Genel anestezi sırasında preoksijenizasyonda CPAP uygulaması ile indüksiyonda PEEP uygulamasının non-hipoksik apne süresine ve hemodinamik parametrelere etkisi

Year 2018, , 310 - 314, 01.09.2018

Havva Esra Uyar Türkyılmaz , Asutay Göktuğ , Selçuk Tur Hülya Başar

https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.436032

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada preoksijenizasyonda CPAP ve maske ile ventilasyon sırasında PEEP uygulamanın non-hipoksik apne süresine ve hemodinamik parametrelere etkisi incelenmiştir. Yöntemler: Prospektif randomize çalışmada 100 hasta 4 gruba ayrılmıştır. Grup I ve III’te preoksijenizasyon CPAP maskesiyle uygulanmış ama hastalara basınç uygulanmamış ve indüksiyon sırasında Grup I’de hacim kontrollü ventilasyon (CMV) , Grup III’te ise CMV+6 cmH2O PEEP uygulanmıştır. Grup II ve IV’te ise preoksijenizasyonda CPAP maskesi ile 6 cmH2O basınç uygulanmış; indüksiyon sırasında Grup II’de CMV ile ventilasyon sağlanmış, Grup IV’te ise CMV+6 cmH2O PEEP uyfulanmıştır. Trakeal entübasyondan sonra, tüp havaya açılmış ve hasta spO2 değeri %90’a düşene kadar apneik bırakılmıştır. 

Bulgular: Saturasyonun %90’a düşme süresi Grup IV’te diğer gruplardan anlamlı olarak uzun bulundu. Süreler Grup I’de 412,50±97,37 sn, Grup II’de 443,52±88,84 sn, Grup III’de 415,20±117,45 sn ve Grup IV’de 522,92±83,44 sn şeklinde idi. Tek başına preoksijenizasyonda CPAP veya maske ile ventilasyon sırasında PEEP kullanmanın non-hipoksik apne süresine etkisi olmadığı görüldü.

Sonuç: Özellikle entübasyon güçlüğü düşünülen vakalarda preoksijenizasyon sırasında CPAP ve maske ile ventilasyon sırasında PEEP kullanmak güvenli, basit ve rahat tolere edilen bir yöntemdir ve non-hipoksik apne süresini uzatmaktadır.

Keywords

CPAP, Non-hipoksik apne, PEEP, Preoksijenizasyon

The effect of CPAP during preoxygenation and PEEP during induction upon the duration of non-hypoxic apnea and hemodynamic parameters

Abstract

Aim: This study evaluated the effects of applying CPAP during preoxygenation and PEEP during mask ventilation upon the duration of non-hypoxic apnea and hemodynamic parameters. 

Methods: This prospective randomized study included 100 patients allocated to 4 groups. In Groups I and III, preoxygenation was applied with CPAP mask without any pressure and during induction ventilation was performed with volume-controlled ventilation (CMV) in Group I and CMV + 6 cm H2O PEEP in Group III. In Groups II and IV, preoxygenation was applied with CPAP mask with 6 cmH2O pressure and during induction; ventilation was performed with CMV in Group II and CMV + 6 cm H2O PEEP in Group IV. After tracheal intubation, the tube was left open to air and the patient remained apneic until SpO2 reached 90%. 

Results: The time for SpO2 to reach 90% is significantly longer in Group IV compared to the other groups. The durations were 412.50±97.37 sec in Group I, 443.52±88.84 sec in Group II, 415.20±117.45 sec in Group III and 522.92±83.44 sec in Group IV. Using only CPAP during preoxygenation and only PEEP during mask ventilation had no significant effect on duration of non-hypoxic apnea. 

Conclusion: Especially for patients with difficult intubation, application of CPAP during preoxygenation followed with PEEP during mask ventilation safe, simple and it prolongs non-hypoxic apnea period.

Keywords

CPAP, PEEP, Non-hypoxic apnea, Preoxygenation

References

• 1. Lumb AB. Oxygen. Nunn’s Applied Respiratory Physiology Oxford: Butterworth-Heinmann 2000;288-290.
• 2. Edmark L, Enlund M, Kostova-Aherdan K, Hedenstierna G. Atelectasis formation and apnoea tolerance after pre-oxygenation with 100%, 80%, or 60% oxygen. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:A1330.
• 3. Lundquist H, Hedenstierna G, Strandberg A, Tokics L, Brismar B. CT-assessment of dependent lung densities in man during general anaesthesia. Acta Radiologica. 1995;36:626–32.
• 4. Magnusson L, Spahn DR. New concepts of atelectasis during general anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;91:61–72.
• 5. Rothen HU, Sporre B, Engberg G, Wegenius G, Reber A, Hedenstierna G. Prevention of atelectasis during general anaesthesia. Lancet. 1995;345:1387–91.
• 6. Joyce CJ, Wıllıams AB. Kinetics of absorption atelectasis during anesthesia: a mathematical model. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86:1116-25.
• 7. Rusca M, Wicky S, Proietti S. Continuous positive airways pressure prevents atelectasis formation during induction of general anaesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:AI33I.
• 8. Rusca M, Proietti S, Schnyder P, Frascarolo P, Hedenstierna G, Spahn DR, Magnusson L. Prevention of atelectasis formation during induction of general anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2003;97:1835–9.
• 9. Herriger A, Frascarolo Ph, Spahn DR, Magnusson L. The effect of positive airway pressure during pre-oxygenation and induction of anaesthesia upon duration of non-hypoxic apnoea. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:243–47.
• 10. Gander S, Frascarolo P, Suter M, Spahn D.R, Magnusson L. Positive end-expiratory pressure during induction of general anesthesia increases duration of nonhypoxic apnea in morbidly obese patients. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:580–4
• 11. Hedenstierna G, Tokics L, Strandberg A, Lundquist H, Brismar B. Correlation of gas exchange impairment to development of atelectasis during anaesthesia and muscle paralysis. Ada Anaesthesiol Scand. 1986;30:183-91.
• 12. Nunn JF. Factors influencing the arterial oxygen tension during halothane anaesthesia with spontaneous respiration. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1964;36:327–41.
• 13. Bendixen HH, Hedley-White J, Laver MB. Impaired oxygenation in surgical patients during general anesthesia with controlled ventilation. A concept of atelectasis. N Engl J Med. 1963;269:991-6
• 14. Nyman G, Funkquist B, Kvart C, et al. Atelectasis causes gas exchange impairment in the anaesthetised horse. Equine Vet J. 1990;22:317-24.
• 15. Duggan M, Kavanagh BP. Pulmonary Atelectasis A Pathogenic Perioperative Entity Anesthesiology. 2005;102:838–54.
• 16. Reber A, Engberg G, Wegenius G, Hedenstierna G. Lung aeration. The effect of pre-oxygenation and hyperoxygenation during total intravenous anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1996;51:733-7.
• 17. Baraka A. Routine preoxygenation. Anesthesia. 2006;61:612-3.
• 18. Kung MC, Hung CT, Ng KP. Arterial desaturation during induction in healty adults: should preoxygenation be a routine? Anesth Intens Care. 1991;19:192-6.
• 19. Bell MDD. Routine preoxygenation- a new ‘minimum standard of care’. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:943–5.
• 20. Saunders RA, Milner AD, Hopkins IE. The effects of CPAP on lung mechanics and lung volumes in the neonate. Biol Neonate. 1976;29:178-84.
• 21. Ahumada CA, Goldsmith JP. Continuous Distending pressure. In: Goldsmith JP, Karotkin EH, editors. Philadelphia: Assisted Ventilation of the Neonate. WB Saunders: p. 151-166.
• 22. Lawson EE, Birdwell RL, Huang PS. Augmentation of pulmonary surfactant secretion by lung expansion at birth. Pediatr Res. 1979;13:611-4.
• 23. Benumof J. Preoxygenation: best method for both efficacy and efficiency. Anesthesiology. 1999;9:603–5.
• 24. Reynolds S, Heffner J. Airway management of the critically ill patient: rapid-sequence intubation. Chest. 2005;127:1397–412.
• 25. Venkateswaran R, Goneppanavar U, Frenny AP. Preoxygenation with 208 head-up tilt provides longer duration of non-hypoxic apnea than conventional preoxygenationin non-obese healthy adults. J Anesth. 2011;25:189–94.
• 26. Cressey DM, Berthoud M. C, Reilly CS. Effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure to enhance pre-oxygenation in morbidly obese women. Anaesthesia. 2001;56:670-689.
• 27. Xue FS, Huang YG, Tong SY, et al. A comparative study of early postoperative hypoxemia in infants, children, and adults undergoing elective plastic surgery. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:709-15.
• 28. Rothen HU, Sporre B, Engberg G,Wegenius G, Hedenstierna G. Re-expansion of atelectasis during general anesthesia: A computed tomography study. Br J Anaesth. 1993;71:788-95.
• 29. Tusman G, Böhm SH, Vazquez de Anda GF, Campo JL, Lachmann B. Alveolar recruitment strategy improves arterial oxygenation during general anesthesia. BJA. 1999;82(1):8-13.
• 30. Neumann P, Rothen HU, Berglund JE, Valtysson J, Magnusson A, Hedenstıerna G. Positive end-expiratory pressure prevents atelectasis during general anaesthesia even in the presence of a high inspired oxygen concentration. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999;43:295–301.