Has Household Purchasing of Confectionery Products in Turkey Changed in the Last Decade?

Abstract

Türkiye'de kişi başına şekerleme ve çikolata ürünleri tüketimi gelişmiş ülkelerden önemli ölçüde düşük olmasına rağmen, son zamanlarda şeker tüketiminde artış eğilimi görülmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, 2002-2013 döneminde Türkiye'deki hane halklarının sosyo-demografik ve ekonomik yapılarındaki değişikliklerin şeker, reçel marmelatı ve şekerleme ürünlerinin aylık harcamalarına etkisinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Araştırmanın verileri, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) tarafından 2002-2013 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen yıllık hanehalkı bütçe anketlerinden elde edilmiştir. TÜİK, 1 Ocak-31 Aralık tarihleri arasında yaklaşık on bin hane halkı ile anketleri yapmıştır. Türkiye’deki hane halklarının 3 ürüne yönelik aylık harcamalarını etkileyen faktörlerin ortaya konulmasında, çok değişkenli Tobit modeli kullanılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, gıdalar arasındaki çapraz korelasyon katsayıları ve egzojen değişkenlerin marjinal etkileri de tahmin edilmiştir. Hanelerin yaklaşık %79'u şekerleme gıdalarına, %73'ü şeker ürünlerine ve %20'si reçel marmelat gıdalarına harcama yapmaktadır. İkibiniki referans yılı ile karşılaştırılan sonuçlara göre, dönem içinde hane halklarının harcamaları şeker ve reçel benzeri yiyeceklerde azalırken, şekerleme ürünlerinde artmıştır. On iki yıllık süre boyunca örneklemdeki tüm hanelerin aylık şeker, reçel-marmelat ve şekerleme harcamaları sırasıyla 13.84, 3.73 ve 12.91 ₺ olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Gıda maddeleri arasındaki korelasyon katsayılarının hepsi, pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlam bulunması, modelde ele alınan bağımsız değişkenlerin kontrol dışı değişkenler ve ölçüm hatalarıyla birlikte şeker ve şekerleme ürünlerin harcamalarına etkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Birçok sosyo-demografik ve ekonomik faktörün hane halklarının şeker ve şekerleme ürünleri aylık ve yıllık harcamalarına etkileri bulunmaktadır. Yaş değişkeninin üç kategoride de yıllara göre gıda harcamaları üzerinde etkileri farklılaşmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, hanehalkı reisinden yeşil karta sahip olan ailelerin her yıl hem şeker, hem de şekerleme ürünleri için farklı miktarlarda para harcandığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, ayni ve nakdi yardım alan ailelerin sadece şekerleme gıda ürünü harcamaları her yıl farklılaşmasına rağmen, çalışanların sayısının her yıl değişmesi, üç kategoride de gıda harcamalarını önemli ölçüde değiştirmektedir. Araştırma sonuçlarının etkili gıda programları veya politikalarının oluşturulmasına katkısı olabilecektir.

Keywords

• Şekerlemeler
• Hane halkı harcamaları
• Çok Değişkenli Tobit model
• Türkiye

Has Household Purchasing of Confectionery Products in Turkey Changed in the Last Decade?

Abstract

Although consumption of confectionery and chocolate products per capita in Turkey is considerably lower than that of the developed counties, there has recently been a rising trend in sugar consumption. The purpose of this study was to identify how and to what extent the significant changes in socio-demographic and economic structures of households in Turkey during the period of 2002-2013 influence monthly real spending on sugar, jam-marmalade, and confectionery products. The data was obtained by the annual household budget surveys of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) between 2002 and 2013. These surveys are annually conducted by TURKSTAT with nearly varying ten thousand randomly selected households throughout the nation for the period between January 1 and December 31. A multivariate Tobit model was used to determine factors affecting Turkish monthly household expenditure on three foods. Cross correlation coefficients among food pairs and marginal impacts of exogenous variables were also estimated. Almost 79% of households spend on confectionery foods, followed by 73% on sugar products and low 20% on jam-marmalade foods. According to results compared to the 2002 reference year, spending on sugar and jam-like food has declined over the years, while more spending on confectionery was emerging. Over the course of twelve years period, the sample households monthly spend 13.84, 3.73 and ₺ 12.91 on sugar, jam-marmalade and confectionery foods, respectively. The correlation coefficients among the food items were all positive and statistically significant, indicating that after controlling the role of independent variables in our model, uncontrolled variables along with measurement errors and any other functional forms induce both the spending on the two food pairs. Impacts of many socio-demographic and economic factors on monthly household spending of confectionery products including sugar were identified, and also years’ impacts on spending patterns were confirmed. By years, the age variable had different effects on the food spending of the three categories. Nonetheless, it has been identified that the families whose household heads have a green card spend different amounts both for sugar and confectionery products annually. It has also been identified that while only confectionery food product spending of the families who receive in-kind and financial aids differs annually, all three categories of food spending differ significantly as the numbers of working individuals changes yearly. Results permitted us to draw relevant policy implications and to shape policy formation for future effective food programs or policies.

Keywords

• Confectioneries
• Household spending
• Multivariate Tobit model
• Turkey

References

1. Akbay, C., Boz, I., Chern, W. S. (2007). Household food consumption in Turkey. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 34,209-231.
2. Amemiya, T. (1985). Advanced Econometrics. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
3. Bilgic, A., Yen, S.T. (2013). Household food demand in Turkey: A two-step demand system approach. Food Policy, 43:267-277.
4. Bilgic, A., Yen, S.T. (2014). Demand for meat and dairy products by Turkish households: A Bayesian censored system approach. Agricultural Economics,45(2), 117– 127.
5. Burton, M., Dorsett, R., Young, T.(1996). Changing preferences for meat: Evidence from UK household data, 1973-93. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 23, 357-370.
6. Chun, O.K., Chung, C.E., Wang, Y., Padgitt, A., Song, W.O. (2010). Changes in intakes of total and added sugar and their contribution to energy intake in the U.S. Nutrients, 2, 834-854.
7. Fairtrade Foundation. (2016), “Fairtrade and Sugar”, Available at: http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/ (accessed 20 March 2016).
8. Gül, A., Akbay, C. Ozcicek, C. Ozel, R., Akbay, A.O. (2007). Expenditure pattern for food away from home consumption in Turkey. Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 19(4), 31–43.

9. Grosso, G.; Marventano, S., Buscemi, S., Scuderi, A., Matalone, M., Platania, A. Giorgianni, G., Rametta, S., Nolfo, F., Galvano, F., Mistretta, A. (2013). Factors associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet among adolescents living in Sicily, Southern Italy. Nutrients, 5, 4908-4923.
10. Helgilibrary. http://www.helgilibrary.com/indicators/sugar-consumption-per-capita/turkey. Accessed: 06.07.2017.
11. Honkala, S., Behbehani, J.M., Honkala, E. (2012). Daily consumption of confectionery drinks and foods as a behavioral risk for health of adolescents in Kuwait. Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry, 10(2), 113-122.
12. Ismail, A.I., Tanzer, J.M., Dingle. J.L. (1997). Current trends of sugar consumption in developing societies. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 25, 438-443.
13. Johnson, R.K., Appel, L.J., Brands, M., Howard, B.V., Lefevre, M., Lusting, R.H., Sacks, F., Steffen L.M., Wylie-Rosett. J. (2009). Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 120, 1011-1020.
14. Milka. http://www.superbrands.com/turkeysb/trcopy/files/milkaing_3904.pdf. Accessed: 06.07.2017.
15. Ministry of Economy. (2013). Confectionery and Chocolate Products. General Directory of Export, Ankara, 2013.
16. Musaiger, A.O. (1993). Socio-cultural and economic factors affecting food consumption patterns in the Arab countries. J R Soc Health, 113, 68-74.
17. NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research Council). (2003). Dietary guidelines for children and adolescents in Australia. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, Australia, 2003.
18. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (2015). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook, 2015. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/oecd-fao-agricultural-outlook-2015/sugar-projections-consumption-per-capita_agr_outlook-2015-table135-en). Accessed: 06.07.2017.
19. Popkin, B.M., Nielsen, S.J. (2003). The sweetening of the World’s diet. Obesity Research,11, 1325-1332.
20. Reardon, T., Timmer, C.P., Berdegué, J.A. (2003). The rise of supermarkets in Latin America and Asia: Implications for international markets for fruits and vegetables. In: Regmi, A. and M. Gehlhar. (Ed.). Global Markets for High Value Food Products, Agriculture Information Bulletin, Washington DC, Economic Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2003.
21. Roma-Giannikou, E., Adamidis, D., Gianniou, M., Matsaniotis, N. (1994). Nutrition of Greek children. Pediatrics, 57,469-515.
22. Rumm-Kreuter, D. (2001). Comparison of the eating and cooking habits of northern Europe and the Mediterranean countries in the past, present and future. Int J Vitam Nutr Res., 71, 141-148.
23. Tan, A. K. G., Yen, S. T., Nayga, R. M. (2009). The demand for vices in Malaysia: An ethnic comparison using household expenditure data. Atl Econ Journal, 37, 367-382.
24. Tekgüç, H. (2012). Separability between own food production and consumption in Turkey. Review of Economics of the Household, 10(3), 423-439.
25. Terin, M., Bilgic, A., Güler, I.O., Yavuz. F. (2015). Analyzing factors affecting household milk products’ expenditures in Turkey: A Multivariate Heckman Sample Selection System Approach. Ankara University Journal of Agricultural Science, 21(4), 500-515.
26. TSFC (Turkish Sugar Factories Corporation). (2016). http://www.turkseker.gov.tr
27. Tur, J.A., Romaguera, D., Pons, A. (2004). Food consumption patterns in a Mediterranean region: Does the Mediterranean diet still exist? Ann Nutr Metab., 48, 93-201.
28. Yannakoulia, M., Karayiannis, D., Terzidou, M., Kokkevi, A., Sidossis, L.S. (2004). Nutritient-related habits of Greek Adolescents. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr, 58, 580-586.