Spor Kulüplerinde Genç Sporcuların Kişisel Gelişimini Artırmak İçin Antrenörlerin Öncelik Vermesi Gereken Temel Alanların İncelenmesi: (21. Yüzyıl Becerileri ve Kişisel Yetkinlik Beceri Setleri)

Abstract

Spor kulüpleri genç sporcuların gelecekteki başarılarının şekillenmesinde kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu bağlamda genç sporcuların teknik ve fiziksel becerilerinin yanında kişisel gelişimlerinin de desteklenmesi spor eğitiminin temel amaçlarından biridir. Bu araştırma, teknik, taktik ve kondisyon becerileri ile birlikte geliştirilmesi gereken kişisel nitelikleri belirleyerek sporcuların bütünsel gelişiminin önemini vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada sistematik literatür tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Literatürden elde edilen verilere içerik analizi yapılmıştır. İçerik analiz yapılırken kategorisel teknik kullanılmıştır. Sporcuların bireysel özellikleri; iletişim becerileri, muhakeme- eleştirel düşünme yetenekleri ve çağdaş özellikler şeklinde üç ana kategoride toplanmıştır. Bu kategorilerin içeriğinde; empati, etkili iletişim, beden dili, dili etkili kullanma, düşünme yeteneği, karar verme, eleştirel düşünme, irade, araştırmacı olma, yenilikçilik, yeterlik, sabır, iyimserlik, öz yeterlilik, digital yetkinlik ve uyarlanabilirlik temel beceri setleri olarak belirlenmiş ve değerlendirmeler bu yetkinlikler doğrultusunda yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak genç sporcuların spordaki başarılarını arttırmak için sadece fiziksel yeteneklerini değil zihinsel ve sosyal becerilerini de geliştirmeleri önemlidir. Bu bütünsel yaklaşım, spor eğitiminin etkinliğini artırmakta ve genç sporcuların uzun vadeli gelişimlerine katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Keywords

• Spor Eğitimi
• Yetenek Geliştirme
• Kişisel Özellik Geliştirme
• Performans Yönetimi
• Spor Kulübü Akademisi.

Examining the Key Areas Coaches Should Prioritise to Enhance the Personal Development of Young Athletes in Sports Clubs: (21st Century Skills and Personal Competence Skill Sets)

Abstract

Sports clubs play a critical role in shaping the future success of young athletes. In this context, supporting the personal development of young athletes, in addition to their technical and physical skills, is one of the fundamental goals of sports education. This study aims to emphasize the importance of holistic development of athletes by identifying personal qualities that need to be developed, in addition to technical, tactical, and conditioning skills. A systematic literature review method was used in the research. Content analysis was conducted on the data obtained from the literature. A categorical technique was used as one of the content analysis techniques. The athletes' individual characteristics were categorized into three main categories: communication skills, reasoning and critical thinking abilities, and contemporary characteristics. Within these categories, empathy, effective communication, body language, effective use of language, thinking ability, decision-making, critical thinking, willpower, research, innovation, competence, patience, optimism, self-sufficiency, digital competence, and adaptability were identified as core skill sets, and assessments were conducted based on these competencies. Consequently, it is important for young athletes to develop not only their physical abilities but also their mental and social skills to increase their success in sports. This holistic approach increases the effectiveness of sports training and contributes to the long-term development of young athletes.

Keywords

• Sports Education
• Talent Development
• Personal Trait Development
• Performance Management
• Sports Club Academy

References

1. Altıntaş, E. & Camur, D. (2004). Beden dili: Sözsüz iletişim. Aktuel Güncel Yayınevi.
2. Balcı, A. (2001). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma. Yöntem, Teknik ve İlkeler, Ankara: PegemA Yayınları.
3. Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents, 5(1), 307-337.
4. Baumeister, R. F. & Tierney, J. (2012). Willpower: Rediscovering the greatest human strength. Penguin.
5. Baykara, T. (2014). 21. yüzyılda teknoloji yeniliği, yenilik ve yönetim. Nobel Akademisi.
6. Bilgin, N. (2000). İçerik analizi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, 1.
7. Bragina, I. & Voelcker-Rehage, C. (2018). The exercise effect on psychological well-being in older adults—a systematic review of longitudinal studies. German journal of exercise and sport research, 48(3), 323-333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-018-0525-0
8. Bushe, G. R. (2013). Generative process, generative outcome: The transformational potential of appreciative inquiry. In Organizational generativity: The appreciative inquiry summit and a scholarship of transformation (Vol. 4, pp. 89-113). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1475-9152(2013)0000004003

9. Can, H., Tubcer, D. & Ayhan, Y. (2001). Genel iş bilgileri (12. baskı). Siyasi Kitapevi.
10. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82.
11. Côté, J. & Gilbert, W. (2009). An integrative definition of coaching effectiveness and expertise. International journal of sports science & coaching, 4(3), 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795409789623892
12. Cutrona, C. E. & Russell, D. W. (1990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 319–366). New York: Wiley.
13. Çağbayır, Y. (Ed.). (2007). Ötüken Turkish dictionary. Ötüken Yayınları.
14. Dees, J. G. & Anderson, B. B. (2006). Framing a theory of social entrepreneurship: Building on two schools of practice and thought. Research on social entrepreneurship: Understanding and contributing to an emerging field, 1(3), 39-66. https://dhriiti.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Framing-Theory-of-SE.pdf
15. Diamant, L., Byrd, J. H. & Himelein, M. J. (2019). Personality traits and athletic performance. In Mind-Body Maturity (pp. 227-236). Taylor & Francis. eBook: ISBN9781315792194
16. Dinler, Z. (2000). İnternete bağlı bilimsel araştırma ve bilgi merkezleri. Ekin Kitabevi
17. Erdoğmuş, H. (2006). Resmi-özel ilköğretim okullarında çalışan yöneticilerin kişisel özellikleri ile örgütsel bağlılıkları arasındaki ilişki:(İstanbul örneği) (Master's thesis, Marmara Universitesi (Turkey).
18. Ertürk, M. (2009). İşletme biliminin temel ilkeleri (7th ed.). Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
19. Eshet, Y. (2004). Digital Literacy: A Conceptual Framework for Survival Skills in the Digital era. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 13(1), 93-106. Norfolk, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved August 28, 2025 from https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/4793/.
20. Fitzgerald, M., Kruschwitz, N., Bonnet, D. & Welch, M. (2013). Embracing digital technology: A new strategic imperative. MIT sloan management review, 55(2), 1.
21. Fletcher, D. & Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic champions. Psychology of sport and exercise, 13(5), 669-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.007
22. Gaviria Alzate, S. J. O., Valencia Sánchez, W. & Arias Arias, E. (2025). A socio-constructivist framework for tactical development in team sports: Fostering critical thinking through collaborative learning (TPCT). Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1610750. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1610750
23. Gibb, G. S. & Wilder, L. K. (2002). Using functional analysis to improve reading instruction for students with learning disabilities and emotional/behavioral disorders. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 46(4), 152-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10459880209604414
24. Goleman, D. (2006). The socially intelligent. Educational leadership, 64(1), 76-81.
25. Gravetter, F. J. & Forzano, L. B. (2009). Research methods for the behavioral sciences. Cengage Learnin. Inc., Belmont, CA.
26. Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C. & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2010). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: a meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 136(4), 495.
27. Harmison, R. J. (2006). Peak performance in sport: Identifying ideal performance states and developing athletes' psychological skills. Professional psychology: Research and practice, 37(3), 233. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.37.3.233
28. Hodge, K., Henry, G. & Smith, W. (2014). A case study of excellence in elite sport: Motivational climate in a world champion team. The Sport Psychologist, 28(1), 60-74. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2013-0037
29. Holt, N. L. & Dunn, J. G. (2004). Toward a grounded theory of the psychosocial competencies and environmental conditions associated with soccer success. Journal of applied sport psychology, 16(3), 199-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437949
30. Jones, M. I., & Harwood, C. (2008). Psychological momentum within competitive soccer: Players' perspectives. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(1), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200701784841
31. Jones, R.L., Armor, K.M. & Potrac, P. (2003). Uzman bilgisinin oluşturulması: Üst düzey bir profesyonel futbol koçunun örnek olay incelemesi. Spor, Eğitim ve Toplum, 8(2), 213-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320309254
32. Jowett, S. & Chaundy, V. (2004). An investigation into the impact of coach leadership and coach-athlete relationship on group cohesion. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8(4), 302.
33. Kamış, F. (2011). Beden dili. Elit Kültür Yayıncılık.
34. Kaya, C. (2007). Etkili insan olmanın incelikleri. Kariyer Yayınları.
35. Kim, Y. & Park, I. (2020). “Coach Really Knew What I Needed and Understood Me Well as a Person”: Effective communication acts in coach–athlete interactions among Korean Olympic archers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093101
36. Klimek, K. J., Ritzenhein, E. & Sullivan, K. D. (2008). Generative leadership: Shaping new futures for today's schools. Corwin Press.
37. Koehler, M. J., Mishra, P., Akcaoglu, M. & Rosenberg, J. M. (2013). The technological pedagogical content knowledge framework for teachers and teacher educators. ICT integrated teacher education: A resource book, 2-7.
38. Konter, E. (1996). Bir lider olarak antrenör. Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
39. Ku, P. W., Fox, K. R. & McKenna, J. (2008). Assessing subjective well-being in Chinese older adults: The Chinese aging well profile. Social Indicators Research, 87(3), 445-460.
40. Kulaksızoğlu, A. (2003). Kişisel gelişim uygulamaları. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
41. Laborde, S., Dosseville, F. & Allen, M. S. (2016). Emotional intelligence in sport and exercise: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26(8), 862–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12510
42. Lavin, J. (Ed.). (2008). Creative approaches to physical education: Helping children to achieve their true potential. Routledge.
43. Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U. & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The general self-efficacy scale: multicultural validation studies. The Journal of psychology, 139(5), 439-457. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457
44. Manzano-García, G. & Ayala-Calvo, J. C. (2013). New Perspectives: Towards an Integration of the concept" burnout" and its explanatory models. Anales de psicología, 29(3), 800-809.
45. Markman, K. D. & McMullen, M. N. (2003). A reflection and evaluation model of comparative thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7(3), 244-267. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0703_04
46. Martin, A. (2008). Digital Literacy and the “Digital Society”. A. Martin içinde, Digital literacies: Concepts, policies and practices (s. 151-176).
47. Martindale, R. J., Collins, D. & Daubney, J. (2005). Talent development: A guide for practice and research within sport. Quest, 57(4), 353-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2005.1049186
48. McCarthy, P. J., Jones, M. V., Harwood, C. G. & Davenport, L. (2010). Using goal setting to enhance positive affect among junior multievent athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(1), 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.1.53
49. Memmert, D., & Furley, P. (2007). “I spy with my little eye!”: Breadth of attention, inattentional blindness, and tactical decision making in team sports. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(3), 365-381. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.3.365
50. Motevalli, S., Roslan, S. B., Sulaiman, T., Hamzah, S. G., Hassan, N. C. & Garmjani, M. G. (2013). New study skills training intervention for students who suffer from test anxiety. Asian Social Science, 9(7), 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n7p85
51. Myers, N. D. & Feltz, D. L. (2007). From self-efficacy to collective efficacy in sport. Handbook of sport psychology, 799-819. ISBN:9781118270011
52. Myers, N. D., Feltz, D. L., Chase, M. A., Reckase, M. D. & Hancock, G. R. (2008). The coaching efficacy scale II—High school teams. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 68(6), 1059-1076.
53. Nicholls, A. R., & Polman, R. C. (2007). Coping in sport: A systematic review. Journal of sports sciences, 25(1), 11-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600630654
54. Pati, D. & Lorusso, L. N. (2017). How to write a systematic review of the literature. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 11(1), 15-3. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586717747384
55. Rhodes, R. E., Courneya, K. S. & Jones, L. W. (2003). Translating exercise intentions into behavior: Personality and social cognitive correlates. Journal of health psychology, 8(4), 447-458. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053030084004
56. Sanchez, J. I. & Levine, E. L. (2012). The rise and fall of job analysis and the future of work analysis. Annual review of psychology, 63(1), 397-425. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100401
57. Stambulova, N. B. & Wylleman, P. (2015). Dual career development and transitions. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.05.003
58. Tavşancıl, E. & Aslan, A. E. (2001). Sözel, yazılı ve diğer materyaller için içerik analizi ve uygulama örnekleri. Epsilon.
59. Terlemez, M. (2019). Antrenörlerin davranış özellikleri, ilke ve çalışma yöntemleri. Anadolu Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(3), 19-28.
60. Vestberg, T., Gustafson, R., Maurex, L., Ingvar, M. & Petrovic, P. (2012). Executive functions predict the success of top-soccer players. PloS one, 7(4), e34731. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034731
61. Yazgan İnanç, B. & Yerlikaya, E. E. (2008). Kişilik Kuramları. A. Pegem Akademi, 4.
62. Yılmaz, S. (2018). Eleştirel düşünme ve yaratıcılık. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
63. Yurdakal, İ. H. (Ed.). (2024). Eğitimde Etkili İletişim. Eğitim Yayınevi.
64. Zepp, C. & Kleinert, J. (2015). Homogeneity of prototypical attributes in soccer teams. Sage Open, 5(3), 2158244015602517. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015602517