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Virtual Museums in the Context of Cultural Diplomacy

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1972 - 2002, 25.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.933919

Abstract

The digital world and its possibilities are mostly the subject of research and discussions of today's world. The boundaries between the digital world and the real world are increasingly fading or even disappearing. As in line with this, museums have been digitized and called as virtual museums like many real life practices. Through digital opportunities, societies can tell and introduce their cultural values, arts and lives to societies all over the world in a very short time. In this context, museums have implemented different perception channels and techniques at the point of exhibition and cultural expansion thanks to technology, and have become an effective tool in terms of cultural diplomacy that includes sharing and interaction of cultural resources. Especially during the pandemic (Covid-19) process, the difficulty of carrying out cultural and touristic trips has increased the interest in virtual museums. In consideration of these, the aim of this study was to evaluate the importance and function of virtual museums in Turkey and the world from the perspective of cultural diplomacy. In line with this purpose, the data on the number of visitors, language options and accessed countries of virtual museums were evaluated in this context with a descriptive analysis. As a result of the study, it was determined that the number of visitors increased significantly during the pandemic process compared to the previous years. However, any data regarding which country visitors had access to virtual museums both in the world and in Turkey were not found. Moreover, it was seen that virtual museums in Turkey did not offer language options. For this reason, when evaluated from the perspective of cultural diplomacy, the incompleteness of these data prevents the support of academicians and professionals who are experts in their fields in preparing a guide on which countries will implement a cultural policy.

References

  • Academy for Culturel Diplomacy, https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?en_what-is-cultural-diplomacy, Erişim: 22.04.2021.
  • Barbieri, L., Bruno, F. and Muzzupappa, M. (2017). Virtual museum system evaluation through user studies. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 26, 101–108.
  • BBC. (2020). www.bbc.com/culture/tags/museum, Erişim Tarihi: 25.02. 2021.
  • Bozkuş, Ş. B. (2014). Kültür ve sanat iletişimi çerçevesinde Türkiye'de sanal müzelerin gelişimi. International Journal of Social Science. 26. 329-344, Doi number:http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2408
  • Bulut, F. (2020). Kültürün reklamı: İngiliz ve Alman geleneklerinde kültür diplomasisi. Trt Akademi. Cilt 5 Sayı 10, 870 – 881.
  • Cai, Y. (2013). The art of museum diplomacy: the Singapore-France cultural collaboration in perspective. International Journal of Politics Culture and Society. 26(2). DOI:10.1007/s10767-012-9122-7
  • Cull, N.J. (2010). The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy. 1945–1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cummings, M. C. (2009). Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey. Washington: Americans for the Arts. https://www. americansforthearts.org/sites/default/files/MCCpaper.pdf Erişim Tarihi:15.04.2021.
  • Ekşi, M. (2015). Kültürel Diplomasi ve Yunus Emre Enstitüsü. Mehmet Şahin ve B. Senem Çevik (der), Türk Dış Politikası ve Kamu Diplomasisi, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. 349-354.
  • Gienow-Hect, Jessica C.E. and Donfried, Mark C. (2010). The model of cultural diplomacy, s.13 (içinde) Jessica C.E. Gienow-Hect and Mark C.Donfried, Searchıng for a Cultural Dıplomacy, Berghahn Books, New York. Oxford.13-26
  • Grincheva, N. (2013). “Psychopower” of Cultural Diplomacy in the Information Age. Los Angeles, CA: Figueroa Press. Hyesun, S. (2013). Post-9/11 ınternational artist exchanges between the United States and the Middle East. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society. 43(4). 203-214.
  • ICOM News. (2004). http://icom.museum/pdf/ E news2004/p3 2004-3.pdf Karsten S. (2004). Küratörün Yumurtası. Müze Kavramının Fransız İhtilalinden Günümüze Kadar Olan Evrimi. Çev.: Rana Smith. İstanbul: İstanbul Sanat Müzesi Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Kitsou, S. (2011). The power of culture in diplomacy: the case of U.S. cultural diplomacy in France and Germany. Ionian University. http:// www.exchangediplomacy.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/3.-SofiaKitsou_The-Power-of-Culture-in-Diplomacy-The-Case-of-U.S.-CulturalDiplomacy-in-France-and-Germany.pdf. Erişim Tarihi:20.04.2021.
  • Kong, D. ( 2015). Imagıng chına: chına’s cultural dıplomacy through loan exhıbıtıons to brıtısh museums, School of Museum Studies University of Leicester.
  • Mark, S. (2009). A global ABC: soft diplomacy and the world of ınternational broadcasting. Bruce Allen Memorial Lecture and Dinner, Macquarie University.
  • McDonald, M. (1998). The museum and the web: three case studies. http://xroads.virginia.edu/∼MA05/macdonald/museums/method.html.
  • Morrow. E. R. What is Public Diplomasi? Center of Public Diplomacy. Definitions of Public Diplomacy. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Murrow/Diplomacy/Definitions. Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2021.
  • Mulcahy, K. V. (1999). Interview with former USIA Director Joseph Duffey. Journal of Arts Management, Law & Society: Cultural Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War World. 29, no. 1, Spring, 54–58.
  • Nye, J. S., Jr. (2003). The Paradox of American Power. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, J. S. Jr. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nye, J. S., Jr. (2005). Yumuşak Güç. Ankara: Elips Kitap.
  • Nye, J. S., Jr. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, 94-109.
  • Özarslan, K. (2019). Müze pazarlaması bağlamında Dünyada ve Türkiye’de en çok ziyaret edilen müzelerin ziyaretçi odaklı web tasarımları. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi. Cilt 6, Sayı 2. 1065 – 1078.
  • Pells, R. (1997). Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture Since World War II. New York: Basic Books.
  • Schneider, C. P. (2009). Cultural Diplomacy: Hard to Define, but You’d Know It If You Saw It.Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy, Georgetown University.
  • Sylaiou S., Liarokapis, F., Sechidis L., Patias,P. and Georgoula, O. (2005). Virtual museums, the first results of a survey on methods and tools, in: Proceedings of the CIPA and the ISPRS Conference, Torino, Italy, pp. 1138–1143.
  • Styliani, S., Fotis, L., Kostas, K. and Petros, P. (2009). Virtual museums, a survey and some issues for consideration, Journal of Cultural Heritage. 10, 520–528.
  • Teather L. (1998). A museum is a museum. Or is it?: Exploring museology and the web, in: D. Bearman, J. Trant (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference Museums and the Web, Pittsburgh.
  • Malraux, A. (1996). La Musée immaginaire, Gallimard, Paris. [orig. 1947].
  • Yağmurlu, A. (2019). Kültürel diplomasi: kuram ve pratikteki çerçevesi. Selçuk İletişim. 12 (2), 1210-1238. DOI: 10.18094/josc.596331
  • Werner, S. (2004). Virtual museums: the development of virtual museums. ICOM News Magazine. 3,3. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Werner_Schweibenz/publication/2402962 50_The_Development_of_Virtual_Museums/links/5862304c08aebf17d3950d6 5/The-Development-of-Virtual-Museums.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2021
  • Massimo, N. (2012). The virtual museum, a shift ın meaning. Foreword–The Kenneth Hudson Seminar 5. http://europeanmuseumacademy.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Lem-reportThe-Virtual-Museum.pdf#page=12, Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2021
  • Sanal Müze. www.sanalmüze.org. Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2021.
  • TÜİK. https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33633. Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2021.
  • Zaharna, R. S. (2009). Mapping out a Spectrum of Public Diplomacy Initiatives, Handbook of Public Diplomacy. Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor. (Eds.) New York, Routledge. 86-100.

Kültürel Diplomasi Bağlamında Sanal Müzeler

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1972 - 2002, 25.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.933919

Abstract

Günümüz dünyasının araştırma ve tartışmalarına çoğunlukla dijital dünya ve olanakları konu olmaktadır. Dijital dünya ve gerçek dünya arasındaki sınırlar da gittikçe silikleşmeye hatta yok olmaya başlamıştır. Öyle ki gerçek hayattaki birçok pratik gibi müzeler de dijital ortama taşınmış ve sanal müze olarak adlandırılmışlardır. Dijital imkânlarla toplumlar kültürel değerlerini, sanatlarını ve yaşantılarını dünyanın her yerindeki toplumlara çok kısa bir sürede anlatabilmekte ve tanıtabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda müzeler de sergileme ve kültürel yayılım noktasında farklı algılama kanallarını ve tekniklerini teknolojinin de yardımı ile hayata geçirmiş, kültürel kaynakların paylaşımı ve etkileşimini kapsayan kültürel diplomasi açısından da etkili birer araç haline gelmişlerdir. Özellikle pandemi (Covid-19) sürecinde kültürel ve turistik gezilerin durdurulması sanal müzelere olan ilgiyi de arttırmıştır. Bu noktadan hareketle çalışmanın amacını dünyada ve Türkiye’deki sanal müzelerin kültürel diplomasi perspektifinden öneminin ve işlevinin değerlendirilmesi oluşturmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda betimleyici bir analiz ile sanal müzelerin ziyaretçi sayıları, dil seçenekleri ve erişim yapılan ülkelere ilişkin verileri bu bağlamda değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda pandemi sürecinde ziyaretçi sayısının geçtiğimiz yıllara göre önemli bir oranda artış gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Ancak hangi ülkeden ziyaretçilerin hem dünya hem de Türkiye’deki sanal müzelere erişim gösterdiğine ilişkin herhangi bir veriye ulaşılamamış ve Türkiye’deki sanal müzelerin dil seçeneği sunmadıkları da görülmüştür. Bu nedenle de kültürel diplomasi perspektifinden değerlendirildiğinde söz konusu bu verilerin eksik olması, devletlerin hangi ülkelere yönelik nasıl bir kültürel politika uygulayacaklarına ilişkin bir rehber hazırlanmasında alanında uzman akademisyen ve profesyonellerden destek alınmasını engellemektedir.

References

  • Academy for Culturel Diplomacy, https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?en_what-is-cultural-diplomacy, Erişim: 22.04.2021.
  • Barbieri, L., Bruno, F. and Muzzupappa, M. (2017). Virtual museum system evaluation through user studies. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 26, 101–108.
  • BBC. (2020). www.bbc.com/culture/tags/museum, Erişim Tarihi: 25.02. 2021.
  • Bozkuş, Ş. B. (2014). Kültür ve sanat iletişimi çerçevesinde Türkiye'de sanal müzelerin gelişimi. International Journal of Social Science. 26. 329-344, Doi number:http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2408
  • Bulut, F. (2020). Kültürün reklamı: İngiliz ve Alman geleneklerinde kültür diplomasisi. Trt Akademi. Cilt 5 Sayı 10, 870 – 881.
  • Cai, Y. (2013). The art of museum diplomacy: the Singapore-France cultural collaboration in perspective. International Journal of Politics Culture and Society. 26(2). DOI:10.1007/s10767-012-9122-7
  • Cull, N.J. (2010). The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy. 1945–1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cummings, M. C. (2009). Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey. Washington: Americans for the Arts. https://www. americansforthearts.org/sites/default/files/MCCpaper.pdf Erişim Tarihi:15.04.2021.
  • Ekşi, M. (2015). Kültürel Diplomasi ve Yunus Emre Enstitüsü. Mehmet Şahin ve B. Senem Çevik (der), Türk Dış Politikası ve Kamu Diplomasisi, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. 349-354.
  • Gienow-Hect, Jessica C.E. and Donfried, Mark C. (2010). The model of cultural diplomacy, s.13 (içinde) Jessica C.E. Gienow-Hect and Mark C.Donfried, Searchıng for a Cultural Dıplomacy, Berghahn Books, New York. Oxford.13-26
  • Grincheva, N. (2013). “Psychopower” of Cultural Diplomacy in the Information Age. Los Angeles, CA: Figueroa Press. Hyesun, S. (2013). Post-9/11 ınternational artist exchanges between the United States and the Middle East. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society. 43(4). 203-214.
  • ICOM News. (2004). http://icom.museum/pdf/ E news2004/p3 2004-3.pdf Karsten S. (2004). Küratörün Yumurtası. Müze Kavramının Fransız İhtilalinden Günümüze Kadar Olan Evrimi. Çev.: Rana Smith. İstanbul: İstanbul Sanat Müzesi Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Kitsou, S. (2011). The power of culture in diplomacy: the case of U.S. cultural diplomacy in France and Germany. Ionian University. http:// www.exchangediplomacy.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/3.-SofiaKitsou_The-Power-of-Culture-in-Diplomacy-The-Case-of-U.S.-CulturalDiplomacy-in-France-and-Germany.pdf. Erişim Tarihi:20.04.2021.
  • Kong, D. ( 2015). Imagıng chına: chına’s cultural dıplomacy through loan exhıbıtıons to brıtısh museums, School of Museum Studies University of Leicester.
  • Mark, S. (2009). A global ABC: soft diplomacy and the world of ınternational broadcasting. Bruce Allen Memorial Lecture and Dinner, Macquarie University.
  • McDonald, M. (1998). The museum and the web: three case studies. http://xroads.virginia.edu/∼MA05/macdonald/museums/method.html.
  • Morrow. E. R. What is Public Diplomasi? Center of Public Diplomacy. Definitions of Public Diplomacy. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Murrow/Diplomacy/Definitions. Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2021.
  • Mulcahy, K. V. (1999). Interview with former USIA Director Joseph Duffey. Journal of Arts Management, Law & Society: Cultural Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War World. 29, no. 1, Spring, 54–58.
  • Nye, J. S., Jr. (2003). The Paradox of American Power. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, J. S. Jr. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nye, J. S., Jr. (2005). Yumuşak Güç. Ankara: Elips Kitap.
  • Nye, J. S., Jr. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, 94-109.
  • Özarslan, K. (2019). Müze pazarlaması bağlamında Dünyada ve Türkiye’de en çok ziyaret edilen müzelerin ziyaretçi odaklı web tasarımları. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi. Cilt 6, Sayı 2. 1065 – 1078.
  • Pells, R. (1997). Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture Since World War II. New York: Basic Books.
  • Schneider, C. P. (2009). Cultural Diplomacy: Hard to Define, but You’d Know It If You Saw It.Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy, Georgetown University.
  • Sylaiou S., Liarokapis, F., Sechidis L., Patias,P. and Georgoula, O. (2005). Virtual museums, the first results of a survey on methods and tools, in: Proceedings of the CIPA and the ISPRS Conference, Torino, Italy, pp. 1138–1143.
  • Styliani, S., Fotis, L., Kostas, K. and Petros, P. (2009). Virtual museums, a survey and some issues for consideration, Journal of Cultural Heritage. 10, 520–528.
  • Teather L. (1998). A museum is a museum. Or is it?: Exploring museology and the web, in: D. Bearman, J. Trant (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference Museums and the Web, Pittsburgh.
  • Malraux, A. (1996). La Musée immaginaire, Gallimard, Paris. [orig. 1947].
  • Yağmurlu, A. (2019). Kültürel diplomasi: kuram ve pratikteki çerçevesi. Selçuk İletişim. 12 (2), 1210-1238. DOI: 10.18094/josc.596331
  • Werner, S. (2004). Virtual museums: the development of virtual museums. ICOM News Magazine. 3,3. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Werner_Schweibenz/publication/2402962 50_The_Development_of_Virtual_Museums/links/5862304c08aebf17d3950d6 5/The-Development-of-Virtual-Museums.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2021
  • Massimo, N. (2012). The virtual museum, a shift ın meaning. Foreword–The Kenneth Hudson Seminar 5. http://europeanmuseumacademy.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Lem-reportThe-Virtual-Museum.pdf#page=12, Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2021
  • Sanal Müze. www.sanalmüze.org. Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2021.
  • TÜİK. https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33633. Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2021.
  • Zaharna, R. S. (2009). Mapping out a Spectrum of Public Diplomacy Initiatives, Handbook of Public Diplomacy. Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor. (Eds.) New York, Routledge. 86-100.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Compilation Articles
Authors

Meryem Okumuş 0000-0003-2096-802X

Publication Date October 25, 2021
Submission Date May 6, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 14 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Okumuş, M. (2021). Kültürel Diplomasi Bağlamında Sanal Müzeler. Selçuk İletişim, 14(4), 1972-2002. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.933919