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Biyodinamik Tarım: Kadim Bir Tarımsal Üretim Ekolü

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 98 - 112, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58728/joinabt.1719727

Abstract

Biyodinamik tarım Dünya’nın en eski organik tarım metodu olup bu yöntemle üretilen ürünlerin küresel ölçekte Demeter International markasıyla teşhir edildiği ve birçok koşulda olumlu sonuçlar verdiği rapor edilmiştir. Standart biyodinamik preparatların etkinliği kanıtlanmış olup, 62’den fazla ülkede sertifikalı biyodinamik çiftlikler, üreticiler ve işletmeler faaliyet göstermektedir. Bu yöntem, kimyasal gübreve pestisit kullanımından kaçınan bir tarım işletmeciliği sistemidir. Aynı zamanda, doğaya ve yaşamın bütünlüğüne yönelik bir yaşam felsefesi, yaşam tarzı ve tutumu olarak da değerlendirilir. Biyodinamik tarımın temel felsefesi, doğanın doğal ritmi ve yasalarıyla uyum sağlamaya dayanır. Biyodinamik tarım, ünlü bilim insanı ve filozof Rudolf Steiner tarafından kurulmuştur. O, toprağı yaşayan bir organizma olarak görmüş ve bu organizmanın Ay’ın hareketleriyle ve özel preparatlarla güçlendirilmesi gerektiğini belirtmiştir. Steiner, tarımsal süreçlerin yalnızca Güneş ışınları ve Ay’ın frekanslarından değil, aynı zamanda gezegenlerin hareketlerinden de etkilendiğini ifade etmiştir. Biyodinamik tarım, yaratıcının tasarladığı şekilde toprak, hayvanlar ve insanlar arasında doğal bir uyum kurmayı amaçlar. Bu sistemde her çiftlik veya bahçe, kendi yaşam döngüsü içinde gelişim gösterebilen “canlı organizma” olarak kabul edilir. Biyodinamik tarım kavramı, iklim değişikliği, doğal kaynak kıtlığı ve nüfus artışı gibi artan küresel zorluklar nedeniyle önem kazanmaktadır. Nitekim bu tür alternatif uygulamalar, tarım sistemlerini daha çeşitli ve sürdürülebilir hale getirme potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, biyodinamik tarımın temel tanımlarını ve tarihsel gelişimini sunmak, organik tarım içindeki ağırlığını ortaya koymak, bitkisel üretimdeki olumlu etkilerine vurgu yapmak ve konvansiyonel tarıma alternatif olabilme yetisine dikkat çekmektir.

References

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  • [2] Kumari, J., A., Maya, P. (2023). Modern concepts in horticulture(Bio-dynamic farming in vegetables). Integrated Publication(Edition: 1st). Volume 2: 175-193.
  • [3] Cantürk S., Tangolar S., Tangolar S. (2023). Biyodinamik bağcılık. Bağcılık çalışmaları: geleneksel ve modern yaklaşımlar, İksad, Ankara, 3-25.
  • [4] Ateş F., Kuştutan F. (2019). Türkiye’de biodinamik bağcılıkta kullanılan preparatlar ve özellikleri. VI. Organik Tarım Sempozyumu, İzmir-Türkiye, 64.
  • [5] Demeter-Türkiye. (2018). Biyodinamik tarım nedir. https://demeter-turkey.com/biyodinamik-organik-tarim-nedir. (Erişim: 23.10.2025)
  • [6] Yazlık, B. (2022). Gereme’de bulunan Roma dönemine ait Anadolu’nun ilk biyodinamik tarım takvimi. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 12(2), 1115-1133.
  • [7] Maneva, V., Atanasova, D., Naydenov M. (2019). Biyodinamik tarımda kompost preparatlarının türleri ve bunların toprak, buğday(ıslah edilmiş) ve siyez (kavuzlu) buğday verimi üzerindeki etkileri. Bulgarin Journal of Soil Science Agrochemisty and Ecology, 53, 3-4.
  • [8] Paull, J. (2006). The farm as organism: the foundational idea of organic agriculture. Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, (83), 14-18.
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  • [16] Çakır, Ö., Yıldız H., Karataş N. (2018). Biyodinamik tarım ve organik tarımın karşılaştırılması, Türk Tarım – Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6(4). 438-443.
  • [17] Babita, Ahmet N., Thakur, M. (2015). Organic farming: a holistic approach towards sustainable fruit production. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 2(6), 108-115.
  • [18] Thun, M. (1999). Gardening for life - the biodynamic way.: Practical introduction to a new art of gardening, sowing, PI. Hawthorn press, ISBN 13: 9781869890322, pp. 127.
  • [19] Ram, R. A., Kumar, A. (2019). Biodynamic agriculture: an advance stage of organic farming. Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture, 14(1), 34-37.
  • [20] Vogt, G. (2007). Chapter 2: The origins of organic farming (pp. 9–30). CABI Publishing. Karlsruhe, Germany.
  • [21] Basooriya, S.S. (2024). Biodynamic farming, principle and practices. In book: organic farming : principles and practices (pp.24 - 34). Publisher: Kripa Drishti, India.
  • [22] Ponzio, C, Gangatharan, R., Neri D. (2013). Organic and biodynamic agriculture: a review in relation to sustainability. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 2(1), 95-110.
  • [23] Тhun, М. (2017). Ekim-dikim tarihleri(Sow days). (İng. Çeviren: Maria Pashova), Salpst Yayıncılık, Varna, BG.
  • [24] Biodinamic Association (2025b). What Is Biodynamics. https://www.biodynamics.com/what-is-biodynamics(Erişim: 30.10.2025)
  • [25] Anonim (2010). Biyodinamik İlkeler. https://blog.bio.bg/biodinamichni-printsipi/(Erişim: 01.11.2025)
  • [26] Demeter. (2025c). International Demeter Biodynamic Standard. https://demeter.net/certification/standard/(Erişim: 01.11.2025)
  • [27] Wikipedi. (2025d). Ay. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay(Erişim: 25.10.2025)
  • [28] Zürcher, E. (2001). Lunar rhythms in forestry traditions – Lunar – correlated phenomena in tree biology and wood properties. Springer Nature Link, 85, 463-478.
  • [29] Tarihli Bilim. (2012). Gelgit Olayının Bilimsel Açıklaması. https://www.tarihlibilim.com/post/gelgit-olayinin-bilimsel-aciklamasi/(Erişim: 27.10.2025)
  • [30] Zürcher, E., Rogenmoser, C., Kartalaei, A. S., Rambert, D. (2012). Reversible variations in some wood properties of norway spruce (Piceaabies karst.), depending on the tree felling date. K.I. Nowak & H.F. Strybel (Eds.), Spruce: Ecology, Management and Conservation (75-94p). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
  • [31] Aydın, M.B.Z. (2013). Kitabü’l-Filaha’da gök cisimleri - tarım ilişkisi. Acta Turcica - Çevrimiçi Tematik Türkoloji Dergisi, 9(1), 1-16.
  • [32] Baydar, H. (2012). Ay’ın Evreleri Ve Tarımsal Faaliyetler. https://www.sereflikochisarcengel.net/yazar(Erişim: 27.10.2025)
  • [33] Bernard, J. (2012). Maria Thun - an appreciation. Star & Furrow. Journal of the Biodynamic Association, 117, 17-24.
  • [34] Koepf, H. H. (1993). Research in biodynamic agriculture: methods and results. Bio-Dynamic Farming & Gardening Association Inc,. Kimberton, Pennsylvania.
  • [35] Meeus, J. (1991). Astronomical algorithms. Willmann-Bell Inc., Virginia, USA.
  • [36] Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025e). Sidereal month. https://www.britannica.com/science/sidereal-month https://www.britannica.com/science/sidereal-month(Erişim: 29.10.2025)
  • [37] Sumanas, Inc. (2025f). The Sidereal and Synodic Months. http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/astronomy.html(Erişim: 29.10.2025)
  • [38] Thun, M., Heinze, H. (1979). Mondrhythmen im siderischen umlauf und pflanzenwachstum. Darmstadt, Germany.
  • [39] Naydenova, M. (2015).Introduction to biodinamic farming. Science & Technologies, 5(6), 200-205.
  • [40] Mayoral, O., Solbes J., Domenech JC., Pina T. (2020). What has been thought and taught on the lunar influence on plants in agriculture? Perspective from physics and biology. Journal of Agronomy, 10(7), 955.
  • [41] Tesla, N. (2020). Nikola Tesla gibi düşünmek (İng.Çev. Selim Yeniçeri). Güney Kitap Yayıncılık, Türkiye.
  • [42] Thun, M., Heinze, H. (1979). Mondrhythmen im siderischen umlauf und pflanzenwachstum: zusammenfassende überschau vorliegender anbauversuche. Rudolf Steiner press, Germany.
  • [43] Schad, W. (1999). Lunar influence on plants. earth, moon, and planets. Springer Nature Link, 85, 405–409.
  • [44] Harris, RJ., Summers, W. RJ. (2002). R.J. Harris’s moon gardening. Really Useful Books. England.
  • [45] Avcı, M., İçel, B. (2016). Ay döngüsünün dikili ağaçlarda su içeriği ve odunlarda böceklenme üzerine etkisi. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 17(1), 20-29.
  • [46] Edwards, L. (1993). The vortex of life, nature’s patterns in space and time. Floris Press, Edinburgh, Scotland.
  • [47] Tangolar, S., Canturk, S., Tangolar, S., Turan, M., Ada, M. (2025). Pruning timing according to lunar phases: ımpact on yield, grape quality, and biochemical properties of xylem sap in Black Magic grapevines. Applied Fruit Science, 67, 243.
  • [48] Kollerstrom, N., Staudenmaier, G. (2001). Evidence for lunar-sidereal rhythms in crop yield: a review. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 19(3), 247–259.
  • [49] Fliessbach, A., Krause, H-M., Jarosch, K., Mayer, J., Oberson, A., Mäder, P. (2024). The DOK trial: A 45-year comparative study of organic and conventional cropping systems. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick. At: shop.fibl.org > 1741.
  • [50] Ningombi, D., Dafouti, A., Nagpal, P., Nanda, H. B., Banerjee, S., Kaushal, S. (2023). Dynamic use of cow pat pit, biodynamic preparations and peppering in organic farming. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 35(10), 157–167.
  • [51] Juknevičienė, E., Danilcenko, H., Jariene, H., Fritz J. (2019). The effect of horn-manure preparation on enzymes activity and nutrient contents in soil as well as great pumpkin yield. Open Agriculture, 4(1), 452-459.
  • [52] Ferraz de Almeida, R., Rezende Naves, E., Pinheiro da Mota, R. (2015). Soil quality: Enzymatic activity of soil β-glucosidase. Global Science Research Journals, 3(2), 146–150.
  • [53] Rishikesh Tiwari, B.S. Dwivedi, Y.M. Sharma, Abhishek Sharma, Dwivedi, A.K. (2019). Activities of β-glucosidase, phosphatase and dehydrogenase as soil quality indicators. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(6), 834-846.
  • [54] Santoni, M., Ferretti, L., Migliorini, P., Vazzana, C., Pacini G.C. (2022). A review of scientific research on biodynamic agriculture. Organic Agriculture 12, 373–396.
  • [55] Muhie, S.H. (2022). Concepts, principles, and application of biodynamic farming: a review. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 3, 291–304.

Biodynamic Farming: An Ancient Agricultural School

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 98 - 112, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58728/joinabt.1719727

Abstract

Biodynamic farming is the world’s oldest organic agricultural method. Products grown using this approach are marketed globally under the Demeter International label and have been reported to produce positive results under various conditions. The efficacy of standard biodynamic preparations has been proven, and certified biodynamic farms, producers, and businesses now operate in over 62 countries. This method is an agricultural management system that avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Biodynamic farming is also regarded as a life philosophy, lifestyle, and attitude that respects nature and the integrity of life. Its core philosophy is based on aligning with nature’s rhythms and laws. Biodynamic agriculture was founded by the renowned scientist and philosopher Rudolf Steiner. It views soil as a living organism—one that must be revitalized through lunar cycles and specialized preparations. Steiner stated that agricultural products are influenced not only by sunlight and lunar frequencies but also by planetary movements, which play a significant role in farming. Biodynamic agriculture aims to establish a natural harmony between the soil, animals, and humans, as envisioned by the Creator. In this system, every farm or garden is regarded as a 'living organism' capable of thriving within its own life cycle. The concept of biodynamic agriculture is gaining prominence due to increasing global challenges such as climate change, natural resource scarcity, and population growth. Indeed, these alternative practices possess the potential to render agricultural systems more diverse and sustainable. The purpose of this review is to: present the fundamental definitions and historical development of biodynamic agriculture; demonstrate its significance within organic farming; highlight its developmental impacts on crop production; and emphasize its potential as an alternative to conventional agriculture.

References

  • [1] Duran, A. (2024). Biyodinamik tarım. yeryüzünü tarımla iyileştirmenin 100 yıllık öyküsü (1.Basım), 110.
  • [2] Kumari, J., A., Maya, P. (2023). Modern concepts in horticulture(Bio-dynamic farming in vegetables). Integrated Publication(Edition: 1st). Volume 2: 175-193.
  • [3] Cantürk S., Tangolar S., Tangolar S. (2023). Biyodinamik bağcılık. Bağcılık çalışmaları: geleneksel ve modern yaklaşımlar, İksad, Ankara, 3-25.
  • [4] Ateş F., Kuştutan F. (2019). Türkiye’de biodinamik bağcılıkta kullanılan preparatlar ve özellikleri. VI. Organik Tarım Sempozyumu, İzmir-Türkiye, 64.
  • [5] Demeter-Türkiye. (2018). Biyodinamik tarım nedir. https://demeter-turkey.com/biyodinamik-organik-tarim-nedir. (Erişim: 23.10.2025)
  • [6] Yazlık, B. (2022). Gereme’de bulunan Roma dönemine ait Anadolu’nun ilk biyodinamik tarım takvimi. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 12(2), 1115-1133.
  • [7] Maneva, V., Atanasova, D., Naydenov M. (2019). Biyodinamik tarımda kompost preparatlarının türleri ve bunların toprak, buğday(ıslah edilmiş) ve siyez (kavuzlu) buğday verimi üzerindeki etkileri. Bulgarin Journal of Soil Science Agrochemisty and Ecology, 53, 3-4.
  • [8] Paull, J. (2006). The farm as organism: the foundational idea of organic agriculture. Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, (83), 14-18.
  • [9] Pfeiffer, E. (1938). Bio-dynamic farming and gardening: soil fertility renewal and preservation (F. Heckel,Trans.). New York: Anthroposophic Press.
  • [10] Wachsmuth, G. (1989). The life and work of Rudolf Steiner (O. D. Wannamaker and R. E. Raab, Trans. 2nd edition, 1st published in German, 1941). Blauvert, NY: Spiritual Science Library, pp. 1.
  • [11] Steiner, R. (1924a). Agriculture Course Printed for private circulation only, Dornach, Switzerland: Goetheanum, 17-18.
  • [12] Steiner, R. (1924b). Report to members of the anthroposophical society after the agriculture course. Dornach, Switzerland, june 20, (C. E. Creeger and M. Gardner Trans.). Editor M.Gardner, Spiritual Foundations for the Renewalof Agriculture by Rudolf Steiner (1993, pp. 112). Kimberton, Pennsylvania(PA): Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening Association.
  • [13] Anonim (2025a). Biyodinamik Tarım. http://bdn-steiner.ru/modules/Books/files/402.pdf(Erişim: 25.10.2025)
  • [14] Beluhova-Uzunova, R., Atanasov, D. (2018). Biodynamic farming – method for sustainable production of quality food. Икономика и Управление на Селското Стопанство(in Reseach Gate), 62 (3), 40-48.
  • [15] Beluhova-Uzunova, R., Atanasov D. (2019) Biodynamic agriculture-old traditions and modern practices. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 17(1), 530–536.
  • [16] Çakır, Ö., Yıldız H., Karataş N. (2018). Biyodinamik tarım ve organik tarımın karşılaştırılması, Türk Tarım – Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6(4). 438-443.
  • [17] Babita, Ahmet N., Thakur, M. (2015). Organic farming: a holistic approach towards sustainable fruit production. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 2(6), 108-115.
  • [18] Thun, M. (1999). Gardening for life - the biodynamic way.: Practical introduction to a new art of gardening, sowing, PI. Hawthorn press, ISBN 13: 9781869890322, pp. 127.
  • [19] Ram, R. A., Kumar, A. (2019). Biodynamic agriculture: an advance stage of organic farming. Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture, 14(1), 34-37.
  • [20] Vogt, G. (2007). Chapter 2: The origins of organic farming (pp. 9–30). CABI Publishing. Karlsruhe, Germany.
  • [21] Basooriya, S.S. (2024). Biodynamic farming, principle and practices. In book: organic farming : principles and practices (pp.24 - 34). Publisher: Kripa Drishti, India.
  • [22] Ponzio, C, Gangatharan, R., Neri D. (2013). Organic and biodynamic agriculture: a review in relation to sustainability. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 2(1), 95-110.
  • [23] Тhun, М. (2017). Ekim-dikim tarihleri(Sow days). (İng. Çeviren: Maria Pashova), Salpst Yayıncılık, Varna, BG.
  • [24] Biodinamic Association (2025b). What Is Biodynamics. https://www.biodynamics.com/what-is-biodynamics(Erişim: 30.10.2025)
  • [25] Anonim (2010). Biyodinamik İlkeler. https://blog.bio.bg/biodinamichni-printsipi/(Erişim: 01.11.2025)
  • [26] Demeter. (2025c). International Demeter Biodynamic Standard. https://demeter.net/certification/standard/(Erişim: 01.11.2025)
  • [27] Wikipedi. (2025d). Ay. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay(Erişim: 25.10.2025)
  • [28] Zürcher, E. (2001). Lunar rhythms in forestry traditions – Lunar – correlated phenomena in tree biology and wood properties. Springer Nature Link, 85, 463-478.
  • [29] Tarihli Bilim. (2012). Gelgit Olayının Bilimsel Açıklaması. https://www.tarihlibilim.com/post/gelgit-olayinin-bilimsel-aciklamasi/(Erişim: 27.10.2025)
  • [30] Zürcher, E., Rogenmoser, C., Kartalaei, A. S., Rambert, D. (2012). Reversible variations in some wood properties of norway spruce (Piceaabies karst.), depending on the tree felling date. K.I. Nowak & H.F. Strybel (Eds.), Spruce: Ecology, Management and Conservation (75-94p). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
  • [31] Aydın, M.B.Z. (2013). Kitabü’l-Filaha’da gök cisimleri - tarım ilişkisi. Acta Turcica - Çevrimiçi Tematik Türkoloji Dergisi, 9(1), 1-16.
  • [32] Baydar, H. (2012). Ay’ın Evreleri Ve Tarımsal Faaliyetler. https://www.sereflikochisarcengel.net/yazar(Erişim: 27.10.2025)
  • [33] Bernard, J. (2012). Maria Thun - an appreciation. Star & Furrow. Journal of the Biodynamic Association, 117, 17-24.
  • [34] Koepf, H. H. (1993). Research in biodynamic agriculture: methods and results. Bio-Dynamic Farming & Gardening Association Inc,. Kimberton, Pennsylvania.
  • [35] Meeus, J. (1991). Astronomical algorithms. Willmann-Bell Inc., Virginia, USA.
  • [36] Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025e). Sidereal month. https://www.britannica.com/science/sidereal-month https://www.britannica.com/science/sidereal-month(Erişim: 29.10.2025)
  • [37] Sumanas, Inc. (2025f). The Sidereal and Synodic Months. http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/astronomy.html(Erişim: 29.10.2025)
  • [38] Thun, M., Heinze, H. (1979). Mondrhythmen im siderischen umlauf und pflanzenwachstum. Darmstadt, Germany.
  • [39] Naydenova, M. (2015).Introduction to biodinamic farming. Science & Technologies, 5(6), 200-205.
  • [40] Mayoral, O., Solbes J., Domenech JC., Pina T. (2020). What has been thought and taught on the lunar influence on plants in agriculture? Perspective from physics and biology. Journal of Agronomy, 10(7), 955.
  • [41] Tesla, N. (2020). Nikola Tesla gibi düşünmek (İng.Çev. Selim Yeniçeri). Güney Kitap Yayıncılık, Türkiye.
  • [42] Thun, M., Heinze, H. (1979). Mondrhythmen im siderischen umlauf und pflanzenwachstum: zusammenfassende überschau vorliegender anbauversuche. Rudolf Steiner press, Germany.
  • [43] Schad, W. (1999). Lunar influence on plants. earth, moon, and planets. Springer Nature Link, 85, 405–409.
  • [44] Harris, RJ., Summers, W. RJ. (2002). R.J. Harris’s moon gardening. Really Useful Books. England.
  • [45] Avcı, M., İçel, B. (2016). Ay döngüsünün dikili ağaçlarda su içeriği ve odunlarda böceklenme üzerine etkisi. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 17(1), 20-29.
  • [46] Edwards, L. (1993). The vortex of life, nature’s patterns in space and time. Floris Press, Edinburgh, Scotland.
  • [47] Tangolar, S., Canturk, S., Tangolar, S., Turan, M., Ada, M. (2025). Pruning timing according to lunar phases: ımpact on yield, grape quality, and biochemical properties of xylem sap in Black Magic grapevines. Applied Fruit Science, 67, 243.
  • [48] Kollerstrom, N., Staudenmaier, G. (2001). Evidence for lunar-sidereal rhythms in crop yield: a review. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 19(3), 247–259.
  • [49] Fliessbach, A., Krause, H-M., Jarosch, K., Mayer, J., Oberson, A., Mäder, P. (2024). The DOK trial: A 45-year comparative study of organic and conventional cropping systems. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick. At: shop.fibl.org > 1741.
  • [50] Ningombi, D., Dafouti, A., Nagpal, P., Nanda, H. B., Banerjee, S., Kaushal, S. (2023). Dynamic use of cow pat pit, biodynamic preparations and peppering in organic farming. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 35(10), 157–167.
  • [51] Juknevičienė, E., Danilcenko, H., Jariene, H., Fritz J. (2019). The effect of horn-manure preparation on enzymes activity and nutrient contents in soil as well as great pumpkin yield. Open Agriculture, 4(1), 452-459.
  • [52] Ferraz de Almeida, R., Rezende Naves, E., Pinheiro da Mota, R. (2015). Soil quality: Enzymatic activity of soil β-glucosidase. Global Science Research Journals, 3(2), 146–150.
  • [53] Rishikesh Tiwari, B.S. Dwivedi, Y.M. Sharma, Abhishek Sharma, Dwivedi, A.K. (2019). Activities of β-glucosidase, phosphatase and dehydrogenase as soil quality indicators. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(6), 834-846.
  • [54] Santoni, M., Ferretti, L., Migliorini, P., Vazzana, C., Pacini G.C. (2022). A review of scientific research on biodynamic agriculture. Organic Agriculture 12, 373–396.
  • [55] Muhie, S.H. (2022). Concepts, principles, and application of biodynamic farming: a review. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 3, 291–304.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Organic Agriculture
Journal Section Review
Authors

Ertan Ahmed 0009-0004-4246-0563

Submission Date June 14, 2025
Acceptance Date December 12, 2025
Publication Date December 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ahmed, E. (2025). Biyodinamik Tarım: Kadim Bir Tarımsal Üretim Ekolü. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology, 6(2), 98-112. https://doi.org/10.58728/joinabt.1719727