Evaluation of Wild Annual Sunflower Species for Some Morphological, Phenological, and Agronomic Characters under Field Conditions

Year 2023, , 857 - 870, 25.12.2023

Fadul Önemli , Gürkan Önemli

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1222792

Abstract

New gene sources are needed for adaptation to climatic changes, resistance to the regeneration of diseases and pests, and achieving high heterosis in sunflower breeding. Wild species are the most important gene sources for sunflower breeding studies. For breeding studies, it is necessary to know the morphological, Phenological, and agronomic characteristics of these genotypes in field conditions. The aim of this research was to determine these components of annual wild sunflower (Helianthus) species under field conditions in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons for new gene sources. In this research, H. agrestis, H. annuus (4 different genotypes), H. anomalus, H. argophyllus, H. bolanderi, H. debilis (ssp. debilis, ssp. cucumerifolius, ssp. silvestris, ssp. tardiflorus and ssp. vestitus subspecies), H. deserticola, H. exilis, H. neglectus, H. niveus (ssp. niveus, ssp. canescens and ssp. tephrodes subspecies) H. petiolaris (ssp. petiolaris (2 different genotypes) and ssp. fallax subspecies), H. porteri, and H. praecox (ssp. praecox (2 different genotypes), ssp. hirtus, and ssp. runyani subspecies) were used as material. In this study, determined characters on annual wild sunflower genotypes were plant height, primary branches number, secondary branches number per primary branches, plant spreading diameter, the number of days from planting to first flowering, the number of days from planting to 50 % flowering, the number of days from planting to the end of flowering, the number of days of the flowering period, main stem diameter, head diameter, 1000 seeds weight, and seed yield. Year factor had a significant effect on these characters except plant height. Genotype had a significant effect on all characters in both years except seed width in 2013. In both years, the highest values for seed yield, 100 seed weight, head diameter, and main stem diameter were obtained in wild H. annuus genotypes while H. argophyllus had the highest values for plant height and primary branches number, and the highest days numbers from planting to first and 50% flowering. In the first and second growing seasons; values of the genotypes changed between 61.33 and 325.67 cm for plant height, between 0.73 and 101.20 g for thousand seed weight, between 97 and 223 days for the time from planting to 50% flowering, between 50 and 171 days for the flowering period, between 5.0 and 800.70 units for the number of plant heads, between 1.57 and 233.20 g for plant grain yields.

Keywords

Helianthus, Flowering period, Plant height, Seed yield, Seed weight

Tek Yıllık Yabani Ayçiçeği Türlerinin Tarla Koşullarında Bazı Morfolojik, Fenolojik ve Agronomik Karakterleri Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Ayçiçeği ıslahında; iklim değişikliklerine uyum, yenilenen hastalık ve zararlılara dayanıklılık ve yüksek heterosisi yakalamak için yeni gen kaynaklarına gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Yabani türler ayçiçeği ıslahı çalışmaları için en önemli gen kaynaklarıdır. Islah çalışmaları için bu genotiplerin tarla koşullarındaki morfolojik, Fenolojik ve agronomik özelliklerinin bilinmesi gereklidir. Bu araştırmanın amacı; tek yıllık yabani ayçiçeği (Helianthus) türlerinin bu komponentlerini 2012 ve 2013 yetiştirme sezonlarında tarla koşullarında yeni genetik kaynağı olarak belirlemektir. Araştırmada; H. agrestis, H. annuus (4 farklı genotip), H. anomalus, H. argophyllus, H. bolanderi, H. debilis (ssp. debilis, ssp. cucumerifolius, ssp. silvestris, ssp. tardiflorus ve ssp. vestitus alttürleri), H. deserticola, H. exilis, H. neglectus, H. niveus (ssp. niveus, ssp. canescens ve ssp. tephrodes alt türleri) H. petiolaris (ssp. petiolaris (2 farklı genotip) ve ssp. fallax alt türleri), H. porteri, ve H. praecox (ssp. praecox (2 farklı genotip), ssp. hirtus, ve ssp. runyani alttürleri) materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada tek yıllık yabani ayçiçeği genotipleri üzerinde incelenen karakterler; bitki boyu, birincil yan dal sayısı, birincil yan dala düşen ikincil dal sayısı, bitki yayılma çapı, ekimden ilk çiçeklenmeye kadar olan gün sayısı, ekimden %50 çiçeklenmeye kadar olan gün sayısı, ekimden çiçeklenme sonuna kadar olan gün sayısı, çiçeklenme periyodu gün sayısı, ana sap çapı, tabla çapı, bin dane ağırlığı ve tane verimi unsurlarıdır. Yıl faktörü, bitki boyu haricinde incelenen tüm karakterler üzerinde önemli etkiye sahip olmuştur. Genotip, 2013 yılındaki tohum haricinde her iki yılda incelenen tüm karakterler üzerinde istatistiki önemli etkiye sahip olmuştur. Her iki yılda, H. argophyllus genotipinde en yüksek bitki boyu, en fazla birincil dal sayısı ve en yüksek ekimden % 50 çiçeklenmeye kadar olan gün sayısı değerleri elde edilirken, H. annuus genotiplerinde en yüksek tohum verimleri, en yüksek 1000 tane ağırlıkları, en yüksek tabla çapları ve en yüksek sap çapı değerleri belirlenmiştir. Yabani tek yıllık ayçiçeği türlerine ait genotiplerin morfolojik ve agronomik karakterlerine ait her iki yetiştirme sezonundaki değerlerde; bitki boyları 61.33 ve 325.67 cm, bin tane ağırlığı 0.73 ve 101.20 g, ekimden % 50 çiçeklenmeye kadar olan süre 97 ve 223 gün, çiçeklenme periyodu 50 ve 171 gün, bitki tabla sayısı 5.0 ve 800.70 adet ve bitki tane verimleri 1.57 ve 233.20 g arasında değişmiştir.

Keywords

Helianthus, Çiçeklenme periyodu, Bitki boyu, Tane verimi, Tane ağırlığı

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