Validation of the Turkish version of the questionnaire of Internet use motives (MUI)

Abstract

The present study adapted the “questionnaire of Internet use motives” (MUI) into Turkish based on data collected from 638 adults. Results showed that the Turkish version of the MUI has a high internal consistency (α= .88) along with convergent and discriminant validity. The confirmatory factor analysis results supported the five-factor structure of the original MUI. Internet Addiction Test Short Form (IAT-SF) was used to test concurrent validity. The results indicated a significant positive correlation between the MUI and IAT-SF (r= .83), suggesting that individuals having higher levels of MUI may also tend to have higher levels of Internet addiction. The findings indicated that the adapted scale is a reliable and valid instrument to measure motives for Internet use in the Turkish population.

Keywords

• aptation study
• Internet addiction
• reliability
• MUI
• Internet use motives

References

1. Amiel, T., & Sargent, S. L. (2004). Individual differences in Internet usage motives. Computers in Human Behavior, 20(6), 711–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.09.002
2. Arpaci, I., Karatas, K., Kiran, F., Kusci, I., & Topcu, A. (2021). Mediating role of positivity in the relationship between state anxiety and problematic social media use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Death Studies, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1923588
3. Balci, Ş., & Ayhan, B. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinin internet kullanım ve doyumları üzerine bir saha araştırması. Selçuk İletişim, 5(1), 174-197. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/josc/issue/19015/200730
4. Beard, C. L., & Wickham, R. E. (2016). Gaming-contingent self-worth, gaming motivation, and internet gaming disorder. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 507-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.046
5. Bildt, C., & Smith, G. (2016). The one and future internet. Journal of Cyber Policy, 1(2), 142-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2016.1235908
6. Bischof-Kastner, C., Kuntsche, E., & Wolstein, J. (2014). Identifying problematic Internet users: Development and validation of the Internet Motive Questionnaire for Adolescents (IMQ-A). Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(10), e230. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3398
7. Bucher, E., Fieseler, C., & Lutz, C. (2016). What’s mine is yours (for a nominal fee)–Exploring the spectrum of utilitarian to altruistic motives for Internet-mediated sharing. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 316-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.002
8. Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012

9. Caplan, S., Williams, D., & Yee, N. (2009). Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being among MMO players. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(6), 1312-1319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.06.006
10. Carlisle, K. L., Neukrug, E., Pribesh, S., & Krahwinkel, J. (2019). Personality, motivation, and Internet gaming disorder: Conceptualizing the gamer. Journal of Addictions & Ofender Counseling, 40(2), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaoc.12069
11. Charney, T., & Greenberg, B. (2001). Uses and gratifications of the Internet. In C. Lin, & D. Atkin (Eds.), Communication, technology and society: New media adoption and uses (pp. 379-407). New York: Hampton Press.
12. Chen, G. M. (2011). Tweet this: A uses and gratifications perspective on how active twitter use gratifies a need to connect with others. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 755–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.023
13. Chen, C., Zhang, K. Z. K., Gong, X., Zhao, S. J., Lee, M. K. O., & Liang, L. (2017). Examining the effects of motives and gender differences on smartphone addiction. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 891– 902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.002
14. Cheung, C. M. K., & Lee, M. K. O. (2009). Understanding the sustainability of a virtual community: Model development and empirical test. Journal of Information Science, 35(3), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551508099088
15. Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6(2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.117
16. Dhir, A., Chen, S., & Nieminen, M. (2017). Development and validation of the Internet gratification scale for adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 35(4), 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916639460
17. Eren, E. Ş. (2014). Sosyal medya kullanım amaçları ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve bazı kişisel değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(4), 230-243.
18. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
19. Grant, I. C. (2005). Young peoples’ relationships with online marketing practices: An intrusion too far?. Journal of Marketing Management, 21(5-6), 607-623. https://doi.org/10.1362/0267257054307417
20. Hair, JF, WC Black, BJ Babin and RE Anderson (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective, (7th edn.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
21. Hampton, K., & Wellman, B. (2003). Neighboring in Netville: How the Internet supports community and social capital in a wired suburb. City & Community, 2(4), 277-311. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1535-6841.2003.00057.x
22. Haridakis, P., & Hanson, G. (2009). Social interaction and co-viewing with YouTube: Blending mass communication reception and social connection. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 53(2), 317-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150902908270
23. Joinson, A. N. (2008, April). Looking at, looking up or keeping up with people? Motives and use of Facebook. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1027-1036). https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357213
24. Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of Internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31(1), 351–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
25. Katz, E., Blumler, J., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Uses and gratifications research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523.
26. Kaye, B. K., & Johnson, T. J. (2004). A Web for all reasons: uses and gratifications of Internet components for political information. Telematics and Informatics, 21(3), 197-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-5853(03)00037-6
27. Khang, H., Kim, J. K., & Kim, Y. (2013). Self-traits and motivations as antecedents of digital media flow and addiction: The Internet, mobile phones, and video games. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2416–2424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.027
28. Kim, J., & Haridakis, P. M. (2009). The role of Internet user characteristics and motives in explaining three dimensions of Internet addiction. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 988–1015. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01478.x
29. Kindi, S. S. A. A., & Alhashmi, S. M. (2012). Use of social networking sites among Shinas College of Technology students in Oman. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 11(01), 1250002. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219649212500025
30. Király, O., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2015). Internet gaming disorder and the DSM-5: Conceptualization, debates, and controversies. Current Addiction Reports, 2(3), 254-262.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0066-7
31. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
32. Kotwal, A. A., Holt-Lunstad, J., Newmark, R. L., Cenzer, I., Smith, A. K., Covinsky, K. E., et al. (2021). Social isolation and loneliness among San Francisco Bay Area older adults during the COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16865
33. Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox. A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?. The American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017–1031. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.53.9.1017
34. Kutlu, M., Savcı, M., Demir, Y., & Aysan, F. (2016). Young İnternet bağımlılığı testi kısa formunun Türkçe uyarlaması: Üniversite öğrencileri ve ergenlerde geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17, 69-76. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.190501
35. Lai, C. H., & Gwung, H. L. (2013). The effect of gender and Internet usage on physical and cyber interpersonal relationships. Computers & Education, 69, 303-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.07.009
36. LaRose, R., Lin, C. A., & Eastin, M. S. (2003). Unregulated Internet usage: Addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation?. Media Psychology, 5(3), 225-253. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0503_01
37. Leung, L. (2006). Stressful life events, motives for Internet use, and social support among digital kids. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(2), 204-214. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9967
38. Lee Sargent, S. (2007). Internet Motives Questionnaire. In R. A. Reynolds, R. Woods, & J. Baker (Eds.), Handbook of research on electronic surveys and measurements (pp. 375–379). Idea Group Reference.
39. Lee, E.-J., & Kim, Y. W. (2014). How social is Twitter use? Affiliative tendency and communication competence as predictors. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2416–2424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.034
40. Lee, M. K., Cheung, C. M., & Chen, Z. (2005). Acceptance of Internet-based learning medium: the role of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Information & Management, 42(8), 1095-1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.10.007
41. Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K., & Staksrud, E. (2013). Risky social networking practices among “underage” users: Lessons for evidence-based policy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(3), 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12012
42. Marino, C., Gini, G., Vieno, A., & Spada, M. M. (2018). A comprehensive meta-analysis on problematic Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 83, 262–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.009
43. Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000). Predictors of Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(2), 175–196. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4402
44. Park, C. H., & Kim, Y. J. (2013). Intensity of social network use by involvement: A study of young Chinese users. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(6), 22-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v8n6p22
45. Pawlikowski, M., Altstötter-Gleich, C., & Brand, M. (2013). Validation and psychometric properties of a short version of Young’s Internet Addiction Test. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1212-1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.014
46. Pertegal, M. A., Oliva, A., & Rodriguez-Meirinhos, A. (2019). Development and validation of the Scale of Motives for Using Social Networking Sites (SMU-SNS) for adolescents and youths. PLoS ONE, 14(12), e0225781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225781
47. Rosell, J., Vergés, A., Torres Irribarra, D., Sepúlveda-Caro, S., & Flores, K. (2022). Motives of Use and Internet Addiction: Development and Evidence of Validity of a Scale to Evaluate Motives of Internet Use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00769-2
48. Sheldon, P. (2008). Student favorite: Facebook and motives for its use. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal, 23(2), 39–53.
49. Sheldon, P., Rauschnabel, P. A., Antony, M. G., & Car, S. (2017). A cross-cultural comparison of Croatian and American social network sites: Exploring cultural differences in motives for Instagram use. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 643-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.009
50. Senkbeil, M. (2018). Development and validation of the ICT motivation scale for young adolescents. Results of the international school assessment study ICILS 2013 in Germany. Learning and Individual Differences, 67, 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.08.007
51. Shen, C. X., Liu, R. D., & Wang, D. (2013). Why are children attracted to the Internet? The role of need satisfaction perceived online and perceived in daily real life. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.08.004
52. Sun, S., Rubin, A. M., & Haridakis, P. M. (2008). The role of motivation and media involvement in explaining Internet dependency. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(3), 408–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802205595
53. Tifferet, S. (2020). Gender differences in social support on social network sites: a meta-analysis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(4), 199-209. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0516
54. Tsai, C. C., & Lin, S. S. (2003). Internet addiction of adolescents in Taiwan: An interview study. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(6), 649-652. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493103322725432
55. Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
56. Young, K. S. (1998). Caught in the net: How to recognize the signs of internet addiction--and a winning strategy for recovery. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
57. We are Social (2022). Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2022/01/digital-2022-another-year-of-bumper-growth-2/