ÜRETİM İŞLETMELERİNDE ULUSLARARASILAŞMA ENGELLERİ: TÜRKİYE’DEN KANITLAR

Abstract

Uluslararasılaşma yalnızca işletmeler lehine yarattığı sonuçlar açısından değil özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ekonomik gelişimi ve sürdürülebilir büyümesi açısından da kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Dolayısıyla işletmelerin uluslararasılaşma sürecine dahil olmalarını engelleyen durumlar uzun yıllardır hem bilim insanlarının hem de hükumetlerin gündeminde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye bağlamında üretim işletmelerinin uluslararasılaşmanın ilk aşaması olan ihracatta karşılaştıkları engelleri tespit etmek amaçlanmaktadır. Bunun için üreticilerin konuya ilişkin değerlendirmelerinin ortak bir zeminde analiz edilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bu doğrultuda Türkiye’de reel sektörün en önemli temsilcilerinden Ankara Sanayi Odası’nın ülke, endüstri ve örgüt dinamiklerine ilişkin görüşleri doğrultusunda ihracat engelleri tespit edilmiştir. Tespitler 2007-2018 yıllarındaki 127 meclis konuşmalarının içerik analizi yapılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Meclis konuşmaları üzerinden üreticiler için ihracat engellerini temsil edebilecek toplam 13 başlık belirlenmiştir. Buna göre üretim işletmelerinin ihracat açısından karşılaştıkları en önemli engel dış ekonomilerdeki gelişmelerdir. Bunu nitelikli işgücü eksikliği takip etmektedir. Döviz kuru ve işgücü maliyetleri ise takip eden diğer önemli engeller olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Uluslararasılaşma,İhracat,İhracat Engelleri,İçerik Analizi

References

1. Abel-Koch, J., Acevedo, M.F., Bruno, C., del Bufalo, G., Ehmer, P., Gazaniol, A., et al. (2018). France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. Internationalisation of European SMEs – Taking stock and moving ahead. Bpifrance, British Business Bank, Cassa Depositi e Prestiti SpA, Instituto de Crédito Oficial, KfW Bankengruppe.
2. Abor, J. (2011). Do export status and export intensity increase firm performance? Thunderbird International Business Review, 53(1), 9-18.
3. Ahmed, Z.U., Julian, C.C., and Mahajar, A.J. (2008). Export barriers and firm internationalisation from an emerging market perspective. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 3(1), 33-41.
4. Al-Hyari, K., Al-Weshah, G., and Alnsour, M. (2012). Barriers to internationalisation in SMEs: Evidence from Jordan. Marketing Intelligence &Planning, 30(2), 188-211.
5. Ankara Sanayi Odası Meclis Konuşmaları (2019). http://www.aso.org.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2019).
6. Arndt, C., Buch, C.M., and Mattes, A. (2012). Disentangling barriers to internationalization. Canadian Journal of Economics, 45(1), 41-63.
7. Arteaga-Ortiz, J., and Fernández-Ortiz, R. (2010). Why don’t we use the same export barrier measurement scale? An empirical analysis in small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(3), 395-420.
8. Bauerschmidt, A., Sullivan, D., and Gillespie, K. (1985). Common factors underlying barriers to export: studies in the U. S. paper industry. Journal of International Business Studies, 16(13), 111 – 123.

9. Cahen, F.R., Lahiri, S., and Borini, F.M. (2016). Managerial perceptions of barriers to internationalization: An examination of Brazil’s new technology-based firms. Journal of Business Research, 69, 1973-1979.
10. Crick, D. (2002). The decision to discontinue exporting: SMEs in two U.K. trade sectors. Journal of Small Business Management, 40(1), 66-77.
11. Dicle, I.A. and Dicle, U. (1992). Effects of government export policies on Turkish export trading companies. International Marketing Review, 9(3), 62-76.
12. Hsieh, H.-F., and Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
13. Hutchinson, K., Fleck, E., and Lloyd-Reason, L. (2009). An investigation into the initial barriers to internationalization: Evidence from small UK retailers. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16(4), 544-568.
14. Irjayanti, M., and Azis, A.M. (2012). Barrier factors and potential solutions for Indonesian SMEs. Procedia Economics and Finance, 4(3), 3-12.
15. Jaeger, S. (2008). Internationalization in the face of export barriers: A study of New Zealand’s firm. New Zealand: Doctorate Thesis at Massey University.
16. Kahiya, E.T. (2013). Export barriers and path to internationalization: A comparison of conventional enterprises and international new ventures. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 11, 3-29.
17. Kahiya, E.T., and Dean, D.L. (2014). Export performance: Multiple predictors and multiple measures approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 26(3), 378-407.
18. Kahiya, E.T., and Dean, D. L. (2016). Export stages and export barriers: Revisiting traditional export development. Thunderbird International Business Review, 58(1), 75-89.
19. Kahiya, E.T., Dean, D. L., and Heyl, J. (2014). Export barriers in a changing institutional environment: a quasi-longitudinal study of New Zealand’s manufacturing exporters. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 12, 331-364.
20. Katsikeas, C.S., and Morgan, R.E. (1994). Differences in perceptions of exporting problems based on firm size and export market experience. European Journal of Marketing, 28(5), 17-35.
21. Keng, K.A., and Jiuan, T.S. (1989). Differences between small and medium sized exporting and nonexporting firms: Nature or nurture. International Marketing Review, 6(4), 27-40.
22. Köksal, M.H. (2006). Export training: A preliminary investigation of Turkish companies. European Business Review, 18(5), 382-394.
23. Leonidou, L.C. (1995a). Empirical research on export barriers: Review, assessment, and synthesis. Journal of lnternational Marketing, 3(1), 29-43.
24. Leonidou, L.C. (1995b). Export barriers: Non‐exporters′ perceptions. International Marketing Review, 12(1), 4-25.
25. Leonidou, L.C. (2000). Barriers to export management: An organizational and internationalization analysis. Journal of International Management, 6, 121-148.
26. Leonidou, L.C. (2004). An analysis of the barriers hindering small business export development. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(3), 279-302.
27. Mendy, J., and Rahman, M. (2019). Application of human resource management’s universal model: An examination of people versus institutions as barriers of internationalization for SMEs in a small developing country. Thunderbird International Business Theory and Application, 61, 363-374.
28. Morgan, R.E. (1997). Export stimuli and export barriers: Evidence from empirical research studies. European Business Review, 97(2), 68-79.
29. Novikov, I. (2014). How does institutional environment affect the internationalization of small enterprises? Procedia Economics and Finance, 12, 489-497.
30. Pinho, J.C. and Martins, L. (2010). Exporting barriers: Insights from Portuguese small – and medium-sized exporters and non-exporters. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8, 254–272.
31. Rahman, M., Uddin, M., and Lodorfos, G. (2017). Barriers to enter in foreign markets: Evidence from SMEs in emerging market. International Marketing Review, 34(1), 68-86.
32. Roy, A., Sekhar, C., and Vyas, V. (2016). Barriers to internationalization: A Study of small and medium enterprises in India. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 14, 513-538.
33. Sekliuckiene, J. (2013). Lithuanian companies in emerging markets: Internationalization motives and barriers. Economics and Management, 18(1), 124-133.
34. Shaw, V., and Darroch, J. (2004). Barriers to internationalisation: A study of entrepreneurial new ventures in New Zealand. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 2, 327-343.
35. Suarez-Ortega, S. (2003). Export barriers: Insights from small and medium-sized firms. International Small Business Journal, 21, 403-420.
36. T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı, https://ticaret.gov.tr/ihracat, (Erişim Tarihi: 07.02.2019).
37. Tseng, J.‐y., and Yu, C.‐M.J. (1991). Export of industrial goods to europe: The case of large Taiwanese firms. European Journal of Marketing, 12(1), 4-25.
38. UNCTAD, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2019). www.unctad.org (Erişim Tarihi: 03.07.2019).
39. Uner, M.M., Kocak, A., Cavusgil, E., and Cavusgil, S.T. (2013). Do barriers to export vary for born globals and across stages of internationalization? An empirical inquiry in the emerging market of Turkey. International Business Review, 22, 800-813.
40. Wagner, J. (2007). Productivity and size of the export market evidence for West and East German Plants, 2004. Jena Economic Research Papers, 1-12.