CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC METHODS OF ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: A BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 24 - 33, 31.08.2024

Marieh Rajabzadeh , Natavan Yagubova , Melisa Öçbe

Abstract

Oral cancer remains a persistent biomedical challenge, with survival rates showing limited improvement over the years despite advancements in research and symptom-relieving therapies. Early detection is critical, but the diverse and often painless or symptomatically ambiguous nature of oral cancer necessitates comprehensive screening and histological assessments. This study reviews publications from MEDLINE and Cohrane Databases (2002-2023), focusing on clinical manifestations and imaging modalities associated with oral cancer. Selection criteria include English-language publications, ensuring a contemporary understanding of oral cancer's clinical and imaging aspects. Although squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) constitutes the majority of oral cancers, various malignancies such as salivary, soft and hard tissue sarcomas, and metastatic cancer can also manifest in the oral cavity. Additionally, while OSCC was associated with older individuals and a higher incidence in men, current literature suggest a more balanced distribution between genders and a decreasing age of onset. OSCC and oral potentially malignant lesions (OPML) are linked to tobacco, alcohol, and betel quid use. Late-stage diagnoses contribute to lower survival rates, emphasizing the need for early detection through clinical oral examinations, which can detect up to 99% of oral cancers. Clinically, histopathologically, or both, various lesions contribute to the complex landscape of oral cancers. Oral potentially malignant lesions (OPMLs) precede OSCC, encompassing conditions like leukoplakia, erythroplakia, submucosal fibrosis, and lichen planus. While the majority of OPMLs do not progress to cancer, early identification through thorough clinical examination is pivotal. This brief literatüre review contributes to the understanding of oral cancer's multifaceted nature, emphasizing the importance of early detection in improving survival rates.

Keywords

ağız kanseri, oral skuamöz hücreli karsinom, oral potansiyel malign lezyonlar

ORAL SKUAMÖZ HÜCRELİ KARSİNOMUN GÜNCEL TANI YÖNTEMLERİ: KISA BİR LİTERATÜR TARAMASI

Abstract

Ağız kanseri, tanı ve tedavi yöntemlerindeki ilerlemelere rağmen yıllar içinde sınırlı iyileşme gösteren sağkalım oranları ile kalıcı bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Erken teşhis kritik öneme sahiptir, ancak ağız kanserinin çeşitli ve genellikle ağrısız veya asemptomatik olması, kapsamlı tarama ve histolojik değerlendirmeler gerektirir. Bu derleme, ağız kanseriyle ilişkili klinik belirtilere ve görüntüleme yöntemlerine odaklanarak MEDLINE ve Cohrane veri tabanlarından (2002-2023) ilgili yayınları gözden geçirmektedir. Seçim kriterleri, ağız kanserinin klinik ve görüntüleme yönlerinin anlaşılmasını sağlayan İngilizce yayınları içermektedir. Ağız kanserlerinin çoğunluğunu skuamöz hücreli karsinom (OSHK) oluştursa da, tükürük, yumuşak ve sert doku sarkomları ve metastatik kanser gibi çeşitli maligniteler de oral kavitede ortaya çıkabilir. Ayrıca, OSCC daha yaşlı bireylerle ve erkeklerde daha yüksek insidansla ilişkilendirilirken, mevcut literatür cinsiyetler arasında daha dengeli bir dağılım ve azalan bir başlangıç yaşı olduğunu göstermektedir. OSHK ve oral potansiyel malign lezyonlar (OPML) tütün, alkol ve betel quid kullanımı ile bağlantılıdır. Geç evre tanılar daha düşük sağkalım oranlarına katkıda bulunur ve ağız kanserlerinin %99'una kadarını tespit edebilen klinik ağız muayeneleri yoluyla erken teşhis ihtiyacını vurgular. Klinik, histopatolojik veya her ikisi birden, çeşitli lezyonlar oral kanserlerin karmaşık görüntüsüne katkıda bulunur. OPML’ler OSHK'lardan önce ortaya çıkar ve lökoplaki, eritroplaki, submukozal fibrozis ve liken planus gibi lezyonları kapsar. OPML'lerin çoğu kansere ilerlemezken, kapsamlı klinik muayene yoluyla erken teşhis çok önemlidir. Bu kısa literatür incelemesi, ağız kanserinin karakterinin anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmak ve erken teşhisin sağkalım oranlarını iyileştirmedeki önemini vurgulamayı amaçlamıştır.

Keywords

oral cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, oral potentially malignant lesions

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