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Sevgili mi Şeytan mı?: Robert Browning'in “Son Düşesim’’ ve “Porphyria'nın Aşığı’’ Şiirlerinde Toksik Erkeklik

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 207 - 219, 30.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.53048/johass.901194

Abstract

1837 ve 1901 yıllarını kapsayan Viktorya dönemi, ödünç kitap veren kütüphanelerin ve birçok Viktorya romanının yayımlandığı haftalık dergilerin sayesinde okuyucu kitlesinin ve romanların öneminin ani bir şekilde artmasına tanıklık etmiştir. Sanayileşmenin ve kapitalizmin negatif etkilerini resmetme amacıyla toplumcu gerçekçilik dürtüsüyle okurlara ulaşan bu gerçekçi romanların, çağdaş sorunları betimlemesi nedeniyle dönemdeki diğer bütün edebi türlere üstün gelmesine ragmen Viktorya şiirinin gelişimine ve belirgin özelliklere kavuşmasına katkıda bulunan Alfred Tennyson, Matthew Arnold ve Robert Browning gibi bir grup şair vardı. Romantizmin ve Modernizmin eşiğinde bulunan Viktorya şiiri, sosyal ve politik konuları gerçekçi bir mercekten incelemelerine sebep olan dini belirsizlik, bilim, ahlak ve sosyal reform gibi konuları tasvir etmektedir. Diğer şairler gibi Robert Browning (1812-1889) de Viktorya dönemi şiirinin ahlakçı bakış açısıyla kadın baskısı ve ataerkil egemenlik gibi birçok unsuru dramatik monolog üzerinden örneklendirmektedir. Böylelikle bu çalışma “Son Düşesim’’ ve “Porphyria'nın Aşığı’’ şiirleri üzerinden Viktorya dönemindeki toksik erkeklik olgusunu ve kadınların ataerkil toplum tarafından objeleştirilip kurbanlaştırılmasını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Adler, J. (1977). Structure and Meaning in Browning's "My Last Duchess". Victorian Poetry, 15(3), 219-227.
  • Auerbach, N. (1982). Woman and the Demon: The Life of a Victorian Myth. Boston: Harvard UP.
  • Barnhill, G. H. (2005). Fallen Angels: Female Wrongdoing in Victorian Novels (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge.
  • Collier, R. (1998). Masculinities, Crime and Criminology: Men, Heterosexuality and the Criminal(ised) Other. London: Sage Publications.
  • Connell, R. W. (2001). Understanding Men: Gender Sociology and the New International Research on Masculinities. Social Thought and Research, 24(1/2), 13-31.
  • Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender and Society, 19(6), 829-859.
  • Coyle, M. (1984). Literary Terms and Criticism. London: Macmillan.
  • Cunningham, V. (2007). Why Ekphrasis?. Classical Philology, 102(1), 57-71.
  • Davidoff, L. (1979). Class and Gender in Victorian England: The Diaries of Arthur J. Munby and Hannah Cullwick. Feminist Studies, 5(1), 86-141.
  • Edwards, A. (1987). Male Violence in Feminist Theory: An Analysis of the Changing Conceptions of Sex/Gender Violence and Male Dominance. J. Hanmer & M. Maynard (Ed.), In Women, Violence and Social Control (p. 13-29). London: British Sociological Association.
  • Edwards, S. S. (1987). 'Provoking Her Own Demise': From Common Assault to Homicide. J. Hanmer & M. Maynard (Ed.), In Women, Violence and Social Control (p. 152-168). London: British Sociological Association.
  • Ehrenreich, B., & English, D. (2005). For Her Own Good: Two Centuries of the Experts' Advice to Women. New York: Anchor Books.
  • Garratt, R. F. (1973). Browning's Dramatic Monologue: The Strategy of the Double Mask. Victorian Poetry, 11(2), 115-125.
  • Gribble, J. (2003). Subject and Power in ''Porphyria's Lover''. Sydney Studies in English, 29, 17-29.
  • Keach, W., Richetti, J. J., Robbins, B., and Moulton, C. (1996). Adventures in English Literature. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • King, R. A. (1968). The Focussing Artifice: The Poetry of Robert Browning. Ohio: Ohio University Press.
  • Loucks, J. F. (1979). Robert Browning's Poetry. New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Marsh, J. (1987). Pre-Raphaelite Women: Images of Femininity in Pre-Raphaelite Art. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
  • Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. L. Braudy, M. Cohen (Ed.), In Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings (p. 833-844). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Spencer, E. (2010). The Ambiguity of Violence in the Poetry of Robert Browning. Ambiguity and the Search for Meaning: Vol. 1. In English and American Studies at the Beginning of the 21st Century (p. 133-143). Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press.
  • Zedner, L. (1991). Women, Crime and Custody in Victorian England. Oxford: Oxford UP.

A Beloved or A Devil?: Toxic Masculinity in Robert Browning's “My Last Duchess’’ and “Porphyria's Lover’’

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 207 - 219, 30.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.53048/johass.901194

Abstract

Coinciding with the years between 1837 and 1901, The Victorian period witnessed the dramatic growth of the reading public and the increasing significance of the novel genre in accordance with the circulating libraries and weekly magazines through which a great number of Victorian novels were published. Although these realist novels, characterized by an impetus for social realism in order to portray the negative impacts of industrialism and capitalism upon the Victorian life, prevailed over any other genre through their critical imagery of contemporary issues, there was a group of poets such as Alfred Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, and Robert Browning who contributed to the blossoming of poetry and its distinctive characteristics. Considered as a threshold between Romanticism and Modernism, Victorian poetry has a tendency to depict religious uncertainty, science, morality, and social reform, thereby leading it to incorporate both social and political issues into the realist lens of poetry. In view of its moralist outlook of Victorian poetry, Robert Browning (1812-1889) produced, essentially, a great number of dramatic monologues, based on a fictitious speaker and a listener, so as to epitomize women’s repression and patriarchal domination, consolidated by the growing male authority in the Victorian era in opposition to the country's female ruler named ''Victoria''. Thus, this article aims to analyze the objectification and victimization of women by the patriarchal society and toxic masculinity in the Victorian period through the male gaze of such poems as “My Last Duchess’’ and “Porphyria's Lover’’.

References

  • Adler, J. (1977). Structure and Meaning in Browning's "My Last Duchess". Victorian Poetry, 15(3), 219-227.
  • Auerbach, N. (1982). Woman and the Demon: The Life of a Victorian Myth. Boston: Harvard UP.
  • Barnhill, G. H. (2005). Fallen Angels: Female Wrongdoing in Victorian Novels (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge.
  • Collier, R. (1998). Masculinities, Crime and Criminology: Men, Heterosexuality and the Criminal(ised) Other. London: Sage Publications.
  • Connell, R. W. (2001). Understanding Men: Gender Sociology and the New International Research on Masculinities. Social Thought and Research, 24(1/2), 13-31.
  • Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender and Society, 19(6), 829-859.
  • Coyle, M. (1984). Literary Terms and Criticism. London: Macmillan.
  • Cunningham, V. (2007). Why Ekphrasis?. Classical Philology, 102(1), 57-71.
  • Davidoff, L. (1979). Class and Gender in Victorian England: The Diaries of Arthur J. Munby and Hannah Cullwick. Feminist Studies, 5(1), 86-141.
  • Edwards, A. (1987). Male Violence in Feminist Theory: An Analysis of the Changing Conceptions of Sex/Gender Violence and Male Dominance. J. Hanmer & M. Maynard (Ed.), In Women, Violence and Social Control (p. 13-29). London: British Sociological Association.
  • Edwards, S. S. (1987). 'Provoking Her Own Demise': From Common Assault to Homicide. J. Hanmer & M. Maynard (Ed.), In Women, Violence and Social Control (p. 152-168). London: British Sociological Association.
  • Ehrenreich, B., & English, D. (2005). For Her Own Good: Two Centuries of the Experts' Advice to Women. New York: Anchor Books.
  • Garratt, R. F. (1973). Browning's Dramatic Monologue: The Strategy of the Double Mask. Victorian Poetry, 11(2), 115-125.
  • Gribble, J. (2003). Subject and Power in ''Porphyria's Lover''. Sydney Studies in English, 29, 17-29.
  • Keach, W., Richetti, J. J., Robbins, B., and Moulton, C. (1996). Adventures in English Literature. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • King, R. A. (1968). The Focussing Artifice: The Poetry of Robert Browning. Ohio: Ohio University Press.
  • Loucks, J. F. (1979). Robert Browning's Poetry. New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Marsh, J. (1987). Pre-Raphaelite Women: Images of Femininity in Pre-Raphaelite Art. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
  • Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. L. Braudy, M. Cohen (Ed.), In Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings (p. 833-844). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Spencer, E. (2010). The Ambiguity of Violence in the Poetry of Robert Browning. Ambiguity and the Search for Meaning: Vol. 1. In English and American Studies at the Beginning of the 21st Century (p. 133-143). Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press.
  • Zedner, L. (1991). Women, Crime and Custody in Victorian England. Oxford: Oxford UP.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Uruk 0000-0002-8545-8920

Publication Date May 30, 2021
Submission Date March 22, 2021
Acceptance Date April 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Uruk, A. (2021). A Beloved or A Devil?: Toxic Masculinity in Robert Browning’s “My Last Duchess’’ and “Porphyria’s Lover’’. Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 4(1), 207-219. https://doi.org/10.53048/johass.901194

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