Ruminantlar için Besleme Kaynağı Olarak Farklı Meyve Ağacı Yapraklarının Besin Bileşimi ve Metabolik Enerjisi

Year 2024, , 816 - 829, 27.05.2024

Filiz Kocadayıoğulları , Mustafa Boğa , Orhan Ermetin

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1405298

Abstract

Hayvan besleme sektöründeki kaba yem ihtiyacı, çeşitli alternatif kaba yem arayışlarına sebep olmuştur. Bu bağlamda, yapılan araştırmalar neticesinde ağaç yaprakları, hayvanlar için besleyici ve dengeli bir kaba yem kaynağı olarak değerlendirilebilecek potansiyele sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, elma (Malus domestica), kayısı (Prunus armeniaca), kiraz (Prunus avium), asma (Vitis vinifera), urum dutu (Morus rubra) yapraklarının ruminant beslemede kullanılabilirliğini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda ağaç yapraklarının besin madde içerikleri (kuru madde, ham protein, ham kül, ham yağ, nötral deterjan lif, asit deterjan lif, asit deterjan lignin, tanen), in vitro gaz, karbondioksit ve metan gazı üretimi, in vitro gaz üretim sonrası rumen sıvısı uçucu yağ asit içerikleri birbirinden farklı bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Ayrıca ağaç yapraklarında metabolik enerji, organik madde sindirimi, sindirilebilir kuru madde, kuru madde tüketimi, nispi yem değerleri de farklı bulunmakla beraber (P<0.05), söz konusu parametrelere ait en yüksek değerler dut yaprağında bulunmuştur. Asma, dut, elma, kayısı ve kirazda metabolik enerji (ME-J/kgKM) sırasıyla, 9.24, 10.69, 10.07, 10.24, 9.33 olarak, organik madde sindirilebilirliği (OMS-%) 56.49, 58.98, 54.46, 57.34, 58.31, olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yaprakların in vitro gaz üretim sonrası rumen sıvısı uçucu yağ asitlerinde toplam uçucu yağ asidi (TUYA-mmol/L) sırasıyla 69.16, 76.25, 66.04, 68.63, 65.24 olarak, asetik asit (AA-mmol/L) 44.90, 48.52, 41.93, 46.82, 43.62 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yapmış olduğumuz detaylı çalışmalar neticesinde, çeşitli meyve ağaçlarının yapraklarının azımsanmayacak besin içeriğiyle öne çıktığı tespit edilmiştir. Bulgulardaki farklılıkların en önemli nedeni ağaç yapraklarının besin madde içeriğinin birbirinden farklı olmasıdır. Yaptığımız kapsamlı çalışma sonucunda, bu besin içeriği farklılıklarının, çeşitli meyve ağaçlarının yapraklarının kaba yem kaynağı olarak kullanılabilirliği konusunda önemli bir potansiyel sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Yem, Meyve ağacı yaprakları, Hayvan besleme, İn vitro gaz üretimi

Ethical Statement

Etik rapora gerek duyulmamıştır.

Supporting Institution

Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi

Project Number

TGT 2022/1-LÜTEP

Thanks

Bu çalışma Filiz Kocadayıoğulları'nın yüksek lisans tezi kapsamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yazarlar, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi'nin TGT 2022/1-LÜTEP proje numarasıyla sağladığı desteği kabul ederler.

Nutrient Composition and Metabolic Energy of Different Fruit Tree Leaves as Feeding Sources for Ruminants

Abstract

The need for roughage in the animal nutrition industry has led to the search for various alternative roughage. In this context, as a result of the research, tree leaves have the potential to be considered as a nutritious and balanced forage source for animals. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the usability of apple (Malus domestica), apricot (Prunus armeniaca), cherry (Prunus avium), grape (Vitis vinifera), and umber mulberry (Morus rubra) leaves in ruminant nutrition. As a result of the research, nutritional contents of tree leaves (dry matter, crude protein, crude ash, crude oil, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, tannin), in vitro gas, carbon dioxide and methane gas production, in vitro gas post-production rumen fluid volatile fatty acid contents were found to be different from each other (P<0.05). In addition, although metabolic energy, organic matter digestion, digestible dry matter, dry matter consumption and relative feed values were found to be different in tree leaves (P<0.05), the highest values of these parameters were found in mulberry leaves. Metabolic energy (ME-J/kgDM) in grape, mulberry, apple, apricot and cherry is 9.24, 10.69, 10.07, 10.24, 9.33, organic matter digestibility (OMD-%) is 56.49, 58.98, 54.46, 57.34, and 58.31, respectively. has been detected. In the volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid of the leaves after in vitro gas production; Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA-mmol/L) was defined as 69.16, 76.25, 66.04, 68.63, and 65.24, acetic acid (AA-mmol/L) was determined as 44.90, 48.52, 41.93, 46.82, and 43.62, respectively. As a result of our detailed studies, it has been determined that the leaves of various fruit trees stand out with their considerable nutritional content. The most important reason for the differences in the findings is that the nutritional content of tree leaves is different from differs. As a result of our comprehensive study, these nutritional content differences offer significant potential for using leaves of various fruit trees as a source of forage.

Keywords

Forage, Fruit tree leaves, Animal feeding, In vitro gas production

Ethical Statement

An ethical report was not required.

Supporting Institution

Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University

Project Number

TGT 2022/1-LÜTEP

Thanks

This study was conducted as part of Filiz Kocadayioğullari's MSc thesis. The authors acknowledge the support provided by the Scientific Research Project of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Turkey, with project number: TGT 2022/1-LÜTEP.

References

• Alçiçek, A. (2021). Roughage Production in Türkiye, Its Problems and Solution Suggestions, III International and XII National Animal Science Conference, 27-28 November, P.110-125, Bursa, Türkiye.
• Ali, A., Tahir, H. M., Azizullah, Ali, S., Bhatti, M. F., Summer, M. and Gormani, A. H. (2023). Applications of mulberry leaves: An overview. Punjab University Journal of Zoology, 38(2): 137-152.
• AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC. Vo: 1.Ed: 15,684 pp. Arlington, USA.
• Atalay, A. I., Ozkan, C. O., Kaya, E., Kurt, O. and Kamalak, A. (2017). Effect of maturity on chemical composition and nutritive value of leaves of Arbutus andrachne shrub and rumen in vitro methane production. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 29(7): 138-142.
• Ayaşan, T. and Baylan, M. (2016). Use of mulberry leaf in animal nutrition. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 4: 504-507. (In Turkish).
• Barker, S. B. and Summerson, W. H. (1941). The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 13(8): 535-554.
• Başer, A. and Kamalak, A. (2020). Nutritive values and ın vitro fermentation characteristics of some legume tree leaves grown in Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 7(4): 940–947.
• Baytok, E., Kara, K., Aksu, T. Güçlü, B. K., Denek, N., Özkaya, S., Kaya, D. A., Kamalak, A., Akçay, A. and Önal, E. (2015). Determination of the Effect of Zahter (Thymbra Spicata I.) Essential Oil on Performance and Rumen Metabolites in Ruminants Using In Vitro and In Vivo Methods and Ecological Evaluation, VII. National Animal Nutrition Congress, 26-27 September, P. 230-240, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Belewu, M. A. and Alokomaro, K. O. O. (2007). Hematological indices of West African Dwarf goat fed leaf meal based diets, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(3): 601-606.
• Boğa, M. and Çevik, K. K. (2012). Mixed Feed Preparation Program for Ruminant Animals. XIV. Academic Informatics Conference, 1-3 February, P. 297-304, Uşak, Türkiye.
• Boğa, M. (2014). Chemical composition and in vitro gas production kinetics of some tree leaves obtained in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(2): 143-146. (In Turkish).
• Boğa, M., Kocadayıoğulları. F. and Erkan, C.M. (2021). Use of tannin in ruminant animal nutrition. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 4 (4): 217- 225. (In Turkish).
• Boğa, M., Avcı, B. C., Kılıç, H. N. and Filik, A. G. (2022). Determination of nutrient content and digestibility of some leguminous tree leaves as alternative feed sources. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 25(5): 1191-1197. (In Turkish).
• Canbolat, Ö. (2012a). Determination of potential nutritive value of exotic tree leaves in Turkey, Kafkas University Journal of The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 183: 419-423.
• Canbolat, Ö. (2012b). The effect of some essential oils on ın vitro digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and methane gas production. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 21: 91-98. (In Turkish).
• Canbolat, Ö., Kara, H. and Filya, İ. (2013). Comparison of ın vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and microbial protein production of some legume hays. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Bursa Uludag University, 27(2) 71-81. (In Turkish)
• Cheema, U.B., Sultan, J, I., Javaid, A., Akhtar, P. and Shahid, M. (2011). Chemical composition, mineral profile and in situ digestion kinetics of fodder leaves of four native trees, Pakistan Journal of Botany, 4(3): 397-404.
• Cholewińska, P., Czyż, K., Nowakowski, P. and Wyrostek, A. (2020). The microbiome of the digestive system of ruminants–a review. Animal Health Research Reviews, 21(1): 3-14.
• Denek, N., Avcı. M., Can, A., Daş, B., Aydın, S.S. and Savrunlu M. (2014). The effect of different plant leaves on the in vitro methane production of some forages. Harran University Journal of The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3(2): 59-66. (In Turkish).
• Emile, J. C., Barre, P., Bourgoin, F., Perceau, R., Mahieu, S. and Novak, S. (2018). Effect of season and species on the nutritive value of leaves of high stem trees, Grassland Science in Europe, 23: 179-181.
• Garipoğlu, A. V., Tepe, İ. and Uçar, C. (2015). Factors of Affecting Ruminal Volatile Fatty Acid Production, 9th National Animal Science Congress, 3-5 September, P: 102-108, Konya, Türkiye.
• Gourlie, S. (2016). Apple leaves and bark as forage items for zoo managed mono gastric herbivores. (PhD. Thesis). University of Guelph. The Institute of Natural Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
• Gürbüz, Y. (2007). Determination of nutritive value of leaves of several Vitis Vinifera varieties as a source of alternative feedstuff for sheep using in vitro and in situ measurements. Small Ruminant Research, 7(11): 59-66.
• Güven, I. (2012). Effect of species on nutritive value of mulberry leaves. Kafkas University Journal of The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. 18(5): 865-869.
• Güvenateş, B. and Topkaya, Ş. (2023). Molecular determination of the presence of some grapevine viruses and phylogenetic analyses of grapevine Virus A in Tokat province grapevine area. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 20(3): 574-585.
• Habib, G., Khan, N.A., Sultan, A. and Ali, M. (2016). Nutritive value of common tree leaves for livestock in the semiarid and arid rangelands of Northern Pakistan. Livestock Science, 18(4): 64-70.
• Hassan, F. U., Arshad, M. A., Li, M., Rehman, M. Su., Loor, J. J. and Huang, J. (2020). Potential of mulberry leaf biomass and its flavonoids to improve production and health in ruminants: Mechanistic insights and prospects. Animals, 10(1): 2076.
• Herva´s, G., Pe´rez, V., Gira´ldez, F. J., Manteco´n, A. R., Almar, M. M. and Frutos, P. (2003). Intoxication of sheep with quebracho tannin extract. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 1291: 44–54.
• Jan, B., Parveen, R., Zahiruddin, S., Khan, M. U., Mohapatra, S. and Ahmad, S. (2021). Nutritional constituents of mulberry and their potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals: A review. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(7): 3909-3921.
• Johnson, K. A. and Johnson, D. E. (1995). Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73(8): 2483-2492.
• Kamalak, A., Canbolat, Ö., Gürbüz, Y., Özay, O., Özkan, Ç. Ö. and Sakarya, M. (2004). Chemical composition and in vitro gas production characteristics of several tannin containing tree leaves. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 16(6): 60-67.
• Kamalak, A., Canbolat, O., Gurbuz, Y., Ozay, O. and Ozkose, E. (2005). Chemical composition and its relationship to in vitro gas production of several tannin containing trees and shrub leaves. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 18(2): 203-208.
• Kandylis, K., Hadjigeorgiou, I. and Harizanis, P. (2009). The nutritive value of mulberry leaves Morus alba as a feed supplement for sheep. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 4(1): 17-24.
• Karan, H. and Başbağ, M. (2022). Comparison of feed quality characteristics of different species of tree leaves used as animal feed in Elazig Province Hal Village. Fırat University Journal of Engineering Science, 34(2): 923-931. (In Turkish)
• Karabulut, A., Canbolat, O., Ozkan, C. O. and Kamalak, A. (2007). Determination of nutritive value of citrus tree leaves for sheep using in vitro gas production technique. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 20(4): 529-535.
• Kaya, A. (2019). Determination of antimetanogenic characteristics of sometree leaves fall in autumn by in vitro gas production method. (MSc. Thesis). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, The Institute of Natural Sciences. Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye.
• Kazemi, M. and Bezdi, K. G. (2022). The nutritional value of some fruit tree leaves for finishing lambs. Animal Biotechnology, 33(6): 1296-1307.
• Kazemi, M. and Mokhtarpour, A. (2021). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of some tree leaves as forage sources in the diet of Baluchi male lambs. Small Ruminant Research, 201: 106366.
• Kılıç, Ü. and Sarıçiçek, B. Z. (2006). Factors affecting the results of gas production technique. Journal of Animal Production, 47(2): 54-61. (In Turkish)
• Kılıç, Ü. (2010). Effects of polyethylen glycol (Peg 6000) supplement on ın vitro gas production of canola hybrids and canola meals. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(3): 192-196.
• Kılıç, Ü. and Abdiwali M. A. (2016). Determination of ın vitro true digestibilities and relative feed values of wine ındustry grape residues as alternative feed source. Kafkas University Journal of The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 22(6): 895-901. (In Turkish)
• Kılıç, H. N. and Boğa, M. (2021). Reducing methane emissions with animal feeding strategies. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 9(9): 1700-1713.
• Kurt, Ö. (2022). Determination of potential forage value of honey locust (gleditsia triacanthos) tree leaves. Journal of Animal Production, 25 (2): 576-582. (In Turkish)
• Kurt, Ö., Kamalak, A., Atalay, A. İ., Kaya, E. and Kurt, A. N. (2022). Determination of in vitro gas production of some forages and concentrate used in ruminant nutrition. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 9(2): 406-412. (In Turkish)
• Kutlu, H. R. and Serbester, U. (2014). Recent advances in ruminant nutrition. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 2(1): 18-37. (In Turkish)
• Liu, Y., Yao, J., Yu, J. Q., Shi, Z. Q. and Wang. X. Q. (2021). The nutritional value of mulberry leaves and their use as supplement to growing sheep fed ammoniated rice straw. FAO Electronic Conference on Mulberry for Animal Production Morus1-L. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu (Accessed Date: 20.07.2021)
• Malgaz, M. and Atalay, A.İ. (2022). Chemical composition and methane production capabilities of fallen tree leaves in autumn. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 12(3): 1871-1883. (In Turkish)
• Menke, K. H., Raab, L., Salewski, A., Steingass, H., Fritz, D. and Schneider, W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 9(3): 217-222.
• Menke, H. H. and Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development, 2(8): 7-55.
• Meral, Y. and Biricik, H. (2013). Feeding Methods Used to Reduce Methane Emission in Ruminants. VII. National Animal Nutrition Congress, 26-27 September, P. 310-316, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Nabi, S., Qaisar, K. N., Khan, P. A., Rather, S. A and Nabi, B. (2018). Seasonal nutrient profile of some preferred fodder tree species of Kashmir Valley. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 61: 1311-1314.
• Nahand, M. K., Nobar, R. S. D., Sis, N. M., Sar, R. B., Mahmoudi, S. and Aali, A. (2011). Determining the nutritional value of apple tree leaves for ruminants using the nylon bags technique. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 32: 87-90.
• Nahand, M. K., Doust-Nobar, R. S., Maheri-Sis, N. and Mahmoudi, S. (2012). Determination of feed value of cherry, apricot, and almond tree leaves in ruminant using in situ method. Open Veterinary Journal, 2(1): 83-87.
• Ngamsaeng, A., Wanapat, M. and Khampa. S. (2006). Evaluation of local tropical plants by in vitro rumen fermentation and their effects on fermentation end-products. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5(5): 414-418.
• Neto, A. F. G., Silva, J. D., Nascimento, E. M. D., Laurenço, J. C. S. and Fernandes, S. R. (2018). Nutritional value and physical and chemical characteristics of white mulberry tree using different conservation methods for ruminant feed. Semına: Cıencıas Agrarıas, 39(2): 771.
• Olfaz, M., Kılıç, Ü., Boğa, M. and Abdi, A. M. (2018). Determination of the in vitro gas production and potential feed value of live, mulberry and sour orange tree leaves. Open Life Sciences, 1(3): 269-278.
• Öcalan, O. N., Saraçoğlu, O., Yildiz, K., Çezik, F. and Al-Salihi, A. A. M. (2023). Effect of IBA and Caffeic Acid on rooting of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) hardwood cuttings in different dark conditions. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 20(2): 270-277. (In Turkish)
• Özdemir, Ö. and Kaya, A. (2020). Determination of feed values of some tree leaves by in vitro gas production technique. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(3):454-461. (In Turkish)
• Özel, O. T. and Sarıçiçek, B. Z. (2009). The ımportant and exıstence of rumen mıcroorganisms ın ruminants. Journal of TUBAV Science, 2(3): 277-285. (In Turkish)
• Provenza, F. D. (1995). Postingestive feedback as an elementary determinant of food preference and intake in ruminants. Rangeland Ecology & Management/Journal of Range Management Archives, 48(1): 2-17.
• Rababah, T., Ereifej, K., Al-Mahasneh, M., Alhamad, M. and Alrababah, M. (2008). The physicochemical composition of acorns for two mediterranean Quercus species. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(2): 131-137.
• Rohweder, D. A., Barnes, R. F. and Jorgensen, N. (1978). Proposed hay grading standards based on laboratory analyses for evaluating quality. Journal of Animal Sciencei, 4(73): 747-759.
• Sheikh, G. G., Ganie, M. and Ganie, A. A. (2011). Nutritional evaluation of some tree leaves, feeds and fodders of Ladakh. Animal Nutrition Society of India, 28(4): 427-431.
• Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. (1967). Statistical Methods. Iowa State University Press. USA.
• Şamlı, H. E., Terzioğlu, M., Okur, A. A., Koç, F. and Şenköylü, N. (2014). Effects of sweet apricot kernel meal on performance and intestinal microbiota in broiler chickens. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 11(2): 38-44.
• Şimşek, N. and Kamalak, A. (2019). Determination of anti methanogenic characteristics of some tree leaves using ın vitro gas production technique. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 2(1): 1-5. (In Turkish)
• Taşova, M. and Dursun, S. K. (2023). Effect of pretreatment on drying properties of Golden delicious L. apple. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 20(2): 374-386.
• Tekce, E. and Gül, M. (2014). The ımportance of NDF and ADF in ruminant nutrition. Atatürk University Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 9(1): 63-73. (In Turkish)
• Ungerfeld, E. M., Cancino‐Padilla, N. and Vera‐Aguilera, N. (2023). Fermentation in the rumen. Microbial Fermentations in Nature and as Designed Processes, 133-165.
• Ünver, E., Okur, A. A., Tahtabiçen, E., Kara, B. and Şamlı, H. E. (2014). Tannins and their ımpacts on animal nutrition. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 2(6): 263-267. (In Turkish)
• Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10): 3583-3597.
• Wiedmeier, R. D., Arambell, M. J. and Walters, J. L. (1987). Effect of orally administered pilocarpine on ruminal characteristics and nutrient digestibility in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 7(4): 284-289.
• Yao, J., Yan, B., Wang, X.Q. and Liu. J. X. (2000). Nutritional evaluation of mulberry leaves as feeds for ruminants. Livestock Research for Rural Development Newsletter, 1(2): 9-16.
• Yavuz, S. and Öztürk, D. (2023). Investigation of potential nutritive values of some tree leaves and ıts extracts by using ın vitro gas production method. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 26(2): 459-469.