/Hospitality.
  • Kabote, F., Patrick, M. W. & Murand, Z., (2019). A situational analysis of Zimbabwe’s domestic tourists’ travel trends. Cogent Social Sciences, 5(1).
  • Kanokanga, P. et al.,( 2014). Domestic Tourism Development and Anchor Attractions: „Tourisming‟ the Small Towns in Zimbabwe - The Tourists‟ Perspectives.. Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 19(4), pp. 54-56.
  • Kazembe, C. & Mapingure, C.,( 2014). The perceptions of employees towards tipping and motivation in the hotel industry. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3(1).
  • Kruger, M. & Saayman, M., (2016). The dining and tipping behaviour of Black South Africans: A segmentation approach. Southern African Business Review , 20(1), pp. 336 - 364.
  • Lee, P. C. & Dewald, B., (2016). Tipping practices of Chinese tourists in U.S. restaurants: An exploratory study. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 4(2), pp. 17 - 34.
  • Lynn, M., (2008). Personality and tipping, Cornell: Cornell University.
  • Lynn, M., (2015). Service gratuities and tipping: A motivational framework. Journal of Economic Psychology, Volume 46, pp. 74-88.
  • Lynn, M., (2016). The business case for (and against) restaurant tipping. Cornell Hospitality Report, 16(4), pp. 3-24.
  • Lynn, M. & Brewster, Z. W., (2019). The tipping behavior and motives of US travelers abroad: affected by host nations’ tipping norms?. Journal of Travel Research, pp. 1-15.
  • Lynn, M. & McCall, M., (2000). Gratitude and gratuity: A meta-analysis of research on the service-tipping relationship, Cornell: Cornell University, School of Hospitality.
  • Lynn, M. & Mynier, K., (1993). Effect of server posture on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(8), pp. 678-685.
  • Lynn, M. & Withiam, G., (2008). Tipping and its alternatives: Business considerations and directions for research.. Journal of Services Marketing, 46(5), pp. 573-583.
  • Lynn, M., Zinkhan, G. M. & Harris, J.,( 1993). Consumer tipping: A cross-country study. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), pp. 478-488.
  • Makhaola, L. J. & Proches, C. N. G., (2017). The Significance of Domestic Tourism in Durban, South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(4).
  • Mapingure, c., Plessis., D. & Sayman, M.,( 2019). Travel motivations of domestic tourists: The case of Zimbabwe. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(2).
  • Mkono, M., (2011). Tipping Practices and Policies in Zimbabwe's Hotel Industry: Impacts on Restaurant Waiters' Service Delivery and Work Relationships. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 14(4), pp. 414-425.
  • Nusrat, J., (2018). Determinants of Tipping Behavior: Evidence from US Restaurants, South Dakota: South Dakota University.
  • Raspor, A. & Rozman, T.,( 2016). Impact of Tipping on Workers' Motivation: Comparison between the hospitality and gaming industry in Slovania.
  • Ritchie, J. and Lewis. J. (2003) Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. Sage Publications, London.
  • Saayman, M., (2014). To tip or not to tip?. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure , 3(2). Saayman, M. & Saayman, A.,( 2015). Understanding tipping behaviour – an economic perspective. Tourism Economics, 21(2), pp. 247-265.
  • Shatnawi, H, Najdawi B, Kanaan K, Khaleefah Q & Khasawneh M., (2019). Factors affecting customers' behaviour towards tipping intentions in Jordanian restaurants. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites,, Volume 26, pp. 761-768.
  • Sigh, S., (2009). Domestic tourism in Asia: Diversity and divergence. London: Earthscan Suarez, D., (2009). Restaurant tipping: short-circuiting the morality of the market. Economic Development, Integration,and Morality in Asiaa nd the Americas Research in Economic Anthropology, Volume 29, pp. 307-339.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organisation, (2005). UNWTO Tourism Highlights-2005 Edition, Madrid, Spain: UNWTO.
  • Whaley, J. E. & Costen, W. M., (2019). Personal and social tipping norms: race and sex differences. International journal of marketing studies, 11(3).
  • Zahari, M. S. M., Rashdi, M. O. & Othman, S. M. R. Z.,( 2011). Tipping has it becoming a prevalent norms in Malaysia hospitality industry. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Culinary Arts, 3(3), pp. 39-52.
  • Zahra, S. (2007) Contextualizing Theory Building In Entrepreneurship Research. Journal Of Business Venturing, 22 (3), pp.433–452.
  • Zakaria, H. M. & Aziz, A., (2018). Domestic Tourist Destination Satisfaction: A Case of Kuala Selangor. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management, 3(9), pp. 89-103.

PERCEPTIONS AND PRACTICE OF TIPPING AMONGST DOMESTIC TOURISTS IN ZIMBABWE

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 101 - 111, 30.06.2020

Abstract

Tipping is a common practice globally and at times mandatory in some societies, at the same time, some communities regard tipping as taboo. African societies view tipping differently and this poses a challenge among international tourists, particularly those from the west who are used to expressing their gratitude towards a satisfactory service through giving a tip. While it is almost certain that some nationals will always give a tip, do Africans, particularly Zimbabweans subscribe to the tipping philosophy? There is not enough literature in academia on tipping amongst African tourists, particularly those in Zimbabwe. Preliminary review of literature has revealed that there are only two studies published on the tipping practice in Zimbabwe. The one focused on the impact of tipping on waiters’ service delivery as well as working relations among waiting staff (Mkono, 2011). The other study looked at the perceptions of hotel employees towards tipping and motivation (Kazembe, Mapingure & Chimutingiza, 2014). It is evident that the published studies were all supply side oriented without considering the demand side. This study seeks to interrogate the demand side by; (i) establishing the perceptions of domestic tourists when it comes to tipping; (ii) expose the nature of tipping amongst local tourists; (iii) establishing the motivation for tipping amongst domestic tourists. The study adopted a phenomenological philosophy, and used a qualitative design to collect and analyze data. The study conveniently sampled forty (40) domestic tourists from four (4) hotels in Zimbabwe and interviewed them. The findings revealed that domestic tourists in Zimbabwe perceive tipping as an appropriate and good practice. The main form of tipping indicated in the study is the monetary. The study also found out that the motivations for tipping are as varied as the people who practice it.

References

  • Azar, O. H., (2010). Do people tip because of psychological or strategic motivations? An empirical analysis of tipping. Applied Economics, 42(23), p. 3039 — 3044.
  • Basera, V., (2018). Tourism Marketing Strategies and Domestic Tourism Demand in Kariba Resort (Zimbabwe). Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 7(2).
  • Csey, B., (2001). Tipping in New Zealand restaurants. Hospitality Management , Volume 20, pp. 219-225.
  • Gorton,M. (2000) Overcoming The Structure-Agency Divide In Small Business Research. International Journal Of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 6, pp.276–293.
  • Herle, F., (2018). The Impact of Destination Image on Tourists’ Satisfaction and Loyalty in the Context of Domestic Tourism. MID J, 1(2).
  • Jahan, N., (2018). Determinants of Tipping Behavior: Evidence from US Restaurants, South Dakota: South Dakota State University.
  • Kabote, F., Mamimine, P. W. & Muranda, Z., (2017). Domestic tourism for sustainable development in developing countries. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(2).
  • Kabote, F. & Mutsena, C., (2013). Zimbabwe policy environment and domestic tourism perfomance. International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism/Hospitality.
  • Kabote, F., Patrick, M. W. & Murand, Z., (2019). A situational analysis of Zimbabwe’s domestic tourists’ travel trends. Cogent Social Sciences, 5(1).
  • Kanokanga, P. et al.,( 2014). Domestic Tourism Development and Anchor Attractions: „Tourisming‟ the Small Towns in Zimbabwe - The Tourists‟ Perspectives.. Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 19(4), pp. 54-56.
  • Kazembe, C. & Mapingure, C.,( 2014). The perceptions of employees towards tipping and motivation in the hotel industry. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3(1).
  • Kruger, M. & Saayman, M., (2016). The dining and tipping behaviour of Black South Africans: A segmentation approach. Southern African Business Review , 20(1), pp. 336 - 364.
  • Lee, P. C. & Dewald, B., (2016). Tipping practices of Chinese tourists in U.S. restaurants: An exploratory study. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 4(2), pp. 17 - 34.
  • Lynn, M., (2008). Personality and tipping, Cornell: Cornell University.
  • Lynn, M., (2015). Service gratuities and tipping: A motivational framework. Journal of Economic Psychology, Volume 46, pp. 74-88.
  • Lynn, M., (2016). The business case for (and against) restaurant tipping. Cornell Hospitality Report, 16(4), pp. 3-24.
  • Lynn, M. & Brewster, Z. W., (2019). The tipping behavior and motives of US travelers abroad: affected by host nations’ tipping norms?. Journal of Travel Research, pp. 1-15.
  • Lynn, M. & McCall, M., (2000). Gratitude and gratuity: A meta-analysis of research on the service-tipping relationship, Cornell: Cornell University, School of Hospitality.
  • Lynn, M. & Mynier, K., (1993). Effect of server posture on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(8), pp. 678-685.
  • Lynn, M. & Withiam, G., (2008). Tipping and its alternatives: Business considerations and directions for research.. Journal of Services Marketing, 46(5), pp. 573-583.
  • Lynn, M., Zinkhan, G. M. & Harris, J.,( 1993). Consumer tipping: A cross-country study. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), pp. 478-488.
  • Makhaola, L. J. & Proches, C. N. G., (2017). The Significance of Domestic Tourism in Durban, South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(4).
  • Mapingure, c., Plessis., D. & Sayman, M.,( 2019). Travel motivations of domestic tourists: The case of Zimbabwe. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(2).
  • Mkono, M., (2011). Tipping Practices and Policies in Zimbabwe's Hotel Industry: Impacts on Restaurant Waiters' Service Delivery and Work Relationships. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 14(4), pp. 414-425.
  • Nusrat, J., (2018). Determinants of Tipping Behavior: Evidence from US Restaurants, South Dakota: South Dakota University.
  • Raspor, A. & Rozman, T.,( 2016). Impact of Tipping on Workers' Motivation: Comparison between the hospitality and gaming industry in Slovania.
  • Ritchie, J. and Lewis. J. (2003) Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. Sage Publications, London.
  • Saayman, M., (2014). To tip or not to tip?. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure , 3(2). Saayman, M. & Saayman, A.,( 2015). Understanding tipping behaviour – an economic perspective. Tourism Economics, 21(2), pp. 247-265.
  • Shatnawi, H, Najdawi B, Kanaan K, Khaleefah Q & Khasawneh M., (2019). Factors affecting customers' behaviour towards tipping intentions in Jordanian restaurants. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites,, Volume 26, pp. 761-768.
  • Sigh, S., (2009). Domestic tourism in Asia: Diversity and divergence. London: Earthscan Suarez, D., (2009). Restaurant tipping: short-circuiting the morality of the market. Economic Development, Integration,and Morality in Asiaa nd the Americas Research in Economic Anthropology, Volume 29, pp. 307-339.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organisation, (2005). UNWTO Tourism Highlights-2005 Edition, Madrid, Spain: UNWTO.
  • Whaley, J. E. & Costen, W. M., (2019). Personal and social tipping norms: race and sex differences. International journal of marketing studies, 11(3).
  • Zahari, M. S. M., Rashdi, M. O. & Othman, S. M. R. Z.,( 2011). Tipping has it becoming a prevalent norms in Malaysia hospitality industry. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Culinary Arts, 3(3), pp. 39-52.
  • Zahra, S. (2007) Contextualizing Theory Building In Entrepreneurship Research. Journal Of Business Venturing, 22 (3), pp.433–452.
  • Zakaria, H. M. & Aziz, A., (2018). Domestic Tourist Destination Satisfaction: A Case of Kuala Selangor. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management, 3(9), pp. 89-103.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Precious Mazhande This is me

Vitalis Basera This is me

Oliver Chıkuta This is me

Musawenkosi Tapfuma This is me

Felicity Ncube This is me

Rudorwashe Baıpaı This is me

Publication Date June 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Mazhande, P., Basera, V., Chıkuta, O., Tapfuma, M., et al. (2020). PERCEPTIONS AND PRACTICE OF TIPPING AMONGST DOMESTIC TOURISTS IN ZIMBABWE. Journal of Gastronomy Hospitality and Travel, 3(1), 101-111.